176 research outputs found
Caractérisation de microARNs liés à l'adaptation au froid et à la réponse à l'imidaclopride chez le doryphore de la pomme de terre Leptinotarsa decemlineata
No full text"Le doryphore de la pomme de terre Leptinotarsa decemlineata est un insecte qu menace les champs de pommes de terre des agriculteurs. Ceux-ci jouent notamment un rôle important dans la défoliation des plants de pommes de terre et s'adaptent aisément à plusieurs insecticides supportant ainsi la nécessité de développer des approches novatrices pour contrôler leur activité. L'identification des bases moléculaires sous-jacentes à divers mécanismes physiologiques essentiels chez les doryphores est nécessaire pour en arriver à de telles approches. Il est intéressant de noter que les doryphores adultes doivent confronter annuellement les périodes froides de l'hiver via multiples mécanismes physiologiques, métaboliques et moléculaires. Les microARNs (MiARNs), des petits acides ribonucléiques, ont démontré des variations d'expression dans multiples modèles d'adaptation au froid laissant croire qu'ils sont impliqués dans ce processus. Par contre, les données sont inexistantes concernant les MiARNs sous-jacents à l'adaptation aux basses températures et à la tolérance aux insecticides chez le doryphore de la pomme de terre. Ainsi, nous posons l'hypothèse que certains MiARNs sont différentiellement exprimés à basses températures de même qu'en réponse à certains insecticides chez L. decemlineata et que leur modulation en laboratoire peut affecter la tolérance au froid chez ces insectes. Dans le présent projet, l'utilisation de séquençage à haut débit et de qRT-PCR a été préconisée pour révéler des signatures de MiARNs liées à l'adaptation au froid, incluant miR-9a-3p, miR-210-3p, miR-276-5p et miR-277-3p, et à la réponse à l'insecticide imidaclopride tels que miR-100-5p, miR-282-5p et miR-989-3p. Une étude fonctionnelle des cibles potentielles de ces miARNs a démontré plusieurs processus d'importance associés à ceux-ci comme la transcription et l'homéostasie du glucose. Les résultats accumulés lors de ce projet identifient donc notamment une signature de miARNs modulés par le froid chez le doryphore de la pomme de terre et ouvrent la porte sur l'exploration d'une approche ciblant la cascade de synthèse d'ARNs non-codants comme stratégie de contrôle de cet insecte ravageur. Mots-clés: Adaptation au froid, hypométabolisme, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, répression traductionnelle, ARNs non-codants, microARNs."--Sommaire.statement of responsibility: Mathieu Daniel Morin, B.Sc."Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures et de la recherche en vue de l'obtention de la maîtrise ès science en biochimie".thesis: M. Sc. (biochimie) Université de Moncton, 2017bibliography: Comprend des références bibliographiques : feuilles 89-104.additional physical form: Également disponible en version électronique. Les pages contenant des informations personnelles ne sont pas reproduites.language: Thèse rédigée sous forme d'article scientifique, comprend du texte en français et en anglai
Voix et échos de l’opposition à la guerre d’Algérie
No full textInternational audienceC’est un lieu commun que les relais médiatiques et les commentateurs pressés manient encore avec gourmandise : la guerre dite d’Algérie aurait été une « guerre sans nom ». Dès l’origine, ce conflit a mobilisé des termes très divers visant à masquer la guerre derrière une prétendue « affaire intérieure » : dire ou écrire « événements », « pacification », « maintien de l’ordre », « opérations de police », ce n’est pas la même chose que de dire ou écrire « révolution », « guerre d’indépendance », « guerre de libération ». Pour chacune de ces options verbales, quels locuteurs, quand, où, pourquoi ? Quelle valeur d’usage ? Les textes rassemblés ici émanent d’universitaires, d’intellectuels, d’artistes : Étienne Balibar, Mathieu Belezi, Slimane Benaïssa, Messaoud Benyoucef, Catherine Brun, Jean Daniel, Daho Djerbal, Fatima Gallaire, Jeanyves Guérin, Jacques Guilhaumou, Pierre Guyotat, Julien Hage, Daniel Lançon, Francine Mazière, Gilbert Meynier, Edgar Morin, Bernard Noël, Nathalie Quintane, Régine Robin, Todd Shepard, Pierre Vermeren. Ils s’attachent à penser la charge souvent brutale, toujours vive, de termes dévoyés, de silences subis, d’abus de langage. Ils manifestent la diversité et la concurrence de désignations irréductibles et irréconciliables. Ils dénoncent les unanimismes de façade. Ils récusent les réductions et les simplifications consensuelles. Ils lient cette histoire et notre présent
Rio de Janeiro e Paris: a juventude apache do cinema na periferia
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, Florianópolis, 2015.A urbe sofre uma vertiginosa transformação que expõe as diferenças econômicas, sociais e culturais, cada vez mais acentuadas, tornando o seu equacionamento um grande desafio. Na interpretação desse processo, destacam-se as manifestações artísticas, especialmente nos campos da literatura e do cinema, que tratam da dimensão simbólica do convívio na cidade. Em um exercício de pensar a história como montagem de imagens sob o ponto de vista de Walter Benjamin, a presente Tese aborda uma arqueologia de filmes para investigar a expressão da periferia na cinematografia brasileira e francesa e chegar à identificação dos ?sujeitos? representados, para então investir em uma análise mais detalhada nos filmes: La Haine (O Ódio), de Mathieu Kassovitz, 1995, em Paris, e Cidade de Deus, 2002, de Fernando Meirelles e Kátia Lund, no Rio de Janeiro, os quais denunciam a crise na cidade contemporânea, que ameaça eclipsar-se diante da crescente intolerância humana e social. A intenção foi estabelecer uma zona de contato, com o intuito de trazer à discussão dois países com suas diferentes implicações, porém apresentando características semelhantes no comportamento dos jovens em uma sociedade do espetáculo, do consumo, da fama súbita. Capturados pelo desejo promovido e difundido na ?cidade espetacular?, esses jovens são confrontados com a exclusão dentro do próprio país, com a falta de oportunidade e a repressão policial desde muito cedo. São fatores que favorecem a adesão à criminalidade como alternativa dessa juventude aqui denominada Apache. Se em Paris no século XIX o perigo estava em qualquer esquina, os proletários eram considerados os Apaches da civilização, no Rio de Janeiro era da mesma forma, porém com fator determinante de que os negros eram o perigo para a cidade. O conceito juventude Apache afirma-se na dialética benjaminiana entre o passado mais longínquo e o futuro emancipado, já que o jovem oriundo das classes populares continua exercendo um enfrentamento, um embate com a cidade, porque ele deseja vivê-la intensamente, mas é lido por ela como uma ameaça, como um selvagem.Résumé: L urbe subit une transformation vertigineuse exprimant des différences économiques, sociales et culturelles de plus en plus accentuées, ce qui rend l évaluation de son équation un grand défis. Dans l interprétation de ce processus, se démarquent les manifestations artistiques, appartenant particulièrement aux domaines de la littérature et du cinéma, qui s intéressent à la dimension symbolique de la convivialité dans la ville. Notre réflexion conçoit l histoire en tant que « montage d images », selon le point de vue de Walter Benjamin, et aborde une « archéologie » de films afin d observer l expression de la périphérie dans la cinématographie brésilienne et française dans le but d identifier les « individus » qui y sont représentés. Nous pouvons, de cette façon, investir dans une analyse plus approfondie des films suivants : La Haine, de Mathieu Kassovitz (Paris, 1995) et Cidade de Deus (Rio de Janeiro, 2002), de Fernando Meirelles et Kátia Lund. Ces deux films dénoncent la crise dans la ville contemporaine, et menacent son éclipse face à l intolérance humaine et sociale croissante. Il s agit d établir une zone de contact et de mettre en lumière deux pays, que, malgré leurs différences, se montrent similaires en ce qui concerne le comportement des jeunes dans une société du spectacle, de la consommation et de la célébrité soudaine. Capturés par le désir promu et diffusé dans la « ville spectaculaire », ces jeunes sont confrontés à l exclusion dans leurs propres pays, au manque d opportunité et à la répression policière depuis leur plus jeune âge. Ce sont des facteurs qui favorisent l adhésion à la criminalité comme une alternative à cette jeunesse, ici dénommée Apache. Si à Paris, au XIXe siècle, le danger était omniprésent et les prolétaires étaient considérés les Apaches de la civilisation, à Rio de Janeiro il se passait la même chose, en tenant compte du fait que les noirs étaient considérés comme synonyme de danger pour la ville. Le concept de jeunesse Apache s affirme dans la dialectique benjaminienne entre le passé le plus lointain et le futur émancipé. Le jeune issu des classes populaires continue à exercer un affrontement, un choc avec l espace urbain. Il désire vivre la ville intensément, mais celle-ci l interprète comme un être sauvage
Jihadist insurgency, Civilians' Targeting, and Conflict Dynamics in the Sahel: A Case Study of Burkina Faso
No full textThis study addresses a theoretical and empirical puzzle that both counterterrorism practitioners and scholars experience, namely the uncertainty surrounding terrorist attacks against civilians and the logic guiding such attacks. This dissertation offers a case study of Al Qaeda or the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) affiliates operating in Burkina Faso in West Africa's Sahel region. This study addresses the following two research questions: first, why do these so-called jihadist groups target noncombatant civilians?, and second, how have their attacks against civilians impacted the various stakeholders’ responses and the dynamics of the conflicts that fuel the violence? To investigate these questions, the study employs mixed research methods by collecting, carefully triangulating, and analyzing qualitative and quantitative data gathered from various sources: four datasets, jihadists’ statements, semi-structured interviews with 27 key informants, and an online survey with more than 100 respondents from Burkina Faso. Then, it resorts to different analytical techniques to identify trends and patterns in the terrorist attacks against civilians, the targets' characteristics, and the perpetrators' modus operandi and motivations. About the targets of terrorists’ attacks, the data analysis reveals significant variations in the numbers of terrorist incidents and the fatalities when one compares these incidents by target type, by year, and by geographic region. The findings of this case study suggest that there is a strong association between the terrorist targeting of civilians and some factors such as the geographic location, the targets’ profile, the perpetrators’ ideology, or strategic objectives. In most incidents, civilians have been selected and attacked by jihadist militants based on: 1) their being perceived as a threat, 2) their attractiveness, and 3) their accessibility. Violence against civilians by jihadist groups and government counterterrorism forces has also been used as an instrument of social control aiming at setting standards of acceptable conduct and punishing behavioral deviation. Moreover, this case study demonstrates that the perpetrators were motivated by: (i) strategic objectives, including financial profit; (ii) psychological and personal reasons; (iii) ideological-religious reasons based on a military interpretation of the Islamic concept of Jihad, and lastly, (iv) unknown or mixed motives. Furthermore, the study assesses the humanitarian, economic, social, political, and geopolitical impacts of the terrorist crisis and shows how terrorism may damage interpersonal, intergroup, and inter-state relationships without helping its perpetrators achieve their policy goals. The study closes with a critical review of policy options, although further research is needed for establishing an early warning system for civilians’ protection in the Sahel.This work is embargoed by the author and will not be publicly available until 2024-08-31
Numerical Study of a Microswimmer using an Immersed boundary method
No full textThe environment in which microscopic organisms live in is dominated by viscous forces because of their small length scales. Inertial forces are of little use to them in their propulsion mechanisms. As a consequence of this, an organism such as the scallop which moves through time-reversible deformations of its body would not propel itself in a regime dominated by visocus forces. Hence, microscopic organisms use appendages like cilia and flagella that are not time reversible to move forward. However, inertial effects become important to microscopic organisms at the relevant time and length scales. For example, inertia is used by a microscopic organism such as Paramecium to escape/attack its predator/prey.The effects of inertia on the model of a spherically ciliated micro-organism are studied numerically using an Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) in the present work. In this model ,the distortions of the envelope that is generated by connecting all the tips of the cilia together, are prescribed. The unsteady Reynolds number which characterizes the influence of unsteady inertia that is generated by the beat of the organism, is varied from 0.025 to 18. The code which uses a Volume Penalization/Volume of Solid IBM to simulate the distorting sphere is validated for several test cases. The mean swimming velocity of the organism that is obtained numerically from the code is in agreement with the analytical model for two cases of the unsteady Reynolds number. The mean swimming velocity is found to decrease at increasing inertia. The flow pattern that is obtained in the near-field as a result of the distorting sphere is significantly different from those obtained with the existing models available in literature
The Future of Gamma-Ray Experiments in the MeV-EeV Range
No full textEditors: K. Engel, J. Goodman , P. Huentemeyer , C. Kierans , T.R. Lewis,,‡ , M. Negro, M. Santander, and D.A. Williams Authors: Alice Allen, Tsuguo Aramaki, Rafael Alves Batista, Mathieu Benoit, Peter Bloser, Jennifer Bohon, Aleksey E. Bolotnikov, Isabella Brewer, Michael S. Briggs, Chad Brisbois, J. Michael Burgess, Eric Burns, Regina Caputo, Gabriella A. Carini, S. Bradley Cenko, Eric Charles, Stefano Ciprini, Valerio D'Elia, Tansu Daylan, James Distel, Axel Donath, Wade Duvall, Henrike Fleischhack, Corinne Fletcher, Wen Fe Fong, Dario Gasparrini, Marco Giardino, Adam Goldstein, Sean Griffin, J. Eric Grove, Rachel Hamburg, J. Patrick Harding, Jeremy Hare, Boyan Hristov, C. Michelle Hui, Tess Jaffe, Pete Jenke, Oleg Kargaltsev, Christopher M. Karwin, Matthew Kerr, Dongsung Kim, Daniel Kocevski, John Krizmanic, Ranjan Laha, Niccolo Di Lalla, Jason Legere, Cristina Leto, Richard Leys, Fabrizio Lucarelli, Israel Martinez-Castellanos, Alessandro Maselli, M. Nicola Mazziotta, Mark McConnell, Julie McEnery, Jessica Metcalfe, Manuel Meyer, Alexander A. Moiseev, Reshmi Mukherjee, Michela Negro, Keiichi Ogasawara, Nicola Omodei, Ivan Peric, Jeremy S. Perkins, Matteo Perri, Carlotta Pittori, Gianluca Polenta, Daniel Poulson, Robert Preece, Giacomo Principe, Judith L. Racusin, Oliver Roberts, Nicholas L. Rodd, Peter Shawhan, Thomas Shutt, Clio Sleator, Alan Smale, John Smedley, Jacob R. Smith, Jay Tasson, Peter Teuben, John Tomsick, Peter Veres, Francesco Verrecchia, Zorawar Wadiasingh, Colleen A. Wilson-Hodge, Joshua Wood, Richard S. Woolf, Hui Yang, Bing Zhang, Haocheng Zhang, Andreas Zoglauer
Conference: Submitted to the Proceedings of the US Community Study
on the Future of Particle Physics (Snowmass 2021)Authors: Alice Allen, Tsuguo Aramaki, Rafael Alves Batista, Mathieu Benoit, Peter Bloser, Jennifer Bohon, Aleksey E. Bolotnikov, Isabella Brewer, Michael S. Briggs, Chad Brisbois, J. Michael Burgess, Eric Burns, Regina Caputo, Gabriella A. Carini, S. Bradley Cenko, Eric Charles, Stefano Ciprini, Valerio D'Elia, Tansu Daylan, James Distel, Axel Donath, Wade Duvall, Henrike Fleischhack, Corinne Fletcher, Wen Fe Fong, Dario Gasparrini, Marco Giardino, Adam Goldstein, Sean Griffin, J. Eric Grove, Rachel Hamburg, J. Patrick Harding, Jeremy Hare, Boyan Hristov, C. Michelle Hui, Tess Jaffe, Pete Jenke, Oleg Kargaltsev, Christopher M. Karwin, Matthew Kerr, Dongsung Kim, Daniel Kocevski, John Krizmanic, Ranjan Laha, Niccolo Di Lalla, Jason Legere, Cristina Leto, Richard Leys, Fabrizio Lucarelli, Israel Martinez-Castellanos, Alessandro Maselli, M. Nicola Mazziotta, Mark McConnell, Julie McEnery, Jessica Metcalfe, Manuel Meyer, Alexander A. Moiseev, Reshmi Mukherjee, Michela Negro, Keiichi Ogasawara, Nicola Omodei, Ivan Peric, Jeremy S. Perkins, Matteo Perri, Carlotta Pittori, Gianluca Polenta, Daniel Poulson, Robert Preece, Giacomo Principe, Judith L. Racusin, Oliver Roberts, Nicholas L. Rodd, Peter Shawhan, Thomas Shutt, Clio Sleator, Alan Smale, John Smedley, Jacob R. Smith, Jay Tasson, Peter Teuben, John Tomsick, Peter Veres, Francesco Verrecchia, Zorawar Wadiasingh, Colleen A. Wilson-Hodge, Joshua Wood, Richard S. Woolf, Hui Yang, Bing Zhang, Haocheng Zhang, Andreas ZoglauerSnowmass 2021Naturally occurring particle accelerators shine brightly throughout the universe, inviting
us to discover fundamental laws and hone our theories if we look in their directions with
the right detectors. Gamma-rays, the most energetic photons, carry information from the
far reaches of extragalactic space with minimal interaction or loss of information. They
bring messages about particle acceleration in environments so extreme they cannot be
reproduced on earth for a closer look. Gamma-ray astrophysics is so complementary with
collider work that particle physicists and astroparticle physicists are often one in the same.
Gamma-ray instruments, especially the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, have been
pivotal in major multi-messenger discoveries over the past decade. There is presently
a great deal of interest and scientific expertise available to push forward new technologies, to plan and build space- and ground-based gamma-ray facilities, and to build multi-messenger networks with gamma rays at their core. It is therefore concerning that before the community comes together for planning exercises again, much of that infrastructure could be lost to a lack of long-term planning for support of gamma-ray astrophysics.
Gamma-rays with energies from the MeV to the EeV band are therefore central to mul tiwavelength and multi-messenger studies to everything from astroparticle physics with
compact objects, to dark matter studies with diffuse large scale structure.
These science goals and the excitement of new discoveries have generated a wave of
new gamma-ray facility proposals and programs. Since the legacy of existing facilities is
well covered in many other places, this paper highlights new and proposed gamma-ray
technologies and facilities that have each been designed to address specific needs in the
measurement of extreme astrophysical sources that probe some of the most pressing questions in fundamental physics for the next decade. The proposed instrumentation would
also address the priorities laid out in the recent Decadal Survey of Astronomy and Astro-physics (Astro2020), a complementary study by the astrophysics community that provides
opportunities also relevant to Snowmass.H.F. acknowledges support by NASA under award number 80GSFC21M0002. Any opinions, findings,
and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administrationhttps://arxiv.org/abs/2203.0736
A meta-analysis of ecosystems’ trophic functioning: identification of typical trophic behavior and associated responses to fishing impact
No full textNo abstracts are to be cited without prior reference to the author. In recent years, Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) has become the standard for marine food web modelling, with more than 400 models worldwide. Yet, to date, only a handful of studies used these models to extract global trends and patterns
Economic Exposure of Canadian Residential Properties to Flooding
No full textFlood risk management (FRM) involves planning proactively for flooding in high-risk areas to reduce its impacts on people and property. A key challenge for governments pursuing FRM is to pinpoint assets that are highly economically exposed and vulnerable to flood hazards in order to prioritize them in policy and planning. This paper presents a novel flood risk assessment making use of a dataset that identifies the location, dwelling type, property characteristics, and potential economic losses of Canadian residential properties. The findings reveal that the average annual costs are $1.4B, but most of the risk is concentrated in high-risk areas. Data gaps are uncovered that justify replication through local validation studies. The results provide a novel evidence base for specific reforms in Canada’s approach to FRM with a focus on insurance that improve both implementation and effectiveness
Economic Exposure of Canadian Residential Properties to Flooding
No full textABSTRACT Flood risk management (FRM) involves planning proactively for flooding in high‐risk areas to reduce its impacts on people and property. A key challenge for governments pursuing FRM is to pinpoint assets that are highly economically exposed and vulnerable to flood hazards in order to prioritize them in policy and planning. This paper presents a novel flood risk assessment, making use of a dataset that identifies the location, dwelling type, property characteristics, and potential economic losses of Canadian residential properties. The findings reveal that the average annual costs are $1.4B, but most of the risks are concentrated in high‐risk areas. Data gaps are uncovered that justify replication through local validation studies. The results provide a novel evidence base for specific reforms in Canada's approach to FRM, with a focus on insurance that improves both implementation and effectiveness
Biological studies of radiolabeled glucose analogues iodinated in positions 3, 4 or 6.
No full textInternational audienceThe aim of this study was to assess the biological behavior of new radiolabeled glucose analogues proposed as tracers of glucose uptake in vivo and iodinated in position 3, 4, or 6. Biological results obtained in vitro on adipocytes and erythrocytes and in vivo in mice were compared to those obtained with the gold-standard tracer of glucose uptake, 2-deoxy-D-glucose. None of these molecules had the same biological behavior than 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Therefore, these compounds cannot be considered as tracers of glucose uptake
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