Traektoria Nauki
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Determination of Sex in Adult Humans by Anthropometric Data of Acromial, Sternal End and Volume of the Clavicle, a Review
Full text linkForensic sexing in sub-Saharan Africa often uses European formulas, which only get 29–55% right for local bones. This study set out to make sexing standards for Nigerians and to test if 3D bone volume checks work better than simple measurements. We studied 384 Nigerian adults (192 men, 192 women) aged 25–65 from five hospitals between January 2022 and December 2023. CT scans gave both regular and 3D bone data. We analyzed these using discriminant function and machine learning models in R software. Men’s bones were bigger in every way (p<0.001), with large effect sizes (d=0.71 to 1.82). Men’s clavicles were up to 14.5 mm longer, and had 30.7% more volume. The best model using five bone measures got 92.7% sexing accuracy (95% CI [89.8, 95.6]), with 94.3% sensitivity and 91.1% specificity. 3D volume checks worked better (AUC=0.967) than simple length alone (AUC=0.932). Making and using Nigerian-specific standards with 3D methods turns clavicle sexing into a precise forensic tool for Nigeria
Smart Grids And IOT-Enabled Renewable Energy Integration
Full text linkOver the past decades, the power system has undergone significant transformations. However, it faces multiple challenges, including rising electricity demand, power losses, grid failures, and a lack of innovative technology. Additionally, security threats to the grid have escalated. The existing power grid cannot effectively address these issues. The rapid advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) has introduced innovative solutions, making it a promising technology for modernising power grids. Integrating IoT into the grid can enhance efficiency, capacity, reliability, sustainability, scalability, and stability. IoT-based smart grids offer solutions to many of the limitations of traditional grid systems. However, recent studies on IoT-enabled smart grids highlight security vulnerabilities as a critical concern. This paper explores various security challenges and frameworks associated with IoT-integrated smart grids. It also examines IoT and non-IoT technologies essential to intelligent grid networks, including sensing, communication, and computing technologies, along with relevant standards
Quantum Computing in Artificial Intelligence: a Review of Quantum Machine Learning Algorithms
Full text linkTwo of the most disruptive technologies of the 21st century are quantum computing and artificial intelligence. Their intersection has led to the emergence of a new discipline referred to as Quantum Machine Learning (QML), which aims to enhance the capabilities of classical machine learning by leveraging the computational advantages of quantum devices. This paper provides a survey of the most advanced Quantum Machine Learning (QML) algorithms, including Quantum Support Vector Machines (QSVMs), Quantum k-nearest Neighbours (QkNN), Quantum Principal Component Analysis (QPCA), Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), and Quantum Reinforcement Learning (QRL). The theoretical and practical status, as well as the empirical performance, of these algorithms, were summarised using a structured review method. The findings reveal a potential for speed-ups in classification, clustering, and optimisation among a range of applications, particularly for perfect quantum systems. However, hardware constraints, software irregularities, and training issues, such as barren plateaus, have limited the practical utility of this approach. Applications of QML in areas such as disaster preparedness and management, drug discovery, environmental sustainability, urban planning methodology, NLP, and finance demonstrate both the potential and current limitations of QML, with most applications still at the proof-of-concept level. In this review, we conclude that QML could be revolutionary, but its feasibility ultimately relies on improvements in physical hardware, the robustness of algorithms, and the standardisation of benchmarks
State Reconstruction Initiatives of the African Union Mission in Somalia (2007-2022)
Full text linkState reconstruction by international actors, individually or collectively, has been a diagnostic framework for Peace Support Operations outcomes and states' vulnerabilities to conflicts or failed states. This study interrogated the state reconstruction initiatives of the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). This study employed a case study research design using a sample size of 62 informants determined purposively. The researchers presented the analysed data qualitatively. Using the state-building, securitisation and intervention theories to underpin the discourse of AMISOM's intervention, the study observed numerous initiatives employed by AMISOM. They included stabilisation initiatives, civilian protection, civil-military cooperation, counter-terrorism, and gender-based initiatives. Further initiatives were on security, humanitarian action and institutional capacity building. Generally, these initiatives positively impacted Somalia's statehood strides. The study recommends that military interventions, such as AMISOM, should prioritise state reconstruction initiatives in their mandate. Further, African Union-United Nations (AU–UN) partnerships on state reconstruction initiatives should develop sustainable strategies enabling stakeholders to achieve the stipulated mission mandates
Digital Multilingualism, Identity Politics, and Language Accommodation in African Online Forums: A Sociolinguistic Study of Nairaland
Full text linkThis study examines the intersection of language, identity, and politics in Nigerian online discussion through a sociolinguistic analysis of Nairaland, Nigeria's largest internet forum. Drawing on Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT) and sociolinguistic theory, the research investigates how participants strategically use code-switching, Nigerian Pidgin, and local languages to negotiate identity, voice dissent, and establish community in politicised debates. Three selected threads, "Igbo Founded Ile-Ife," "Okrika Women Protest Unlawful Suspension of Fubara," and "Rivers Emergency Rule", serve as case studies for the analysis of how language works as a vehicle to convey ethnic pride, political grievance, and gendered opinion in online environments.Participants are observed to employ convergence, divergence, and maintenance strategies to show group membership, claim differences, or refuse linguistic norms. Nairaland's language options are not arbitrary but serve affective, rhetorical, and ideological functions, permitting speakers to negotiate group membership or sociopolitical grievances. The study reveals how Pidgin English and blended varieties of language are employed to construct a collective sense of identity and solidarity, particularly in protest or satirical contexts. It also discloses the gendered politics of exclusion whereby women's political voices are diminished through sexist and class-based labelling, an outcome of more profound societal biases replicated within the virtual spaces.The study contributes to the knowledge of digital multilingualism and bottom-up creativity in African online forums, highlighting the importance of ethical digital literacy and the moderation of inclusive discourses. By examining language use on Nairaland, the book enlightens readers on how Nigerians imaginatively appropriate linguistic material to shape power relations, assert their identities, and construct solidarity in the digital sphere. Relevant to scholars in sociolinguistics, digital humanities, and African studies, the book presents a case study for examining political discourse and identity creation in multilingually complex cyberspaces
Post-Soviet Colonialism and Postcolonialism: A Controversial Discourse
Full text linkPostcolonial theory is based on criticizing the unequal relationship between the subject performing imperial expansion and the colonized community. The idea of becoming a dominant power over other states to preserve one's existence and power remains relevant to Russia even today. Examining the present-day practices of empires to the countries they once governed as colonies, they claim to engage in trade and act according to human values. However, considering the outcomes of these events, it becomes clear that they have never abandoned the logic of colonialism. For a long time, colonialism was primarily studied in terms of its economic, political, and military dimensions, i.e. economic exploitation methods, colonial administration strategies, military occupation practices, and national movements for independence were thoroughly examined. With the emergence of postcolonial theory, the cultural and ideological aspects came to the forefront. Russia's colonial policies also have a long history. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence of the various states (republics) that were once part of it, this discourse became more relevant and one of the main topics of discussion
A New Security Architecture in Türkiye-Azerbaijan Relations Between 2018 and 2023
Full text linkBetween 2018 and 2023, Türkiye and Azerbaijan significantly redefined their bilateral security relationship, evolving from a historically close partnership into a formalised strategic alliance underpinned by shared geopolitical interests and mutual threat perceptions. This period witnessed the consolidation of a new security architecture characterised by integrated defence planning, joint military operations, and institutionalised security frameworks. The 2020 Second Karabakh War served as a critical juncture, showcasing the effectiveness of Türkiye's military support, including advanced drone warfare and strategic advisory assistance, in reshaping the conflict dynamics in the South Caucasus. The subsequent 2021 Shusha Declaration marked a milestone in bilateral ties, codifying mutual defence commitments, emphasising territorial integrity, and signalling a shift toward a more assertive and coordinated regional posture. This transformation was driven by several structural and contextual factors: shifting power dynamics in the Caucasus and Central Asia, the relative decline of Russian influence, the reassertion of Turkish regional leadership under its "strategic autonomy" policy, and Azerbaijan's rising defence capabilities and economic clout. Moreover, increased cooperation in defence industrial development, intelligence sharing, and energy security has contributed to a multidimensional security framework that transcends traditional military alliances. The emerging Türkiye-Azerbaijan security axis has broader implications for regional stability and geopolitical alignments, particularly for Iran, Armenia, and Russia. It also reflects Ankara's ambition to position itself as a central security actor across the Turkic world and beyond, aligning with the institutional expansion of platforms such as the Organisation of Turkic States. This abstract explores the historical trajectory, institutional mechanisms, and strategic outcomes of the evolving security paradigm, arguing that the Türkiye-Azerbaijan partnership has set a precedent for new forms of regionalism and deterrence-based security cooperation in the post-Soviet geopolitical space
Preparing African Higher Education Institutions for the Fourth Industrial Revolution: The Role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Curriculum Development
Full text linkThe fourth industrial revolution is reshaping economies worldwide, necessitating the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and other advanced technologies into various sectors, including higher education. In Africa, higher education institutions face the pressing challenge of aligning their curricula with recent technological trends to remain competitive and relevant in the global knowledge economy. This paper assesses the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in building curriculum as a fundamental strategy for preparing higher education institutions in Africa to meet the standards of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). The study highlights how Artificial Intelligence tools can reshape curriculum design, promote personalised education experiences, and improve learning and teaching methodologies.Furthermore, the study examines the challenges that higher education institutions face when adopting Artificial Intelligence technologies. These challenges include, but are not limited to, inadequacy of skilled personnel, limited infrastructure, and funding constraints. Ultimately, incorporating artificial intelligence into curriculum development is fundamental to promoting innovation, improving academic outcomes, and positioning African higher education institutions to better thrive in the 4IR era
Boarding School Governance in Forming an Excellent Character of Quran Tahfizul Students at SMA NW Lendang Kekah, Indonesia
Full text linkThe purpose of the study was to determine the governance of boarding school educational institutions in forming the superior character of tahfizdul Qur'an students at SMA NW Lendang Kekah. This study employs a qualitative research approach, specifically a phenomenological perspective. The data sources used in this study include both primary and secondary data. Researchers collected data using observation, interviews, and documentation techniques. Data analysis begins with data collection, followed by data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. Data validity checks use credibility, transferability, defendability, and confirmability tests. The results of the study indicate that the governance of boarding school educational institutions in shaping the superior character of students is based on three fundamental governance functions: planning, implementation, and supervision.1) The process of planning boarding school governance takes place in the form of discussions or meeting forums attended by the Foundation Management, educators, school committees, guardians of students, education personnel and dormitory administrators;2) The implementation of boarding school program governance is divided into several types of activities, such as leading activities in the dormitory environment, leading activities in the school environment and the habituation of religious culture in the dormitory environment and school environment.3) Supervision of governance is carried out in the form of monthly activity evaluations with the boarding school program administrators, both directly and indirectly
Features of the Metalinguistic Approach to Affixal Morphemes
Full text linkIn the modern era, the approach to linguistic phenomena from different prisms is noteworthy for its relevance. Among these approaches, the anthropocentric and psycholinguistic approaches stand out for their weight. While using language, a person demonstrates metalinguistic ability when they separate the form of words from the meaning, break the word into parts, think about its components, and come up with their own "etymology".The article explores the nuances of the metalinguistic and psycholinguistic approaches to affixal morphemes as a grammatical category, emphasising the need for a multidisciplinary approach to linguistic phenomena. The metalinguistic role of affixes is important in shaping how meaning is constructed and conveyed in language. By modifying words, expressing relationships, and focusing on the interpretation of concepts, affixes facilitate a deeper understanding of language and its function, extending beyond the mere combination of sounds or letters. They allow for the expression of more abstract, complex, and nuanced ideas in communication.In general, affixes not only perform grammatical functions but also provide metalinguistic information for the expression and understanding of language itself. This provides language users with additional information about meaning, structure, and social function. The article also analyses the issues of grammatical conceptualisation, which involves the formation of various knowledge states by the stages of human cognitive development and pays attention to the metalinguistic role of affixes as an important aspect that allows for a deep analysis of language and the communication process