7 research outputs found
Measuring Residents Satisfaction Levels of Public Housing in Maiduguri Metropolis of Borno State, Nigeria
Get PDFThis study aims to evaluate the residents’ satisfaction with public housing in the Maiduguri metropolis. The study assessed the levels of quality of housing components, occupants' preference and satisfaction. The study adopted a quantitative approach and data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 265 household heads of the housing estate proportionately selected from the target population in Maiduguri metropolis. The data collected were subjected to descriptive and inferential statistics with mean ranking, frequency distribution and multiple regression analysis to achieve the research aim. The study showed that quality of building component, Condition of a bedroom, condition of living room, condition of the roof, condition of finishing and condition of the kitchen were ranked as very good and condition of the store, condition of the dining area, condition of garage and condition of toilets were good in the study area, while public housing quality and preference significantly influence occupants' satisfaction in Maiduguri metropolis. The research recommended that occupant peculiarities should be integrated into the design and development of housing estate. This will ensure that the satisfaction of the occupants is well co-opted in the development and therefore lead to higher satisfaction and functionality of the estates. The provision of facilities and amenities in public housing estates should be based on the occupant requirements and peculiarities. This will lead to the optimal utilization of the estate after development
Analyzing Variables in Wheel of Participation a Synergy in Facilities Management for Enhancing Academic Performance
Get PDFThis study analyzed variables in the wheel of participation advocated by Davidson (1998); in this study, wheel of participation is adopted as synergy in facilities management for the maintenance of university community infrastructure and facilities, to examine the effects of synergy by the local community and the university authority in facilities management for enhancing academic performance in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (ATBU). 100 questionnaires composed on 5 level-Linkert scales were randomly distributed, Reliability analysis was conducted to check the level of internal consistency among the measuring items, while Multiple Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS simultaneously analyzed the effects of the exogenous variables (information, consultation, participation & empowerment) on the endogenous variable (academic excellence) in ATBU. Estimates of the structural model revealed that information sharing, consultation with stakeholders, participation by local community members and empowering stakeholders do not influence academic excellence. While the regression analysis indicated a weak relationship between all the four predictor variables and the academic excellence; and with R2 of 0.029 meant that the predictor variables accounted for only 2.9 % of the variance on academic excellence, thus, 97.1 % is accounted for by other variables not covered in this study. Further studies are recommended to supplement more predictor variables like students´ talent, intuition, flair, willingness to learn (zeal), finance and so on; using the inductive approach
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Get PDFFunding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.Peer ReviewedArticle signat per 1420 autors/es. Membres del GBD 2021 Forecasting Collaborators:
Stein Emil Vollset*, Hazim S Ababneh, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate, Cristiana Abbafati, Rouzbeh Abbasgholizadeh, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Hedayat Abbastabar, Abdallah H A Abd Al Magied, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Atef Abdelkader, Michael Abdelmasseh, Sherief Abd-Elsalam, Parsa Abdi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Auwal Abdullahi, Mesfin Abebe, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Hassan Abolhassani, Mohamed Abouzid, Girma Beressa Aboye, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Abdorrahim Absalan, Hasan Abualruz, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Hana Jihad Jihad Abukhadijah, Giovanni Addolorato, Victor Adekanmbi, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Rishan Adha, Ripon Kumar Adhikary, Qorinah Estiningtyas Sakilah Adnani, Leticia Akua Adzigbli, Fatemeh Afrashteh, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Faith Agbozo, Antonella Agodi, Anurag Agrawal, Williams Agyemang-Duah, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Austin J Ahlstrom, Aqeel Ahmad, Firdos Ahmad, Muayyad M Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Shahzaib Ahmad, Anisuddin Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Safoora Ahmed, Syed Anees Ahmed, Karolina Akinosoglou, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Ashley E Akrami, Ema Akter, Salah Al Awaidy, Syed Mahfuz Al Hasan, Amjad S Al Mosa, Omar Al Ta’ani, Omar Ali Mohammed Al Zaabi, Fares Alahdab, Muaaz M Alajlani, Yazan Al-Ajlouni, Samer O Alalalmeh, Ziyad Al-Aly, Khurshid Alam, Noore Alam, Tahiya Alam, Zufishan Alam, Rasmieh Mustafa Al-amer, Fahad Mashhour Alanezi, Turki M Alanzi, Almaza Albakri, Wafa A Aldhaleei, Robert W Aldridge, Seyedeh Yasaman Alemohammad, Yihun Mulugeta Alemu, Adel Ali Saeed Al-Gheethi, Mohammed Khaled Al-Hanawi, Abid Ali, Amjad Ali, Iman Ali, Mohammed Usman Ali, Rafat Ali, Syed Shujait Shujait Ali, Victor Ekoche Ali, Waad Ali, Akram Al-Ibraheem, Gianfranco Alicandro, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, François Alla, Joseph Uy Almazan, Hesham M Al-Mekhlafi, Ahmed Yaseen Alqutaibi, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Salman Khalifah Al-Sabah, Mohammed A Alsabri, Zaid Altaany, Ala’a B Al-Tammemi, Jaffar A Al-Tawfiq, Khalid A Altirkawi, Deborah Oyine Aluh, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mohammad Sami Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Mohammad Sharif Alyahya, Karem H Alzoubi, Walid Al-Zyoud, Reza Amani, Edward Kwabena Ameyaw, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Alireza Amindarolzarbi, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Hosein Amirzade-Iranaq, Hubert Amu, Dickson A Amugsi, Robert Ancuceanu, Deanna Anderlini, David B Anderson, Pedro Prata Andrade, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Tudorel Andrei, Erick Adrian Andrews, Abhishek Anil, Sneha Anil, Amir Anoushiravani, Catherine M Antony, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Saeid Anvari, Anayochukwu Edward Anyasodor, Francis Appiah, Michele Aquilano, Juan Pablo Arab, Jalal Arabloo, Elshaimaa A Arafa, Mosab Arafat, Aleksandr Y Aravkin, Ali Ardekani, Demelash Areda, Brhane Berhe Aregawi, Abdulfatai Aremu, Hany Ariffin, Mesay Arkew, Keivan Armani, Anton A Artamonov, Ashokan Arumugam, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Charlie Ashbaugh, Thomas Astell-Burt, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Prince Atorkey, Maha Moh’d Wahbi Atout, Avinash Aujayeb, Marcel Ausloos, Hamzeh Awad, Adedapo Wasiu Awotidebe, Haleh Ayatollahi, Jose L Ayuso-Mateos, Sina Azadnajafabad, Fahad Khan Azeez, Rui M S Azevedo, Muhammad Badar, Soroush Baghdadi, Mahboube Bagheri, Nasser Bagheri, Ruhai Bai, Jennifer L Baker, Abdulaziz T Bako, Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Wondu Feyisa Balcha, Ovidiu Constantin Baltatu, Martina Barchitta, Erfan Bardideh, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Till Winfried Bärnighausen, Hiba Jawdat Barqawi, Sandra Barteit, Afisu Basiru, João Diogo Basso, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Sanjay Basu, Matteo Bauckneht, Bernhard T Baune, Mohsen Bayati, Nebiyou Simegnew Bayileyegn, Amir Hossein Behnoush, Payam Behzadi, Maryam Beiranvand, Olorunjuwon Omolaja Bello, Luis Belo, Apostolos Beloukas, Maryam Bemanalizadeh, Isabela M Bensenor, Habib Benzian, Azizullah Beran, Zombor Berezvai, Robert S Bernstein, Paulo J G Bettencourt, Kebede A Beyene, Melak Gedamu Beyene, Devidas S Bhagat, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Neeraj Bhala, Dinesh Bhandari, Ravi Bharadwaj, Nikha Bhardwaj, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Ashish Bhargava, Sonu Bhaskar, Vivek Bhat, Natalia V Bhattacharjee, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Manpreet S Bhatti, Mohiuddin Ahmed Bhuiyan, Catherine Bisignano, Bijit Biswas, Tone Bjørge, Virginia Bodolica, Aadam Olalekan Bodunrin, Milad Bonakdar Hashemi, Berrak Bora Basara, Hamed Borhany, Samuel Adolf Bosoka, Alejandro Botero Carvajal, Souad Bouaoud, Soufiane Boufous, Christopher Boxe, Edward J Boyko, Oliver J Brady, Dejana Braithwaite, Michael Brauer, Javier Brazo-Sayavera, Hermann Brenner, Colin Stewart Brown, Annie J Browne, Traolach Brugha, Dana Bryazka, Norma B Bulamu, Danilo Buonsenso, Katrin Burkart, Richard A Burns, Reinhard Busse, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A Butt, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay, Daniela Calina, Luciana Aparecida Campos, Shujin Cao, Angelo Capodici, Rosario Cárdenas, Giulia Carreras, Andrea Carugno, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Maria Sofia Cattaruzza, Arthur Caye, Luca Cegolon, Francieli Cembranel, Edina Cenko, Ester Cerin, Steven J Chadban, Joshua Chadwick, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Sandip Chakraborty, Julian Chalek, Jeffrey Shi Kai Chan, Rama Mohan Chandika, Sara Chandy, Jaykaran Charan, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Akhilanand Chaurasia, An-Tian Chen, Haowei Chen, Meng Xuan Chen, Simiao Chen, Nicolas Cherbuin, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Ritesh Chimoriya, Patrick R Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Abdulaal Chitheer, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, William C S Cho, Dong-Woo Choi, Bryan Chong, Chean Lin Chong, Hitesh Chopra, Dinh-Toi Chu, Eric Chung, Muhammad Chutiyami, Justin T Clayton, Rebecca M Cogen, Aaron J Cohen, Alyssa Columbus, Haley Comfort, Joao Conde, Jon T Connolly, Ezra E K Cooper, Samuele Cortese, Natália Cruz-Martins, Alanna Gomes da Silva, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Zhaoli Dai, Bronte E Dalton, Giovanni Damiani, Lalit Dandona, Rakhi Dandona, Jai K Das, Saswati Das, Subasish Das, Nihar Ranjan Dash, Kairat Davletov, Fernando Pio De la Hoz, Diego De Leo, Shayom Debopadhaya, Ivan Delgado-Enciso, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Nikolaos Dervenis, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan Devanbu, Syed Masudur Rahman Dewan, Kuldeep Dhama, Amol S Dhane, Sameer Dhingra, Diana Dias da Silva, Daniel Diaz, Luis Antonio Diaz, Michael J Diaz, Adriana Dima, Delaney D Ding, Thao Huynh Phuong Do, Camila Bruneli do Prado, Masoud Dodangeh, Milad Dodangeh, Phidelia Theresa Doegah, Sushil Dohare, Wanyue Dong, Mario D’Oria, Rajkumar Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Haneil Larson Dsouza, Viola Dsouza, John Dube, Samuel C Dumith, Bruce B Duncan, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Senbagam Duraisamy, Oyewole Christopher Durojaiye, Anar Dushpanova, Sulagna Dutta, Paulina Agnieszka Dzianach, Arkadiusz Marian Dziedzic, Ejemai Eboreime, Alireza Ebrahimi, Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan, Hisham Atan Edinur, Ferry Efendi, Terje Andreas Eikemo, Ebrahim Eini, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Rabie Adel El Arab, Iman El Sayed, Osman Elamin, Noha Mousaad Elemam, Ghada Metwally Tawfik ElGohary, Muhammed Elhadi, Omar Abdelsadek Abdou Elmeligy, Adel B Elmoselhi, Mohammed Elshaer, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Mohd. Elmagzoub Eltahir, Theophilus I Emeto, Babak Eshrati, Majid Eslami, Zahra Esmaeili, Natalia Fabin, Adeniyi Francis Fagbamigbe, Omotayo Francis Fagbule, Luca Falzone, Mohammad Fareed, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, MoezAlIslam Ezzat Mahmoud Faris, Andre Faro, Kiana Fasihi, Ali Fatehizadeh, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Timur Fazylov, Valery L Feigin, Ginenus Fekadu, Xiaoqi Feng, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Pietro Ferrara, Nuno Ferreira, Belete Sewasew Firew, Florian Fischer, Ida Fitriana, Joanne Flavel, Luisa S Flor, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Kristen Marie Foley, Marco Fonzo, Lisa M Force, Matteo Foschi, Alberto Freitas, Ni Kadek Yuni Fridayani, Kai Glenn Fukutaki, João M Furtado, Blima Fux, Peter Andras Gaal, Muktar A Gadanya, Silvano Gallus, Balasankar Ganesan, Mohammad Arfat Ganiyani, Rupesh K Gautam, Tilaye Gebru Gebi, Miglas W Gebregergis, Mesfin Gebrehiwot, Lemma Getacher, Genanew K A Getahun, Peter W Gething, Delaram J Ghadimi, Fataneh Ghadirian, Sadegh Ghafarian, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, MohammadReza Ghasemi, Ghazal Ghasempour Dabaghi, Ramy Mohamed Ghazy, Sama Ghoba, Ehsan Gholami, Ali Gholamrezanezhad, Nasim Gholizadeh, Mahsa Ghorbani, Pooyan Ghorbani Vajargah, Elena Ghotbi, Artyom Urievich Gil, Tiffany K Gill, Alem Girmay, James C Glasbey, Ekaterina Vladimirovna Glushkova, Elena V Gnedovskaya, Laszlo Göbölös, Mohamad Goldust, Pouya Goleij, Davide Golinelli, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Alessandra C Goulart, Mahdi Gouravani, Anmol Goyal, Michal Grivna, Giuseppe Grosso, Giovanni Guarducci, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Stefano Guicciardi, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Snigdha Gulati, David Gulisashvili, Damitha Asanga Gunawardane, Cui Guo, Anish Kumar Gupta, Rahul Gupta, Rajeev Gupta, Renu Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Annie Haakenstad, Najah R Hadi, Nils Haep, Abdul Hafiz, Dariush Haghmorad, Demewoz Haile, Adel Hajj Ali, Ali Hajj Ali, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Esam S Halboub, Sebastian Haller, Rabih Halwani, Kanaan Hamagharib Abdullah, Nadia M Hamdy, Rifat Hamoudi, Nasrin Hanifi, Graeme J Hankey, Zaim Anan Haq, Md Rabiul Haque, Harapan Harapan, Arief Hargono, Josep Maria Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, S. M. Mahmudul Hasan, Mohammad Hasanian, Md Saquib Hasnain, Amr Hassan, Johannes Haubold, Simon I Hay, Jeffrey J Hebert, Omar E Hegazi, Mohammad Heidari, Mehdi Hemmati, Claire A Henson, Brenda Yuliana Herrera-Serna, Claudiu Herteliu, Majid Heydari, Kamal Hezam, Irma Hidayana, Yuta Hiraike, Nguyen Quoc Hoan, Ramesh Holla, Praveen Hoogar, Nobuyuki Horita, Md Mahbub Hossain, Hassan Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Mihaela Hostiuc, Sorin Hostiuc, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, Michael Hultström, Tsegaye Gebreyes Hundie, Aliza J Hunt, Kiavash Hushmandi, Javid Hussain, M. Azhar Hussain, Nawfal R Hussein, Hong-Han Huynh, Bing-Fang Hwang, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pulwasha Maria Iftikhar, Adalia I Ikiroma, Paul Chukwudi Ikwegbue, Irena M Ilic, Milena D Ilic, Mustapha Immurana, Mustafa Alhaji Isa, Md. Rabiul Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Faisal Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah Ismail, Gaetano Isola, Masao Iwagami, Ihoghosa Osamuyi Iyamu, Louis Jacob, Kathryn H Jacobsen, Morteza Jafarinia, Kasra Jahankhani, Nader Jahanmehr, Nityanand Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Dr Ruchi Jakhmola Mani, Safayet Jamil, Roland Dominic G Jamora, Abubakar Ibrahim Jatau, Sabzali Javadov, Tahereh Javaheri, Shubha Jayaram, Sun Ha Jee, Jayakumar Jeganathan, Heng Jiang, Mohammad Jokar, Jost B Jonas, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Mikk Jürisson, Vaishali K, Ali Kabir, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Laleh R Kalankesh, Sanjay Kalra, Ashwin Kamath, Rajesh Kamath, Arun Kamireddy, Mona Kanaan, Tanuj Kanchan, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Sushil Kumar Kansal, Asima Karim, Samad Karkhah, Faizan Zaffar Kashoo, Hengameh Kasraei, Molly B Kassel, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Joonas H Kauppila, Harkiran Kaur, Gbenga A Kayode, Foad Kazemi, Sina Kazemian, Fassikaw Kebede, Evie Shoshannah Kendal, Emmanuelle Kesse-Guyot, Shahram Khademvatan, Himanshu Khajuria, Amirmohammad Khalaji, Asaad Khalid, Nauman Khalid, Alireza Khalilian, Faham Khamesipour, Fayaz Khan, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Moien AB Khan, Shaghayegh Khanmohammadi, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Hamid Reza Khayat Kashani, Khalid A Kheirallah, Manoj Khokhar, Moein Khormali, Zahra Khorrami, Atulya Aman Khosla, Majid Khosravi, Mahmood Khosrowjerdi, Jagdish Khubchandani, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Grace Kim, Julie Sojin Kim, Min Seo Kim, Yun Jin Kim, Ruth W Kimokoti, Adnan Kisa, Sezer Kisa, Luke D Knibbs, Ann Kristin Skrindo Knudsen, Sonali Kochhar, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Farzad Kompani, Gerbrand Koren, Oleksii Korzh, Kewal Krishan, Varun Krishna, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Md Abdul Kuddus, Mohammed Kuddus, Ilari Kuitunen, Omar Kujan, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Vishnutheertha Kulkarni, G Anil Kumar, Harish Kumar, Nithin Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Vijay Kumar, Amartya Kundu, Dian Kusuma, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Ville Kytö, Hmwe Hmwe Kyu, Carlo La Vecchia, Ben Lacey, Muhammad Awwal Ladan, Lucie Laflamme, Chandrakant Lahariya, Daphne Teck Ching Lai, Ratilal Lalloo, Tea Lallukka, Judit Lám, Qing Lan, Tuo Lan, Iván Landires, Francesco Lanfranchi, Berthold Langguth, Van Charles Lansingh, Ariane Laplante-Lévesque, Bagher Larijani, Anders O Larsson, Savita Lasrado, Paolo Lauriola, Hilary R Lawlor, Huu-Hoai Le, Long Khanh Dao Le, Nhi Huu Hanh Le, Thao Thi Thu Le, Trang Diep Thanh Le, Janet L Leasher, Doo Woong Lee, Munjae Lee, Paul H Lee, Sang-woong Lee, Seung Won Lee, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Yo Han Lee, James Leigh, Elvynna Leong, Ming-Chieh Li, Massimo Libra, Virendra S Ligade, Lee-Ling Lim, Stephen S Lim, Liknaw Workie Limenh, Daniel Lindholm, Paulina A Lindstedt, Stefan Listl, Gang Liu, Shiwei Liu, Shuke Liu, Xiaofeng Liu, Xuefeng Liu, Erand Llanaj, Rubén López-Bueno, José Francisco López-Gil, Arianna Maever Loreche, Paulo A Lotufo, Rafael Lozano, Jailos Lubinda, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Lisha Luo, Jay B Lusk, Lei Lv, Hawraz Ibrahim M Amin, Zheng Feei Ma, Kelsey Lynn Maass, Nikolaos Machairas, Monika Machoy, Áurea M Madureira-Carvalho, Hassan Magdy Abd El Razek, Azzam A Maghazachi, D. R. Mahadeshwara Prasad, Mehrdad Mahalleh, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Mansour Adam Mahmoud, Elham Mahmoudi, Golnaz Mahmoudvand, Maureen Makama, Elaheh Malakan Rad, Kashish Malhotra, Ahmad Azam Malik, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Yosef Manla, Ali Mansour, Mohammad Hadi Mansouri, Pejman Mansouri, Vahid Mansouri, Marjan Mansourian, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Bishnu P Marasini, Hamid Reza Marateb, Joemer C Maravilla, Parham Mardi, Abdoljalal Marjani, Hamed Markazi Moghadam, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Gabriel Martinez, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Miquel Martorell, Wolfgang Marx, Roy Rillera Marzo, Sahar Masoudi, Yasith Mathangasinghe, Alexander G Mathioudakis, Medha Mathur, Navgeet Mathur, Neeta Mathur, Fernanda Penido Matozinhos, Jishanth Mattumpuram, Richard James Maude, Andrea Maugeri, Mahsa Mayeli, Mohsen Mazidi, Antonio Mazzotti, John J McGrath, Martin McKee, Anna Laura W McKowen, Michael A McPhail, Steven M McPhail, Asim Mehmood, Kamran Mehrabani-Zeinabad, Sepideh Mehravar, Tesfahun Mekene Meto, Endalkachew Belayneh Melese, Max Alberto Mendez Mendez-Lopez, Walter Mendoza, Ritesh G Menezes, George A Mensah, Laverne G Mensah, Alexios-Fotios A Mentis, Sultan Ayoub Meo, Atte Meretoja, Tuomo J Meretoja, Abera M Mersha, Tomislav Mestrovic, Kukulege Chamila Dinushi Mettananda, Sachith Mettananda, Adquate Mhlanga, Laurette Mhlanga, Tomasz Miazgowski, Irmina Maria Michalek, Ana Carolina Micheletti Gomide Nogueira de Sá, Ted R Miller, Le Huu Nhat Minh, Alireza Mirahmadi, Antonio Mirijello, Erkin M Mirrakhimov, Roya Mirzaei, Philip B Mitchell, Chaitanya Mittal, Madeline E Moberg, Atousa Moghadam Fard, Seyedehfatemeh Mohajelin, Ashraf Mohamadkhani, Ahmed Ismail Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Mouhand F H Mohamed, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Ameen Mosa Mohammad, Soheil Mohammadi, Hussen Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Shafiu Mohammed, Ali H Mokdad, Mariam Molokhia, Shaher Mohammad Momani, Sara Momtazmanesh, Lorenzo Monasta, Stefania Mondello, Mohammad Ali Moni, Fateme Montazeri, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Maryam Moradi, Yousef Moradi, Paula Moraga, Lidia Morawska, Rafael Silveira Moreira, Negar Morovatdar, Shane Douglas Morrison, Abbas Mosapour, Jonathan F Mosser, Elias Mossialos, Rohith Motappa, Vincent Mougin, Parsa Mousavi, Matías Mrejen, Sumaira Mubarik, Ulrich Otto Mueller, Francesk Mulita, Kavita Munjal, Efrén Murillo-Zamora, Khaled M Musallam, Ana-Maria Musina, Ghulam Mustafa, Woojae Myung, Ayoub Nafei, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Pirouz Naghavi, Ganesh R Naik, Gurudatta Naik, Firzan Nainu, Soroush Najdaghi, Noureddin Nakhostin Ansari, Vinay Nangia, Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy, Shumaila Nargus, Delaram Narimani Davani, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gustavo G Nascimento, Abdallah Y Naser, Abdulqadir J Nashwan, Zuhair S Natto, Javaid Nauman, Samidi N K Navaratna, Muhammad Naveed, Nawsherwan , Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C Nayak, Hadush Negash, Ionut Negoi, Ruxandra Irina Negoi, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Chakib Nejjari, Soroush Nematollahi, Henok Biresaw Netsere, Marie Ng, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Josephine W Ngunjiri, Anh Hoang Nguyen, Dang H Nguyen, Duc Hoang Nguyen, Hau Thi Hien Nguyen, Nhan Nguyen, Nhien Ngoc Y Nguyen, Phat Tuan Nguyen, QuynhAnh P Nguyen, Van Thanh Nguyen, Duc Nguyen Tran Minh, Robina Khan Niazi, Yeshambel T Nigatu, Mahdieh Niknam, Ali Nikoobar, Amin Reza Nikpoor, Nasrin Nikravangolsefid, Efaq Ali Noman, Shuhei Nomura, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Nafise Noroozi, Mehran Nouri, Majid Nozari, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, George Ntaios, Mengistu H Nunemo, Dieta Nurrika, Jerry John Nutor, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde O Obamiro, Ismail A Odetokun, Michael Safo Oduro, Oluwaseun Adeolu Ogundijo, Adesola Adenike Ogunfowokan, Abiola Ogunkoya, Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade, In-Hwan Oh, Tolulope R Ojo-Akosile, Hassan Okati-Aliabad, Akinkunmi Paul Okekunle, Osaretin Christabel Okonji, Andrew T Olagunju, Matthew Idowu Olatubi, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Bolajoko Olubukunola Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, Yinka Doris Oluwafemi, Hany A Omar, Goran Latif Omer, Sokking Ong, Sandersan Onie, Obinna E Onwujekwe, Abdulahi Opejin Opejin, Michal Ordak, Verner N Orish, Alberto Ortiz, Esteban Ortiz-Prado, Wael M S Osman, Sergej M Ostojic, Samuel M Ostroff, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Adrian Otoiu, Stanislav S Otstavnov, Amel Ouyahia, Mayowa O Owolabi, Oyetunde T Oyeyemi, Ahmad Ozair, Mahesh Padukudru P A, Alicia Padron-Monedero, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Pramod Kumar Pal, Tamás Palicz, Feng Pan, Hai-Feng Pan, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Anamika Pandey, Victoria Pando-Robles, Helena Ullyartha Pangaribuan, Georgios D Panos, Leonidas D Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Anca Mihaela Pantea Stoian, Romil R Parikh, Eun-Kee Park, Seoyeon Park, Sungchul Park, Nicholas Parsons, Ashwaghosha Parthasarathi, Maja Pasovic, Roberto Passera, Jay Patel, Aslam Ramjan Pathan, Shankargouda Patil, Dimitrios Patoulias, Shrikant Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Spencer A Pease, Amy E Peden, Paolo Pedersini, Umberto Pensato, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Prince Peprah, Marcos Pereira, Maria Odete Pereira, Arokiasamy Perianayagam, Norberto Perico, Simone Perna, Konrad Pesudovs, Fanny Emily Petermann-Rocha, Hoang Tran Pham, Anil K Philip, Michael R Phillips, Manon Pigeolet, Michael A Piradov, Enrico Pisoni, Evgenii Plotnikov, Dimitri Poddighe, Roman V Polibin, Ramesh Poluru, Ville T Ponkilainen, Djordje S Popovic, Maarten J Postma, Ahmad Pour-Rashidi, Disha Prabhu, Sergio I Prada, Jalandhar Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh Pradhan, Akila Prashant, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Tina Priscilla, Hery Purnobasuki, Bharathi M Purohit, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Nameer Hashim Qasim, Ibrahim Qattea, Asma Saleem Qazi, Gangzhen Qian, Mehrdad Rabiee Rad, Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, Hadi Raeisi Shahraki, Quinn Rafferty, Alberto Raggi, Cat Raggi, Nasiru Raheem, Fakher Rahim, Md Jillur Rahim, Sarvenaz Rahimibarghani, Md Mijanur Mijanur Rahman Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Tafhimur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Mohammad Rahmanian, Nazanin Rahmanian, Rahem Rahmati, Setyaningrum Rahmawaty, Diego Raimondo, Adarsh Raja, Prashant Rajput, Majed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Sheena Ramazanu, Pramod W Ramteke, Kritika Rana, Rishabh Kumar Rana, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Amey Rane, Chythra R Rao, Mithun Rao, Davide Rasella, Vahid Rashedi, Ahmed Mustafa Rashid, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Prateek Rastogi, Azad Rasul, Devarajan Rathish, Giridhara Rathnaiah Babu, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Ramin Ravangard, David Laith Rawaf, Salman Rawaf, Rabail Zehra Raza, Elrashdy Moustafa Mohamed Redwan, Lennart Reifels, Marissa B Reitsma, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Kannan RR Rengasamy, Bhageerathy Reshmi, Serge Resnikoff, Stefano Restaino, Luis Felipe Reyes, Nazila Rezaei, Negar Rezaei, Zahra Sadat Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Taeho Gregory Rhee, Jennifer Rickard, Toshana Robalik, Hannah Elizabeth Robinson-Oden, Hermano Alexandre Lima Rocha, Mónica Rodrigues, Jefferson Antonio Buendia Rodriguez, Leonardo Roever, Debby Syahru Romadlon, Luca Ronfani, Moustaq Karim Khan Rony, Gholamreza Roshandel, Kunle Rotimi, Himanshu Sekhar Rout, Bedanta Roy, Enrico Rubagotti, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, Susan Fred Rumisha, Tilleye Runghien, Michele Russo, Aly M A Saad, Korosh Saber, Maha Mohamed Saber-Ayad, Cameron John Sabet, Siamak Sabour, Perminder S Sachdev, Adam Saddler, Bashdar Abuzed Sadee, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Sher Zaman Safi, Rajesh Sagar, Alireza Saghafi, Dominic Sagoe, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Nasir Salam, Payman Salamati, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Mohamed A Saleh, Leili Salehi, Marwa Rashad Salem, Aanuoluwa James Salemcity, Sohrab Salimi, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Saad Samargandy, Yoseph Leonardo Samodra, Abdallah M Samy, Juan Sanabria, Francesca Sanna, Milena M Santric-Milicevic, Bruno Piassi Sao Jose, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Aswini Saravanan, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Sachin C Sarode, Benn Sartorius, Maheswar Satpathy, Abu Sayeed, Nikolaos Scarmeas, Benedikt Michael Schaarschmidt, Christophe Schinckus, Art Schuermans, Austin E Schumacher, Aletta Elisabeth Schutte, David C Schwebel, Falk Schwendicke, Siddharthan Selvaraj, Mohammad H Semreen, Sabyasachi Senapati, Pallav Sengupta, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Dragos Serban, Yashendra Sethi, All
Global, regional, and national trends in routine childhood vaccination coverage from 1980 to 2023 with forecasts to 2030: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
Get PDFBackground: Since its inception in 1974, the Essential Programme on Immunization (EPI) has achieved remarkable success, averting the deaths of an estimated 154 million children worldwide through routine childhood vaccination. However, more recent decades have seen persistent coverage inequities and stagnating progress, which have been further amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2019, WHO set ambitious goals for improving vaccine coverage globally through the Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030). Now halfway through the decade, understanding past and recent coverage trends can help inform and reorient strategies for approaching these aims in the next 5 years. Methods: Based on the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2023, this study provides updated global, regional, and national estimates of routine childhood vaccine coverage from 1980 to 2023 for 204 countries and territories for 11 vaccine-dose combinations recommended by WHO for all children globally. Employing advanced modelling techniques, this analysis accounts for data biases and heterogeneity and integrates new methodologies to model vaccine scale-up and COVID-19 pandemic-related disruptions. To contextualise historic coverage trends and gains still needed to achieve the IA2030 coverage targets, we supplement these results with several secondary analyses: (1) we assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccine coverage; (2) we forecast coverage of select life-course vaccines up to 2030; and (3) we analyse progress needed to reduce the number of zero-dose children by half between 2023 and 2030. Findings: Overall, global coverage for the original EPI vaccines against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (first dose [DTP1] and third dose [DTP3]), measles (MCV1), polio (Pol3), and tuberculosis (BCG) nearly doubled from 1980 to 2023. However, this long-term trend masks recent challenges. Coverage gains slowed between 2010 and 2019 in many countries and territories, including declines in 21 of 36 high-income countries and territories for at least one of these vaccine doses (excluding BCG, which has been removed from routine immunisation schedules in some countries and territories). The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated these challenges, with global rates for these vaccines declining sharply since 2020, and still not returning to pre-COVID-19 pandemic levels as of 2023. Coverage for newer vaccines developed and introduced in more recent years, such as immunisations against pneumococcal disease (PCV3) and rotavirus (complete series; RotaC) and a second dose of the measles vaccine (MCV2), saw continued increases globally during the COVID-19 pandemic due to ongoing introductions and scale-ups, but at slower rates than expected in the absence of the pandemic. Forecasts to 2030 for DTP3, PCV3, and MCV2 suggest that only DTP3 would reach the IA2030 target of 90% global coverage, and only under an optimistic scenario. The number of zero-dose children, proxied as children younger than 1 year who do not receive DTP1, decreased by 74·9% (95% uncertainty interval 72·1-77·3) globally between 1980 and 2019, with most of those declines reached during the 1980s and the 2000s. After 2019, counts of zero-dose children rose to a COVID 19-era peak of 18·6 million (17·6-20·0) in 2021. Most zero-dose children remain concentrated in conflict-affected regions and those with various constraints on resources available to put towards vaccination services, particularly sub-Saharan Africa. As of 2023, more than 50% of the 15·7 million (14·6-17·0) global zero-dose children resided in just eight countries (Nigeria, India, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Indonesia, and Brazil), emphasising persistent inequities. Interpretation: Our estimates of current vaccine coverage and forecasts to 2030 suggest that achieving IA2030 targets, such as halving zero-dose children compared with 2019 levels and reaching 90% global coverage for life-course vaccines DTP3, PCV3, and MCV2, will require accelerated progress. Substantial increases in coverage are necessary in many countries and territories, with those in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia facing the greatest challenges. Recent declines will need to be reversed to restore previous coverage levels in Latin America and the Caribbean, especially for DTP1, DTP3, and Pol3. These findings underscore the crucial need for targeted, equitable immunisation strategies. Strengthening primary health-care systems, addressing vaccine misinformation and hesitancy, and adapting to local contexts are essential to advancing coverage. COVID-19 pandemic recovery efforts, such as WHO's Big Catch-Up, as well as efforts to bolster routine services must prioritise reaching marginalised populations and target subnational geographies to regain lost ground and achieve global immunisation goals. Funding: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
Burden of disease scenarios for 204 countries and territories, 2022–2050: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Get PDFBackgroundFuture trends in disease burden and drivers of health are of great interest to policy makers and the public at large. This information can be used for policy and long-term health investment, planning, and prioritisation. We have expanded and improved upon previous forecasts produced as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) and provide a reference forecast (the most likely future), and alternative scenarios assessing disease burden trajectories if selected sets of risk factors were eliminated from current levels by 2050. MethodsUsing forecasts of major drivers of health such as the Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite measure of lag-distributed income per capita, mean years of education, and total fertility under 25 years of age) and the full set of risk factor exposures captured by GBD, we provide cause-specific forecasts of mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) by age and sex from 2022 to 2050 for 204 countries and territories, 21 GBD regions, seven super-regions, and the world. All analyses were done at the cause-specific level so that only risk factors deemed causal by the GBD comparative risk assessment influenced future trajectories of mortality for each disease. Cause-specific mortality was modelled using mixed-effects models with SDI and time as the main covariates, and the combined impact of causal risk factors as an offset in the model. At the all-cause mortality level, we captured unexplained variation by modelling residuals with an autoregressive integrated moving average model with drift attenuation. These all-cause forecasts constrained the cause-specific forecasts at successively deeper levels of the GBD cause hierarchy using cascading mortality models, thus ensuring a robust estimate of cause-specific mortality. For non-fatal measures (eg, low back pain), incidence and prevalence were forecasted from mixed-effects models with SDI as the main covariate, and YLDs were computed from the resulting prevalence forecasts and average disability weights from GBD. Alternative future scenarios were constructed by replacing appropriate reference trajectories for risk factors with hypothetical trajectories of gradual elimination of risk factor exposure from current levels to 2050. The scenarios were constructed from various sets of risk factors: environmental risks (Safer Environment scenario), risks associated with communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases (CMNNs; Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination scenario), risks associated with major non-communicable diseases (NCDs; Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario), and the combined effects of these three scenarios. Using the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways climate scenarios SSP2-4.5 as reference and SSP1-1.9 as an optimistic alternative in the Safer Environment scenario, we accounted for climate change impact on health by using the most recent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change temperature forecasts and published trajectories of ambient air pollution for the same two scenarios. Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy were computed using standard methods. The forecasting framework includes computing the age-sex-specific future population for each location and separately for each scenario. 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) for each individual future estimate were derived from the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles of distributions generated from propagating 500 draws through the multistage computational pipeline. FindingsIn the reference scenario forecast, global and super-regional life expectancy increased from 2022 to 2050, but improvement was at a slower pace than in the three decades preceding the COVID-19 pandemic (beginning in 2020). Gains in future life expectancy were forecasted to be greatest in super-regions with comparatively low life expectancies (such as sub-Saharan Africa) compared with super-regions with higher life expectancies (such as the high-income super-region), leading to a trend towards convergence in life expectancy across locations between now and 2050. At the super-region level, forecasted healthy life expectancy patterns were similar to those of life expectancies. Forecasts for the reference scenario found that health will improve in the coming decades, with all-cause age-standardised DALY rates decreasing in every GBD super-region. The total DALY burden measured in counts, however, will increase in every super-region, largely a function of population ageing and growth. We also forecasted that both DALY counts and age-standardised DALY rates will continue to shift from CMNNs to NCDs, with the most pronounced shifts occurring in sub-Saharan Africa (60·1% [95% UI 56·8–63·1] of DALYs were from CMNNs in 2022 compared with 35·8% [31·0–45·0] in 2050) and south Asia (31·7% [29·2–34·1] to 15·5% [13·7–17·5]). This shift is reflected in the leading global causes of DALYs, with the top four causes in 2050 being ischaemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, compared with 2022, with ischaemic heart disease, neonatal disorders, stroke, and lower respiratory infections at the top. The global proportion of DALYs due to YLDs likewise increased from 33·8% (27·4–40·3) to 41·1% (33·9–48·1) from 2022 to 2050, demonstrating an important shift in overall disease burden towards morbidity and away from premature death. The largest shift of this kind was forecasted for sub-Saharan Africa, from 20·1% (15·6–25·3) of DALYs due to YLDs in 2022 to 35·6% (26·5–43·0) in 2050. In the assessment of alternative future scenarios, the combined effects of the scenarios (Safer Environment, Improved Childhood Nutrition and Vaccination, and Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenarios) demonstrated an important decrease in the global burden of DALYs in 2050 of 15·4% (13·5–17·5) compared with the reference scenario, with decreases across super-regions ranging from 10·4% (9·7–11·3) in the high-income super-region to 23·9% (20·7–27·3) in north Africa and the Middle East. The Safer Environment scenario had its largest decrease in sub-Saharan Africa (5·2% [3·5–6·8]), the Improved Behavioural and Metabolic Risks scenario in north Africa and the Middle East (23·2% [20·2–26·5]), and the Improved Nutrition and Vaccination scenario in sub-Saharan Africa (2·0% [–0·6 to 3·6]). InterpretationGlobally, life expectancy and age-standardised disease burden were forecasted to improve between 2022 and 2050, with the majority of the burden continuing to shift from CMNNs to NCDs. That said, continued progress on reducing the CMNN disease burden will be dependent on maintaining investment in and policy emphasis on CMNN disease prevention and treatment. Mostly due to growth and ageing of populations, the number of deaths and DALYs due to all causes combined will generally increase. By constructing alternative future scenarios wherein certain risk exposures are eliminated by 2050, we have shown that opportunities exist to substantially improve health outcomes in the future through concerted efforts to prevent exposure to well established risk factors and to expand access to key health interventions. FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Twelve-month observational study of children with cancer in 41 countries during the COVID-19 pandemic
Get PDFIntroduction Childhood cancer is a leading cause of death. It is unclear whether the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted childhood cancer mortality. In this study, we aimed to establish all-cause mortality rates for childhood cancers during the COVID-19 pandemic and determine the factors associated with mortality. Methods Prospective cohort study in 109 institutions in 41 countries. Inclusion criteria: children <18 years who were newly diagnosed with or undergoing active treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, retinoblastoma, Wilms tumour, glioma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, medulloblastoma and neuroblastoma. Of 2327 cases, 2118 patients were included in the study. The primary outcome measure was all-cause mortality at 30 days, 90 days and 12 months. Results All-cause mortality was 3.4% (n=71/2084) at 30-day follow-up, 5.7% (n=113/1969) at 90-day follow-up and 13.0% (n=206/1581) at 12-month follow-up. The median time from diagnosis to multidisciplinary team (MDT) plan was longest in low-income countries (7 days, IQR 3-11). Multivariable analysis revealed several factors associated with 12-month mortality, including low-income (OR 6.99 (95% CI 2.49 to 19.68); p<0.001), lower middle income (OR 3.32 (95% CI 1.96 to 5.61); p<0.001) and upper middle income (OR 3.49 (95% CI 2.02 to 6.03); p<0.001) country status and chemotherapy (OR 0.55 (95% CI 0.36 to 0.86); p=0.008) and immunotherapy (OR 0.27 (95% CI 0.08 to 0.91); p=0.035) within 30 days from MDT plan. Multivariable analysis revealed laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR 5.33 (95% CI 1.19 to 23.84); p=0.029) was associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusions Children with cancer are more likely to die within 30 days if infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, timely treatment reduced odds of death. This report provides crucial information to balance the benefits of providing anticancer therapy against the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children with cancer
Biotecnología aplicada a la fitorremediación como herramienta ecológica para el control de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos
No full textLa biotecnología aplicada a la fitorremediación se posiciona como una estrategia ecoamigable para mitigar la contaminación ambiental derivada de actividades humanas. Este enfoque ofrece soluciones ambientales como la generación de energía renovable y la recuperación de suelos y aguas contaminadas. El objetivo de este trabajo es recopilar y analizar información actualizada sobre la biotecnología en el campo de la fitorremediación, resaltando su importancia como alternativa respetuosa con el medio ambiente para la eliminación de contaminantes. Se exploran diversas técnicas biotecnológicas como la fitoextracción, fitodegradación y fitoestabilización, entre otras, detallando su aplicación en la remediación de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos. Se destaca el impacto positivo de estas técnicas al mejorar la eficiencia mediante la transformación genética y el uso de microorganismos beneficiosos. Además, se analizan y se discuten casos de estudio y aplicaciones en biotecnología ambiental, resaltando su potencial para restaurar ecosistemas contaminados y promover la sostenibilidad ambiental. En resumen, este trabajo ofrece una visión actualizada de la biotecnología en el campo de fitorremediación, subrayando su relevancia como herramienta ecológica para el control de contaminantes y la protección del medio ambiente.Biotechnology applied to phytoremediation is positioned as an eco-friendly strategy to mitigate environmental pollution derived from human activities. This approach offers environmental solutions such as the generation of renewable energy and the recovery of contaminated soils and water. The objective of this work is to compile and analyze updated information on biotechnology in the field of phytoremediation, highlighting its importance as an environmentally friendly alternative for the elimination of pollutants. Various biotechnological techniques such as phytoextraction, phytodegradation and phytostabilization, among others, are explored, detailing their application in the remediation of organic and inorganic pollutants. The positive impact of these techniques by improving efficiency through genetic transformation and the use of beneficial microorganisms is highlighted. In addition, case studies and applications in environmental biotechnology are analyzed and discussed, highlighting their potential to restore contaminated ecosystems and promote environmental sustainability. In summary, this work offers an updated view of biotechnology in the field of phytoremediation, highlighting its relevance as an ecological tool for the control of pollutants and the protection of the environment.1. Introducción...............................112. Objetivos......................................................132.1 Objetivo general...............................................132.1.1 Objetivos específicos..........................133. Desarrollo del tema.................................143.1 Capitulo l: Contaminación ambiental......................193.1.1 Descripción de los efectos nocivos de la contaminación en el medio ambiente........203.1.2 Identificación de los diferentes tipos de contaminación ambiental...........243.2 Capitulo ll: Biotecnología ambiental y fitorremediación...........303.2.1 Biotecnología ambiental.......................303.2.1.1 Aplicaciones en la biotecnología ambiental..................323.2.1.2 Fitorremediación como herramienta ecológica.....................373.3 Capitulo lll: Fitorremediación....................403.3.1 Principales contaminantes tratados en la fitorremediación...............423.3.1.1 Transporte de contaminantes orgánicos e inorgánicos.............443.3.1.2 Mecanismos de la fitorremediación.............453.4 Capitulo lV: Biotecnología aplicada a la fitorremediación.......553.4.1 Avances de la biotecnología en materia de la ingeniería genética....................553.4.1.1 Plantas transgénicas en la fitorremediación...................573.4.1.2 Identificación de ventajas y limitaciones en la implementación de esta técnica.........593.5 Capitulo V: Estudios de caso...............................653.5.1 Casos prácticos donde se aplicó la biotecnología en fitorremediación.............654. Conclusiones...............................705. Referencias....................................72PregradoQuímico(a)Monografía
