1,721,014 research outputs found
Thasos
No full textMaffre Jean-Jacques, Perreault Jacques-Y, Blondé Francine, Muller Arthur, Mulliez Dominique, Des Courtils Jacques, Pariente Anne, Brunet Michèle. Thasos. In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Volume 110, livraison 2, 1986. pp. 790-812
Thasos
No full textBlondé Francine, Muller Arthur, Mulliez Dominique, Perreault Jacques-Y, Archondidou Aglaia, Empereur Jean-Yves, Brunet Michèle. Thasos. In: Bulletin de correspondance hellénique. Volume 111, livraison 2, 1987. pp. 619-627
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Les monuments "funéraires" thraces : une crise d'identité
Get PDFCette étude porte sur l’analyse de l’identité, en termes de fonction, des monuments érigés
sous tumulus dans le territoire actuel de la Bulgarie. Ces monuments sont généralement datés du
Ve au IIIe siècle avant notre ère et ont été associés aux peuples thraces qui ont évolué sur ce
territoire durant cette époque. Les monuments thraces sous tumulus, aux structures en blocs de
pierre ou en moellons, ou d’un mélange de matériaux et de techniques différentes, ont été
invariablement recouverts de monticules de terre dès l’Antiquité. Les tumuli ainsi obtenus ont été
utilisés à différentes fins par les peuples locaux jusqu’à l’époque moderne.
Les études plus ou moins détaillées des monuments thraces sous tumulus, qui ont débuté
dès la fin du XIXe siècle de notre ère, ainsi que l’accumulation rapide de nouveaux exemplaires
durant les deux dernières décennies, ont permis de constater une grande variabilité de formes
architecturales en ce qui a trait aux différentes composantes de ces constructions. Cette variabilité
a poussé certains chercheurs à proposer des typologies des monuments afin de permettre une
meilleure maîtrise des données, mais aussi dans le but d’appuyer des hypothèses portant sur les
origines des différents types de constructions sous tumulus, ou sur les origines des différentes
formes architectoniques identifiées dans leurs structures. Des hypothèses portant sur la fonction
de ces monuments, à savoir, sur l’usage qu’en ont fait les peuples thraces antiques, ont également
été émises : certains chercheurs ont argumenté pour un usage funéraire, d’autres pour une
fonction cultuelle. Un débat de plus en plus vif s’est développé durant les deux dernières
décennies entre chercheurs de l’un et de l’autre camp intellectuel. Il a été constamment alimenté
par de nouvelles découvertes sur le terrain, ainsi que par la multiplication des publications portant
sur les monuments thraces sous tumulus. Il est, de ce fait, étonnant de constater que ni les
hypothèses portant sur les origines possibles de ces constructions, ni celles ayant trait à leurs
fonctions, n’ont été basées sur des données tangibles – situation qui a eu pour résultat la
désignation des monuments thraces par « tombes-temples-mausolées », étiquette chargée sinon
d’un sens précis, du moins d’une certaine connotation, à laquelle le terme « hérôon » a été ajouté
relativement récemment.
Notre étude propose de dresser un tableau actuel des recherches portant sur les monuments
thraces sous tumulus, ainsi que d’analyser les détails de ce tableau, non pas dans le but de trancher en faveur de l’une ou de l’autre des hypothèses mentionnées, mais afin d’expliquer les
origines et la nature des problèmes que les recherches portant sur ces monuments ont non
seulement identifiés, mais ont également créés. Soulignant un fait déjà noté par plusieurs
chercheurs-thracologues, celui du manque frappant de données archéologiques exactes et précises
dans la grande majorité des publications des monuments thraces, nous avons décidé d’éviter la
tendance optimiste qui persiste dans les études de ces derniers et qui consiste à baser toute analyse
sur le plus grand nombre de trouvailles possible dans l’espoir de dresser un portrait « complet » du
contexte archéologique immédiat des monuments ; portrait qui permettrait au chercheur de puiser
les réponses qui en émergeraient automatiquement, puisqu’il fournirait les éléments nécessaires
pour placer l’objet de l’analyse – les monuments – dans un contexte historique précis, reconstitué
séparément.
Ce manque de données précises nous a porté à concentrer notre analyse sur les
publications portant sur les monuments, ainsi qu’à proposer une approche théoriquement
informée de l’étude de ces derniers, en nous fondant sur les discussions actuelles portant sur les
méthodes et techniques des domaines de l’archéologie, de l’anthropologie et de l’histoire –
approche étayée dans la première partie de cette thèse. Les éléments archéologiques (avant tout
architecturaux) qui ont servi de base aux différentes hypothèses portant sur les constructions
monumentales thraces sont décrits et analysés dans le deuxième volet de notre étude. Sur la base
de cette analyse, et en employant la méthodologie décrite et argumentée dans le premier volet de
notre thèse, nous remettons en question les différentes hypothèses ayant trait à l’identité des
monuments.
L’approche de l’étude des monuments thraces sous tumulus que nous avons adoptée tient
compte tant de l’aspect méthodologique des recherches portant sur ceux-ci, que des données sur
lesquelles les hypothèses présentées dans ces recherches ont été basées. Nous avons porté une
attention particulière à deux aspects différents de ces recherches : celui du vocabulaire technique
et théorique implicitement ou explicitement employé par les spécialistes et celui de la façon dont
la perception de l’identité des monuments thraces a été affectée par l’emploi de ce vocabulaire.
Ces analyses nous ont permis de reconstituer, dans le dernier volet de la présente étude, l’identité
des monuments thraces telle qu’implicitement ou explicitement perçue par les thracologues et de
comparer cette restitution à celle que nous proposons sur la base de nos propres études et observations. À son tour, cette comparaison des restitutions des différentes fonctions des
monuments permet de conclure que celle optant pour une fonction funéraire, telle que nous la
reconstituons dans cette thèse, est plus économe en inférences et mieux argumentée que celle
identifiant les monuments thraces de lieux de culte. Cependant, l’impossibilité de réfuter
complètement l’hypothèse des « tombes-temples » (notamment en raison du manque de données),
ainsi que certains indices que nous avons repérés dans le contexte architectural et archéologique
des monuments et qui pourraient supporter des interprétations allant dans le sens d’une telle
identification de ces derniers, imposent, d’après nous, la réévaluation de la fonction des
constructions thraces sous tumulus sur la base d’une restitution complète des pratiques cultuelles
thraces d’après les données archéologiques plutôt que sur la base d’extrapolations à partir des
textes grecs anciens. À notre connaissance, une telle restitution n’a pas encore été faite.
De plus, le résultat de notre analyse des données archéologiques ayant trait aux
monuments thraces sous tumulus, ainsi que des hypothèses et, plus généralement, des publications
portant sur les origines et les fonctions de ces monuments, nous ont permis de constater que : 1)
aucune des hypothèses en question ne peut être validée en raison de leur recours démesuré à des
extrapolations non argumentées (que nous appelons des « sauts d’inférence ») ; 2) le manque
flagrant de données ou, plus généralement, de contextes archéologiques précis et complets ne
permet ni l’élaboration de ces hypothèses trop complexes, ni leur validation, justifiant notre
approche théorique et méthodologique tant des monuments en question, que des études publiées
de ceux-ci ; 3) le niveau actuel des connaissances et l’application rigoureuse d’une méthodologie
d’analyse permettent d’argumenter en faveur de la réconciliation des hypothèses « funéraires » et
« cultuelles » – fait qui ne justifie pas l’emploi d’étiquettes composites comme « templestombes
», ni les conclusions sur lesquelles ces étiquettes sont basées ; 4) il y a besoin urgent dans
le domaine de l’étude des monuments thraces d’une redéfinition des approches méthodologiques,
tant dans les analyses théoriques des données que dans le travail sur le terrain – à défaut de
procéder à une telle redéfinition, l’identité des monuments thraces sous tumulus demeurera une
question d’opinion et risque de se transformer rapidement en une question de dogmatisme.This thesis analyzes the identity of the tumular monuments designated as “Thracian”,
discovered in the territory of present day Bulgaria and dated between the 5th and the 3rd centuries
B.C. These monuments, built in ashlar masonry or in unprocessed stones, or a mix of different
materials and building techniques, were invariably covered by earthen mounds (called tumuli)
which have been used to varied ends by local populations from Antiquity until the present day.
More or less detailed studies of these tumular monuments began to appear by the end of the 19th
century, while the list of newly discovered structures continues to grow almost exponentially.
These publications and discoveries revealed that the sample of known Thracian monuments is
characterised by what has been described as a great variety of architectural forms. Overwhelmed
by this apparent variety, and in an attempt to explain it, certain researchers have tried to
categorise what they have perceived as different types of monuments. Many hypotheses bearing
on the function of the latter have also been proposed, although they differ only in the details and
can be categorised in two main groups: that arguing for a funerary function of the monuments,
and that arguing for a cultual one. Through the years, a heated debate has developed between
researchers adhering to one or to the other of these hypotheses – discussion which has been fueled
by a constant discovery of new monuments. It is thus surprising to note that neither the hypothesis
pertaining to the possible origins of these buildings, nor those attempting to explain their
functions, have been based on tangible data – a situation which has resulted in the attribution to
the monuments of dubious labels such as “tombs-temples-mausoleums-heroons”.
This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the hypotheses pertaining to the functions
and, in more general terms, the identity of the Thracian tumular monuments. Its main objective is
to explain the problems that these hypotheses have helped to identify, and which, ironically, they
have contributed to sustain. It is noted that, despite the lack of precision in the accumulated
empirical data relating to the Thracian monuments, most, if not all, researchers working in the
field have tended to sink into an excessive positivism. This approach resulted in the implicit or
explicit expression of the belief that that the inclusion of the maximum quantity of empirical data
in a given analysis will necessarily result in a more complete understanding of a given
archaeological context, which can then be inserted in a previously elaborated historical context, so as to paint a clearer picture of the past. Contrary to this tendency, and because of the lack of
precise data, the present research focuses first, and foremost, on the publications bearing on the
Thracian monuments and proposes a theoretically informed approach of the study of the latter. As
described in Part I, this approach is based on current discussions concerning the methods and
techniques of analysis in the fields of archaeology, anthropology and history, which have
developed around similar circumstances defined by “incomplete” empirical data. The different
hypotheses relating to the identity (or function) of the Thracian monuments have been based on
specific archaeological elements (mainly of architectural nature), which are described and
analysed in the second part of the thesis. The different interpretations of the Thracian monuments
are then examined in the light of these analyses. Finally, in Part III of this thesis, the identities
attributed to the Thracian monuments are scrutinised on the basis of these analyses and a
restitution of the practices related to these monuments is proposed.
The approach to the study of the Thracian tumular monuments that has been adopted in
this thesis takes into account not only the methodological aspect of the research published by
specialists in the field, but also the data on which the different hypotheses relating to these
monuments have been based. Particular attention has been drawn to two aspects present in all
publications on the subject: the “technical” and “theoretical” vocabulary implicitly or explicitly
employed by the authors and the manner in which it affects their perception of the identity of the
Thracian monuments. Part III analyzes and underlines the outcome of the different uses of the
implicitly or explicitly defined vocabularies employed by thracologists, leading to a comparison
between the already published perceptions of the identity of the Thracian monuments and the
reconstitution of their function proposed by the author of this thesis. This comparison, as well as
the application of the methodology presented in Part I, show that the restitution of the monuments
as having had a funerary function is the most parsimonious and better founded in the material
record than the cultual function for which some have argued. However, the function of the
monuments, as reconstituted by the author of this thesis, differs from most of the “funerary”
explanations of the monuments published to date – these tend to venture far beyond the inductions
permitted by the available data. Furthermore, this (or any other) restitution of the monuments’
function as funerary does not automatically exclude the possibility of them having been used as
cultual places/buildings. Despite the apparent similarity between such an argument with those that have been emitted towards the identification of the Thracian monuments as “temple-tombs”,
the author expresses the opinion that the use of such labels is dubious and allows for unfounded
critique and ineffectual comparisons between the classical Greek idea of the “temple” and
Thracian cultual places.
The result of the analysis of the different elements pertaining to the reconstitution of the
Thracian monuments’ identity have led to the following conclusions: 1) none of the already
published hypotheses arguing for a funerary or for a cultual explanation of the monuments can be
validated because of the excessive recourse by their authors to extrapolations lacking proper
argumentation; 2) the lack of precise data or, more importantly, of precisely excavated and
reconstituted archaeological contexts, prohibits the elaboration of complex hypotheses such as
those proposed by specialists in the field; 3) nevertheless, the current state of knowledge
regarding the material culture related to the Thracian monuments, and the rigorous application of
a methodical analysis of the data show that a reconciliation between the “funerary” and the
“cultual” identities of the monuments is possible – however, this fact should not be perceived as a
justification of the use of labels similar to “temple-tombs”, nor of the conclusions upon which
such labels are based; 4) there is an urgent necessity for a re-definition of the methodological
approaches used (or the lack thereof) in the theoretical analyses of the Thracian monuments, as
well as those employed on the field, during excavations. A failure to take account of these facts
and shortcomings by proceeding with such a re-definition would mean that the identity of the
Thracian tumular monuments would remain a matter of opinion and could even be transformed
into a matter of dogma.
The analyses in this thesis can serve as a base for the re-evaluation of the identity of the
Thracian monuments because of their theoretical and methodological soundness. However, such a
re-evaluation must also be based on a reconstitution of Thracian ritual practices based on the
archaeological record. Paradoxically, despite the impressive amount of publication on the subject
of the Thracian tumular monuments as places of cultual practices, a systematic reconstitution of
Thracian ritual based on Thracian material culture is yet to be proposed
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