75 research outputs found
Mirizzi Syndrome in Gallstone Complication
No full textMirizzi syndrome is a rare complication of gallstone which is characterized by the presence of gallstone impaction in cystic duct that leads to inflammatory stricture in the biliary duct and results in obstructive jaundice. In this report, we highlighted the diagnostic approach and management of Mirizzi syndrome in a 58 year-old male complaining of nausea, vomiting, and appearing jaundice. The role of imaging such as abdominal ultrasonography in depicting the characteristics of Mirizzi syndrome was also discussed and compared the findings with the classification of the disease in the literature. In this patient, Mirizzi syndrome was suspected by the appearance acoustic shadow in the gallbladder with dilated cystic duct suggesting the impaction of common bile duct (CBD). We performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) as both diagnostic and therapeutic modalities by which we allowed sphingterectomy to evacuate the gallstone. However, due to the risk of further stone evacuation, the procedure was followed by elective cholecystectomy
PENGARUH KINERJA PERUSAHAAN, LEVERAGE, UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, DAN PERTUMBUHAN PERUSAHAAN TERHADAP BIAYA KEAGENAN PADA PERUSAHAAN PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA, MALAYSIA, DAN THAILAND: PERIODE PENELITIAN TAHUN 2009-2013
No full textArio Wicaksono, 2015; The Effect of Firm Performance, Leverage, Firm Size, and Firm Growth on Agency Cost of Trading Company in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand period 2009 – 2013.
In this study, the author investigating the relationship between company performance, leverage, firm size and firm growth on the agency costs. In the company, there is bias information between the manager of the company (agent) and the depositor of funds to the company (principal), it is called asymmetric information. The existence of biased information is, of course, its impact to the state of the company that is negative, especially for the performance of the company itself. Costs incurred because of irregularities such information is called agency costs. Researchers used the company's performance, leverage, firm size and growth of the company as an independent variable. Good performance is expected to reduce agency costs which may be incurred in a company.
Researchers used a sample of 19 trading companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange listing, 26 trading companies listing on Bursa Malaysia, and 29 trading companies listed on the Thailand Stock Exchange in 2009 - 2013. The empirical results show varying results depending on the country sample, the performance of the company significant effect on agency costs in trading companies
Assessment of the Costs of Business Interruption caused by Large-scale Floods
No full textIn the Netherlands one of the most important methods to determine the level of flood protection is a cost-benefit analysis. In this analysis the costs (investment and maintenance costs of dikes) are balanced with the benefits (a reduction of flood risk). Risk is defined as the product of probability and consequence. This approach requires a good estimate of the consequences of floods. A large contributor to the total costs of a flood are the losses due to business interruption. This is defined as forgone value added that is not created due to the fact that firms have to stop production. The causes of the production stop considered in this thesis are material damage to the production facilities of the considered firms and both forward and backward effects in the supply chain. The latter effects include the interruption of firms which are not flooded themselves, unlike their suppliers or buyers. In the Netherlands the software package HIS-SSM (Hoogwater Informatie Systeem – Schade en Slachtoffer Module) is used to determine the consequences of possible floods. This model uses a damage function approach to determine the losses due to business interruption, in which the duration of the business interruption depends on the water depth only. As a result of this assumption, the losses due to business interruption expressed as a share of the material damage range between 1.5 and 5%, independent of the scale of the flood according to HIS-SSM. An analysis of actual floods shows that these figures are between 30% and 125% for large-scale floods. The considered floods for these figures are hurricane Katrina in 2005, hurricane Sandy in 2012, the tsunami in Japan in 2011 and the river floods in Thailand in 2011. Therefore, the losses due to business interruption as calculated by HIS-SSM are expected to be an underestimation of the actual losses due to business interruption. For this reason the ARIO (Adaptive Regional Input-Output) model has been used to determine the losses due to business interruption as well. The ARIO model has only been used for academic purposes so far. Both models have been applied to three cases in the Netherlands, which comprise the flooding of the province of South-Holland, Groningen and the small town of Arcen. The results of the case studies show that the estimates of the losses due to business interruption as calculated by the ARIO model are more in line with figures from actual floods. Both HIS-SSM and the ARIO model have some drawbacks however. The ARIO model appears to be able to determine the losses due to business interruption more accurately than HIS-SSM. Many important processes in the aftermath of a flood are not considered in both models however, such as flood duration and substitution effects. In both models the consequences of flooding of unique firms or infrastructure are underestimated. This is a result of the sector approach in both models, in which all firms are assigned to a certain sector. The transformation of material damage to production capacity has a large influence on the results of the ARIO model. The costs of permanent relocation of firms to foreign countries is also not taken into account in these models, while a simple calculation shows that these might contribute significantly to the total costs of a flood. Some assumptions in this calculation are based on interviews conducted with a member of the Dutch parliament and a professor at Delft University of Technology. Measures to reduce the losses due to business interruption should also be considered in the Dutch flood protection policy, after a cost-benefit analysis has been performed for these measures.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
Pendekatan Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Sindrom Mirizzi
No full textPenyakit batu empedu telah menjadi masalah kesehatan penting di banyak negara. Estimasi prevalensi penyakit batu saluran empedu yang menyertai penyakit batu empedu adalah sekitar 10-15% dan meningkat dengan usia lanjut. Sindrom Mirizzi adalah komplikasi dari penyakit batu empedu yang jarang terjadi. Karakteristik yang khas yaitu adanya impaksi batu empedu di duktus sistikus atau di leher kandung empedu sehingga menghasilkan obstruksi mekanik di duktus hepatikus dan menghasilkan striktur inflamasi di saluran empedu, sehingga menyebabkan ikterus obstruktif berkelanjutan. Kami laporkan sebuah kasus Sindrom Mirizzi pada laki-laki dewasa yang menyebabkan iketerus obstruktif dengan kolelitiasis
Pendekatan Diagnosis dan Tatalaksana Sindrom Mirizzi
No full textPenyakit batu empedu telah menjadi masalah kesehatan penting di banyak negara. Estimasi prevalensi penyakit batu saluran empedu yang menyertai penyakit batu empedu adalah sekitar 10-15% dan meningkat dengan usia lanjut. Sindrom Mirizzi adalah komplikasi dari penyakit batu empedu yang jarang terjadi. Karakteristik yang khas yaitu adanya impaksi batu empedu di duktus sistikus atau di leher kandung empedu sehingga menghasilkan obstruksi mekanik di duktus hepatikus dan menghasilkan striktur inflamasi di saluran empedu, sehingga menyebabkan ikterus obstruktif berkelanjutan. Kami laporkan sebuah kasus Sindrom Mirizzi pada laki-laki dewasa yang menyebabkan iketerus obstruktif dengan kolelitiasis.</jats:p
Assessment of the losses due to business interruption caused by large-scale floods
No full textThe economic consequences of floods, both in the form of material damage and losses due to business interruption, can be large. This paper presents a comparison between two approaches to determine the losses due to business interruption caused by large-scale floods. A model (HIS-SSM) containing a damage function approach and an Adaptive Input-Output model (ARIO) are applied to a hypothetical flood in The Netherlands. The results of the case study are compared to the costs of recent large-scale floods in the US and in Asia. The comparison shows that the losses due to business interruption are underestimated by HIS-SSM. The results of the ARIO model are in line with the figures from recent large-scale floods, but they depend strongly on how material damage is transformed to a production capacity. Furthermore, both models underestimate the losses due to business interruption if a unique object is flooded. We recommend to perform more validation studies with HIS-SSM and possibly replace the damage function approach with an input-output model approach for computing losses due to business interruption. Moreover, we recommend to perform more research on the relation between material damage and production capacity and to determine the consequences of flooding of unique objects on the level of the individual firm.Hydraulic EngineeringCivil Engineering and Geoscience
MOTIVASI MOBILITIAS SOSIAL TOKOH JAY GATSBY DI ERA JAZZ AGE DALAM NOVEL THE GREAT GATSBY KARYA F. SCOTT FITZGERALD
No full textThis study entitled "Motivation of Social Mobility in the novel The Great Gatsby by. F. Scott Fitzgerald". The author is interested in researching the novel because there is social mobilit y reflected through the character, Jay Gatsby. The purpose of this study is to reveal forms of social mobility and motivation of character; To achieve the goals, the authors used a combined approach of structural and sociological approach to literature. The structural approach used to assess the intrinsic aspects of the novel, character and background, while the sociological approach to literature using the theory of social mobility to assess the social mobility of the character‟ motivation to improve and maintain his social class. In this novel, there is found kind of social mobility that done Jay Gatsby. It is vertical social mobility. Vertical social mobility is divided into two forms, upward and downward. Vertical social mobility, up from the characters increase the level of the economy and increase social class through work and marriage. There are some motivation behind social mobility such as increasing and maintaining social class. Social mobility that occurs in the novel The Great Gatsby become an author\u27s ideas reflect author‟s the social conditions. Through his ideas, the author intends to criticize how the importance of social class and social conditions of 1920s America while experiencing economic growth that brings influence to the people in hedonism and consumerism. So they do their social mobility in order to increase their economy level by the end justify the means.Keywords: novel, structural approach, sociology of literature, social mobilit
Analisis dan Implementasi Modidikasi Arithmetic Coding Hybrid Ario dalam Kompresi SMS pada Android Smartphone
No full textABSTRAKSI: Salah satu fitur dari teknologi telekomunikasi yang digunakan pada masa sekarang ini adalah SMS (Short Message Service). Biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk penggunaan SMS sendiri terbilang relatif terjangkau, sehingga masyarakat pada umumnya lebih memilih untuk menggunakan SMS dalam menyampaikan informasi singkat yang ingin mereka sampaikan.Pada sebuah SMS, informasi yang dapat dikirimkan hanya terbatas hingga 160 karakter saja.Dalam kondisi tertentu, SMS yang dikirimkan memiliki jumlah deret hingga 178 karakter, sehingga SMS tersebut akan dihitung sebagai pengiriman biaya 2 SMS. Untuk mengefektifkan penggunaan ruang jumlah karakter yang dapat ditampung oleh sebuah SMS, teknik kompresi SMS menjadi solusi yang tepat untuk permasalahan ini.Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penulis mencoba mengimplementasikan metode ACHA (Arithmetic Coding Hybrid Ario) dalam kompresi SMS pada Android smartphone. Metode ACHA berawal dari Arithmetic Coding, yaitu suatu metode yang bekerja dengan mengubah suatu string menjadi nilai decimal dalam rentang nilai 0 dan 1. Tetapi, SMS hasil kompresi dari Arithmetic Coding membutuhkan ruang tambahan untuk data tabel karakter yang digunakan dalam proses kompresi. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sebuah strategi yang tepat untuk efisiensi penggunaan ruang karakter pada SMS yang jumlahnya sangat terbatas.Dalam proses efisiensi penggunaan ruang karakter SMS, penulis menerapkan metode ACHA yang mampu menghasilkan keluaran digit decimal Arithmetic Codingdalam bentuk representasi data yang lebih efisien dalam penggunaan ruang karakter SMS. Pada metode ACHA, terdapat 4 komponen penting yang menjadi pengaruh utama dalam penggunan metode ACHA ini. Keempat komponen penting tersebut adalah parameter pengatur presisi CN (Code Number), DUK (Deret Upa Konfigurasi), variasi karakter TPKU, dan jumlah karakter isi SMS. Rasio kompresi SMS yang dihasilkan oleh metode ACHA mampu mencapai 35.62% sedangkan dari sisi biaya pengiriman SMS, SMS terkompresi yang mampu dihasilkan adalah N-2 biaya jumlah SMS dari N biaya SMS awal pada saat SMS yang dikirimkan adalah 4 atau 5 biaya SMS.Kata Kunci : Arithmetic Coding, Android, karakter, kompresi, dekompresiABSTRACT: One of the features of the telecommunication technologies are used at present is the SMS (Short Message Service). The costs required for the use of SMS itself are relatively affordable, so that society in general prefer to use SMS in conveying information they want to convey. On an SMS, the information may be sent is limited to 160 characters only. Under certain conditions, an SMS that was sent has a sequence of up to 180 characters, so the SMS will be calculated as shipping cost 2 SMS. In order to streamline the use of space is the number of characters that can be accommodated by a SMS, SMS compression technique to be the right solution for this problem.Base on it, the author tried to implement methods of ACHA (Arithmetic Coding Hybrid Ario) in compression of SMS on your Android smartphone. ACHA method originating from Arithmetic Coding, which is a method that works by converting a string into a decimal value in the range of values 0 and 1. However, the results of compression of SMS Arithmetic Coding requires additional space for table data characters that are used in the process of compression. Therefore, it is necessary a strategy that\u27s right for the efficiency of the use of space characters at the SMS number is very limited.In the process of the efficiency of the use of space characters in SMS, the author applied the method which is capable of producing output ACHA digit decimal Arithmetic Coding in the form of data representation that is more efficient in the use of space characters in SMS. On the method of ACHA, there are 4 key components which became a major influence in the use of the method of ACHA. The four essential components are precision regulator parameter CN (Code Number), DUK (Upa Series Configuration), variation characters of TPKU, and a length character content of an SMS. SMS compression ratio produced by ACHA method capable of achieving 35.62%, while the cost of SMS sending, SMS capable of resulting compressed is N-2 cost amount of SMS from the SMS cost at N the beginning time of SMS sent is 4 or 5 SMS fees.Keyword: Arithmetic Coding, Android, character, compression, decompressio
Crescimento econômico e política fiscal : uma verificação empírica para o Rio Grande do Sul nos anos de 1970 a 2008
No full textEsta monografia faz um estudo das relações entre as variáveis fiscais e o crescimento econômico no estado do Rio Grande do Sul para o período compreendido entre 1970 até 2008. O Trabalho é um estudo de caso onde se busca verificar as relações entre a Política Fiscal e o Crescimento Econômico propostas pela Teoria do Crescimento Endógeno através do modelo ARDL. Os resultados, em geral, corroboram para a idéia de que as variáveis fiscais são correlacionadas com o crescimento da economia. Sendo assim o autor considera a possibilidade de que a ação do estado gera impactos no crescimento econômico. Por isso, o estudo da Economia do Setor Público deve ter o intuito de melhorar a atuação governamental no sistema econômico, para que o Estado possa possibilitar benefícios à população sem impor dificuldades ao crescimento econômico.This monograph is a study of the relationship between fiscal variables and economic growth in the state of Rio Grande do Sul for the period from 1970 to 2008. The Work is a case study where we seek to examine relationships between Fiscal Policy and Economic Growth proposals for the Theory of Endogenous Growth through the ARDL model. The results generally corroborate the idea that fiscal variables are correlated with economic growth. Thereby the author considers the possibility that the state action has an impact on economic growth. Thus the study of the Economics of the Public Sector must have an intention to improve government performance in the economic system so that the state can allow benefits to the population without impose difficulties to economic growth
Hierarchical Structural Analysis for the Multi-Folding Structures with Hill-Top Bifurcation Points
No full textAbstractThis paper reviews the theoretical basis for the dynamic numerical analysis to examine the elastic stability of the multi-folding microstructure(MFM) [1]. The analysis allows for geometrical non-linearity with localization based upon bifurcation theory [2]. Comparisons are made between experimental folding patterns and the patterns obtained from the numerical method in which bifurcations are demonstrated as elastic unstable behavior (e.g. [3]). We have obtained interesting bifurcation paths from the hill-top singular point on a diamond truss which is one of the folding multi-layered truss in a plane. The author suggest that the understanding of snap-through behavior for folding mechanics in 3D will be very useful for the development of lightweight structures subject to bifurcation of the hilltop branching type
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