14 research outputs found
Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification - phylogenetic data
No full textThis submission supplements the manuscript entitled Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification by Frida A.A. Feijen, Rutger A. Vos, Jorinde Nuytinck & Vincent S.F.T. Merckx.
The contents of this submission are dating analysis results for rootings of the land plant topology. Contains the following files:
*.log.gz BEAST logs
*.trees.gz BEAST trees
*.tiff screen dumps of tracer, showing the burn-in
*.consensus.trees produced with treeannotator
For more information: https://github.com/naturalis/mycorrhiza/tree/v1.0.
Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification - supplement
No full text<p>This submission supplements the manuscript entitled <em>Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification</em> by <strong>Frida A.A. Feijen, Rutger A. Vos, Jorinde Nuytinck & Vincent S.F.T. Merckx.</strong></p>
<p>The submission consists of a specific version of a git repository with all the scripts and data files to perform the comparative analyses. The tree dating results, which are very large, compressed files, are in a separate submission that bypasses github: 10.5281/zenodo.1037548</p>
<p><strong>For more information</strong>: https://github.com/naturalis/mycorrhiza/tree/v1.0.0</p>
Symbiosis: Herbivory Alters Mycorrhizal Nutrient Exchange
No full textA new study shows that a plant gives less carbon to its root-associated mycorrhizal fungus when targeted by herbivores, but the fungus doesn’t retaliate
Data from: Global distribution patterns of mycoheterotrophy
No full textAim: Mycoheterotrophy is a mode of life where plants cheat the mycorrhizal symbiosis, receiving carbon via their fungal partners. Despite being widespread, mycoheterotrophic plants are locally rare, hampering the understanding of their global environmental drivers. Here, we explore global environmental preferences of mycoheterotrophy, and investigate environmental drivers of differential habitat preferences of mycoheterotrophic plants associated with arbuscular (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi. Location: Global. Time period: Current. Major taxa studied: Mycoheterotrophic flowering plants. Methods: We compiled the largest global dataset of epiparasitic mycoheterotrophic plant species occurrences and examined which environmental factors, including soil type, climate, vegetation type and distribution patterns of mycorrhizal autotrophic plants, relate to occurrence patterns of mycoheterotrophic plant species associated with AM and EM fungi. Results: Mycoheterotrophic plant species avoid cold and highly seasonal climates and show a strong preference for forests. AM-associated mycoheterotrophs are predominantly found in broadleaved tropical evergreen forests whereas EM-associated mycoheterotrophs occur in temperate regions, mostly in broadleaved deciduous and evergreen needleleaved forests. The abundance of AM and EM autotrophic plants was a weaker predictor for mycoheterotrophs occurrences than forest type. Temperature and precipitation variables - but not edaphic factors - were the best predictors explaining the distribution patterns of mycoheterotrophs after accounting for the effects of forest type. For individual lineages, major differences in environmental preferences (often related to edaphic factors) occurred which were significantly associated with plant evolutionary relationships, indicating that these cheater plants have limited adaptive capabilities. Main conclusions: The strong global geographic segregation of AM and EM mycoheterotrophs does not reflect the abundance of their potential autotrophic hosts, but seems to be driven by differential climate and habitat preferences. Our results highlight the non-trivial nature of mycorrhizal interactions, and indicate that identity of the partners is not enough to understand the underlying mechanisms promoting plant-fungal interactions in mycoheterotrophic plants
Evolutionary dynamics of mycorrhizal symbiosis in land plant diversification
No full textMycorrhizal symbiosis between soil fungi and land plants is one of the most widespread and ecologically important mutualisms on earth. It has long been hypothesized that the Glomeromycotina, the mycorrhizal symbionts of the majority of plants, facilitated colonization of land by plants in the Ordovician. This view was recently challenged by the discovery of mycorrhizal associations with Mucoromycotina in several early diverging lineages of land plants. Utilizing a large, species-level database of plants’ mycorrhizal associations and a Bayesian approach to state transition dynamics we here show that the recruitment of Mucoromycotina is the best supported transition from a non-mycorrhizal state. We further found that transitions between different combinations of either or both of Mucoromycotina and Glomeromycotina occur at high rates and found similar promiscuity among combinations that include either or both of Glomeromycotina and Ascomycota with a nearly fixed association with Basidiomycota. Our results demonstrate that under the most likely scenario symbiosis with Mucoromycotina enabled the establishment of early land plants.</jats:p
Biotic and abiotic factors affecting phorophyte preference in epiphytic orchids::a pilot study from southern China
No full textFungal diversity driven by bark features affects phorophyte preference in epiphytic orchids from southern China.
No full text
Why <i>Mycophoris </i>is not an orchid seedling, and why <i>Synaptomitus </i>is not a fungal symbiont within this fossil
No full textA recent publication in Botany introduced two new taxa: a fossil orchid seed (Mycophoris) and a fossilized basidiomycete fungus (Synaptomitus) in an alleged relationship with this orchid, encased in 15–20 million year old Dominican amber (Poinar, G. 2017. Two new genera, Mycophoris gen. nov., (Orchidaceae) and Synaptomitus gen. nov. (Basidiomycota) based on a fossil seed with developing embryo and associated fungus in Dominican amber. Botany, 95: 1–8). From the working knowledge of extant orchid seeds, seedlings, and mycorrhiza shared among us, we cannot support these interpretations. Here we analyse: (i) why Mycophoris may not be an orchid seed, (ii) why Mycophoris is not a germinating seed, (iii) why fungal hyphae and a symbiotic fungus are absent in Mycophoris, and (iv) why Synaptomitus is likely not a fossil basidiomycete
Mycoheterotrophic<em> Epirixanthes</em> (Polygalaceae) has a typical angiosperm mitogenome but unorthodox plastid genomes
No full textBackground and Aims Fully mycoheterotrophic plants derive carbon and other nutrients from root-associated fungi and have lost the ability to photosynthesize. While mycoheterotroph plastomes are often degraded compared with green plants, the effect of this unusual symbiosis on mitochondrial genome evolution is unknown. By providing the first complete organelle genome data from Polygalaceae, one of only three eudicot families that developed mycoheterotrophy, we explore how both organellar genomes evolved after loss of photosynthesis.Methods We sequenced and assembled four complete plastid genomes and a mitochondrial genome from species of Polygalaceae, focusing on non-photosynthetic Epirixanthes. We compared these genomes with those of other mycoheterotroph and parasitic plant lineages, and assessed whether organelle genes in Epirixanthes experienced relaxed or intensified selection compared with autotrophic relatives.Key Results Plastomes of two species of Epirixanthes have become substantially degraded compared with that of autotrophic Polygala. Although the lack of photosynthesis is presumably homologous in the genus, the surveyed Epirixanthes species have marked differences in terms of plastome size, structural rearrangements, gene content and substitution rates. Remarkably, both apparently replaced a canonical plastid inverted repeat with large directly repeated sequences. The mitogenome of E. elongata incorporated a considerable number of fossilized plastid genes, by intracellular transfer from an ancestor with a less degraded plastome. Both plastid and mitochondrial genes in E. elongata have increased substitution rates, but the plastid genes of E. pallida do not. Despite this, both species have similar selection patterns operating on plastid housekeeping genes.Conclusions Plastome evolution largely fits with patterns of gene degradation seen in other heterotrophic plants, but includes highly unusual directly duplicated regions. The causes of rate elevation in the sequenced Epirixanthes mitogenome and of rate differences in plastomes of related mycoheterotrophic species are not currently understood.</p
