4,841 research outputs found
A critical analysis of Christian responses to Islamic claims about the work of the Prophet Muhammad, ‘the Messenger of God’.
No full textThe aims of this study are to analyse critically the different Christian responses to the Islamic understanding of the work of Muhammad. Chapter one consists a short introduction leading to an appraisal of Muhammad which incorporates historical, hagiographal and Quranic source material, and in the light of relevant Christian and Muslim scholarship. The second chapter presents a summary critical analysis of Muhammad in Christian theological perspective, from 661 A.D. to modern times. Chapter three presents a critique of Christian responses to the Muslim allegations that the text of the Bible has been infected with corruption; and that Muhammad's advent and status are foretold in the unadulterated' scriptures, and in the Gospel of Barnabas. Chapter four examines the theological significance of the work of Muhammad for Christians. Thus, Jesus and Muhammad are critically assessed and contrasted in order to ascertain the importance, for Christians, of the Muslim claims in respect of Muhammad as ’the messenger of God’. Chapter five provides a critical evaluation of the various Christian responses to Muhammad. It is argued that many of the said responses have been entangled in myths and misperceptions which have severely distorted the true account of Muhammad's work. Consequently, many Christians have failed to appreciate the divine legitimacy of Muhammad's call to prophethood. Further, it is argued that Christians should accept that Muhammad is a genuine prophet, and the messenger of God. However, Muhammad's use of the power-structure in order to maintain Islam is in sharp contrast to Jesus’ decision to face the consequences of his ministry passively through faith in God. Accordingly, orthodox Christian belief in the passion, death and resurrection of Jesus provides another dimension to prophethood, where the messenger and the message become one, an identification which finds no parallel in Islam, and which, in the nature of the case, cannot find a parallel
Transformasi Islam di Kesultanan Banjar: Tinjauan Historiografi Kehadiran Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari (1710-1812 M)
No full textKajian ini berupaya melihat dan menemukan transformasi Islam di Kesultanan Banjar sebelum dan sesudah kehadiran Syekh Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari datang. Tujuannya adalah untuk melihat dan menemukan bagaimana historiografi kontribusi al-Banjari dalam proses transformasi Islam di Kesultanan Banjar. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan pendekatan historiografi dan analisis data secara deskriptif analitik. Hasil kajian ditemukan bahwa sebelum kedatangan al-Banjari, Islam di Kesultanan Banjar dipengaruhi oleh kepercayaan animisme dan sinkretisme budaya lokal yang bercampur dengan ajaran Hindu dan Buddha. Namun, setelah kedatangan al-Banjari, membawa perubahan penting dalam reformasi keagamaan di Kesultanan Banjar. Dengan mendirikan Mahkamah Syariah dan memperkenalkan hukum Islam yang tegas, al-Banjari menanggulangi praktik keagamaan menyimpang dan memperkenalkan ajaran Islam yang lebih ortodoks. Melalui dakwah, tulisan kitab, dan pendirian lembaga pendidikan, ia memberikan pemahaman Islam yang mendalam kepada masyarakat. Kritiknya terhadap ritual lokal seperti manyanggar banua dan mambuang pasilih mencerminkan komitmennya untuk membersihkan masyarakat dari praktik yang menyimpang dan menjadikan Islam lebih murni di Kesultanan Banjar.
Kata Kunci: Arsyad al-Banjari; Islam; Kesultanan Banjar; Transformas
Unique Representation Domains, II
No full textGiven a star operation * of finite type, we call a domain R a *-unique representation domain (*-URD) if each *-invertible ideal of R can be uniquely expressed as a *-product of pairwise *-comaximal ideals with prime radical. When * is the t-operation let us call such a domain simply a URD. Any unique factorization domain is a URD.
Generalizing and unifying results due to M. Zafrullah (1978) and J. Brewer-W. Heinzer (2002), we give conditions for a *-ideal to be a unique *-product of pairwise *-comaximal ideals with prime radical and characterize *-URDs. We show that
the class of URDs includes rings of Krull type, the generalized Krull domains introduced by El Baghdadi and weakly Matlis domains whose t-spectrum is treed.
We also study when the property of being a URD extends to some classes of overrings, such as polynomial extensions, rings of fractions and rings obtained by the construction
Imam Salim b. Rashid and the Imamate revival in Oman 1331/1913 - 1338/1920
No full textThe principal aim of this thesis is to assess the performance of Imam Salim b.Rashid and the Imamate revival in Oman during the second decade of the 20th century. It
presents biographical information about Imam Salim, with special reference to the military and political policies by which he established and consolided his Imamate in the
Interior Province, and his relations with the Sultan and the latter's British supporters. An attempt is also made to explore the relationship between the Imam and the Omani tribes and to evaluate his administrative success. This thesis comprises eight chapters, and the introduction and conclusion. The introduction reviews the relevant literature on the topic. The first chapter describes the geographical setting and provides a historical background,
relating to three principal matters: the rise of the Iba<;liyyah and the development of the Imamate in Oman; the events in Oman after Sd. Sa'id's death up to 1913; and the effects of the First World War. The second chapter seeks to give an account of the career of Imam Salim's life and the Imamate revival. The third chapter discusses the manner in
which the Imam was elected, private and public allegiance (bay'ah) and the Imam's aims and policy programme. Chapter Four deals with the Imam's military operations and the
spread of his authority over Oman. Chapter Five examines the attempts at negotiation between the Imam and the Sultan, and the role of the British Government and the local
figures in this regard. Chapter Six is devoted to a discussion of the role of the tribes in support of Imam Salim, and the extent of the Imam's influence over these tribes. Chapter Seven assesses the Imam's administrative machinery, including the political system, the bureaucracy, education policy, and financial apparatus. Chapter Eight examines the causes behind the assassination of Imam Salim and the signing of the Treaty of al-Sib. In the conclusion, we present the findings of the research as they have emerged from the assessment of the course of events in Oman. We have said that the Omanis succeeded in reviving the Imamate and elected Imam Salim al-KharU~i who devoted his efforts to establish the foundations of the state, and peace prevailed in the country after the treaty of
al-Sib in 1920
PEMBARUAN PEMIKIRAN PENDIDIKAN ISLAM MUHAMMAD BASIUNI IMRAN (1906-1976 M)
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pembaruan pemikiran Pendidikan Islam Muhammad Basiuni Imran tahun 1906 sampai 1976. Tahun 1906 adalah tahun ia mulai mengajar di sekolah Sultaniyah. Tahun 1909 ia melanjutkan pendidikan ke Mesir dengan tujuan al-Azhar. Pada saat itulah ia mengenal pembaruan pemikiran pendidikan Islam Muhammad Rasyid Rida. Tahun 1913 ia pulang ke Sambas dan dilantik menjadi Maharaja Imam. Tahun 1916 menjadi guru di Madrasah al-Sultaniyah. Tahun 1918 ditunjuk menjadi pengawas pada sekolah yang sama. Tahun 1936 mendirikan sekolah Tarbiyatul Islam. Tahun 1963 mendirikan sekolah Kulliyatul Muballighin. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode s}ejarah dengan pendekatan sosiologi, antropologi, prosopografi dan sejarah intelektual. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori pembaruan dan perubahan sosial. Penelitian ini juga menggunakan dua kajian yaitu pustaka dan lapangan. Kajian pustaka untuk melacak pemikiran pembaruan melalui karya-karyanya yang banyak. Sementara kajian lapangan melihat praktek pembaruan yang dilakukan Muhammad Basiuni Imran. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 1906 Muhammad Basiuni Imran memotivasi para siswa akan pentingnya pendidikan. Pendidikan bagi Muhammad Basiuni Imran adalah kunci utama untuk meraih kemajuan. Tahun 1916 ketika ia diangkat menjadi guru pada Madrasah al-Sultaniyah, ia berhasil mengintegrasikan kurikulum agama dan umum secara bertahap dan perlahan dan berlanjut pada sekolah Tarbiyatul Islam tahun 1936. Pada sekolah yang kedua yaitu sekolah Tarbiyatul Islam ia juga berhasil mengenalkan sekaligus menerapkan ko-edukasi dan manajemen sekolah berbasis administrasi. Upaya yang dilakukannya tersebut melawan arus
The role of the accused in English and Islamic criminal justice
No full textThis thesis is a comparative study of the role of the accused in the systems of
English and Islamic criminal justice. It seeks to explore the underlying
relationship between the individual and the state through an historical, structural
and contextual analysis of their rules relating to questioning and of confessions.
The analysis of the English system covers the period 1800 to 1984, with
particular reference to developments during the nineteenth century when the
foundations for the modern English state were established. The analysis of the
Islamic system combines traditionally Islamic and modern methods, assessing the
"Islamisation" movement in Malaysia through a religico-structural understanding
of juristic opinion from the four main schools of Sunnite jurisprudence.
The thesis contributes to existing knowledge on a number of levels: first, it
questions and revises the "myth" of "progress" that has dominated observations
of the history of the English criminal justice system; second, it elucidates the
relationship between Islamic law in theory and the law that is applied and
proposed in its name in Muslim states; third, it provides an analytical framework
for drawing comparisons between the underlying values of the systems of English
and Islamic criminal justice.
While acknowledging fundamental differences in terms of outlook and
articulation, the author concludes there are important similarities expressed
through such notions as "suspect" in the English system and "kafir"I"fasiq" in the
Islamic. These act as intermediate constitutional categories to whom the state
owe less protection. But the author notes also that these similarities are not
observed necessarily in the "law" which is implemented or proposed in Muslim
states; exact correspondence depends upon the over-arching political structure
and the institution of Caliphate.
The thesis is divided into six chapters: chapter one sets out the conventional view
of the historical development of English criminal procedure and evidence;
chapter two subjects that to a critique and chapter three offers a revised thesis.
Chapter four, explores methods for interpreting and explaining Islam; chapter
five sets out rules relating to confessions and questioning according to the four
Sunni schools; chapter six puts them into "context" through an examination of
the "Islamisation" process in Malaysia
Writing from the shadowlands: how cross-cultural literature negotiates the legacy of Edward Said
No full textThis thesis examines the impact of Edward Said's influential work Orientalism and its legacy in respect of contemporary reading and writing across cultures. It also questions the legitimacy of Said's retrospective stereotyping of early examples of cross-cultural representation in literature as uncompromisingly 'orientalist'.
It is well known that the release of Edward Said's Orientalism in 1978 was responsible for the rise of a range of cultural and critical theories from multiculturalism to postcolonialism. It was a study that not only polarized critics and forced scholars to re-examine orientalist archives, but persuaded creative writers to re-think their ethnographic positions when it came to the literary representations of cultures other than their own. Without detracting from the enormous impact of Said, this thesis isolates gaps and silences in Said that need correcting. Furthermore, there is an element of intransigence, an uncompromising refusal to fine-tune what is essentially a binary discourse of the West and its other in Said's work, that encourages the continued interrogation of power relations but which, because of its very boldness, paradoxically disallows the extent to which the conflict of cultures indeed produced new, hybrid social and cultural formations.
In an attempt to challenge the severity of Said's claim that 'every European, in what he could say about the Orient, was consequently a racist, an imperialist, and almost totally ethnocentric', the thesis examines a number of different discursive contexts in which such a presumption is challenged. Thus while the second chapter discusses the 'traditional' profession-based orientalism of nineteenth-century E. G. Browne, the third considers the anti-imperialism of colonial administrator Leonard Woolf. The fourth chapter provides a reflection on the difficulties of diasporic 'orientalism' through the works of Michael Ondaatje while chapter five demonstrates the effects of the dialogism used by Amitav Ghosh as a defence against 'orientalism'. The thesis concludes with an examination of contemporary writing by Andrea Levy that appositely illustrates the legacy of Said's influence.
While the restrictive parameters of Said's work make it difficult to mount a thorough-going critique of Said, this thesis shows that, indeed, it is within the restraints of these parameters and in the very discourse that Said employs that he traps himself. This study claims that even Said is susceptible to 'orientalist' criticism in that he is as much an 'orientalist' as those at whom he directs his polemic
The management of queuing theory application to automated teller machine by using M/M/1 and M/G/1 system / Muhammad Norhafiz Mohd Said, Mohamad Nazmi Zulkifeli and Muhammad Khasmawi Khalidi Mohd Khalid
No full textThere are many queuing theories and formula that are applicable to be used in order to solve the queuing problems. However, these queuing theories use different formula. Thus, they will provide different answers and solutions. The queuing theories also demands specific condition such as the number of servers. This problem leads us to carry a research that use two queuing models in order to manage the waiting time of the A TM users by using queuing systems which are M/M/1 and M/G/1. We also want to compare which model between M/M/1 and M/G/1 is better for ATM queuing system. This research is very important because the results will help the ATM users a lot as they do not really prefer to wait too long. The results can also produce some suggestions or evidence that needed for the management to come up with solution such as adding new ATM machine
Reposisi Konsep Ketuhanan: Tanggapan Muhammad Iqbal dan Said Nursi Atas Perjumpaan Islam dan Sains
No full textArtikel ini menghadirkan dua cara pandang berbeda antara Muhammad Iqbal dan Said Nursi dalam upaya reposisi konsep ketuhanan saat Islam bertemu sains. Artikel ini memperlihatkan bagaimana Iqbal menerima sains dengan melakukan penyesuaian ajaran Islam agar sejalan dengan epistemologi sains dan rasionalisme dengan tetap merujuk pada al-Qur'an. Konsep ketuhanan teis yang dirasa tidak sesuai dengan rasionalisme dan perkembangan sains, mendapat sentuhan Iqbal dengan dikonstruksi menjadi konsep panentheisme. Sementara itu, Said Nursi, meskipun ia juga mendorong adopsi sains, namun Nursi hampir tidak melakukan penyesuaian apa pun dalam konsep ketuhanan Islam. Sebagai pewaris pemikiran al-Asy'ariyyah, justru Nursi memilah sains dalam dua kategori, yaitu sains yang memuat nilai positif dan sains yang memuat aspek negatif. Selanjutnya Nursi hanya mengambil aspek positif dan meninggalkan aspek negatifnya. Dengan menggunakan teori Ian Barbour, artikel ini memasukkan pendekatan Iqbal dalam kategori integrasi epistemologis, sedangkan pendekatan Said Nursi masuk dalam kategori integrasi ontologis.This article seeks to presents a distinct view of two Muslim thinkers on repositioning concept of God in the face of adoption to science. That is of Muhammad Iqbal's and of Said Nursi's. It shows that Iqbal used methods of reconstruction on Islamic theology in order for which go in line with scientific epistemology despite it remains strongly based on the Qur'an. Iqbal is of the view that theistic God of Islam appears to come in contrast to the rationalism and modern scientific approaches. For that reason, Iqbal changed this theistic God to be a panentheistic God of modern sciences. On the other side, Said Nursi urges Muslim community to adopt science as well, but—in contrast to Iqbal—he did almost nothing in reconstructing Islamic theology. As in heritor of the doctrines of Ash'arite, instead he classified modern science into two camps, that of the positive in term of Islamic interests and that of the negative. He adopts the positive one while keeping at bay the rest. Departing from Ian Barbour's theory, this article categorizes Iqbal's and Nursi's adoption to science as integration. This article proposes that the method of Iqbal's integration during his reconstruction on Islamic theology is an epistemological integration, meanwhile Nursi's approach is ontological integration
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