38 research outputs found
Influence of the metal addition for biohydrogen production from the conversion of palm oil mill effluent (POME) by anaerobic process
No full textDegradation of whey in an anaerobic fixed bed (AnFB) reactor
Get PDFAn Anaerobic Fixed Bed (AnFB) reactor was run as an upflow anaerobic reactor with an arrangement of supporting material for growth of a biofilm. The supporting material was made from Liapor-clay-polyethylene sinter lamellas (Herding Co., Amberg).
The AnFB reactor was used for treating high concentrations of whey-containing wastewater. Optimal operating conditions for whey treatment at a concentration of COD in the influent of around 50 g whey·l-1 were found for a hydraulic retention time (HRT) in the range of 4-8 days or an organic loading rate (OLR) less than 10 kg COD·m-3·d-1. This is a higher load than normally applied in praxis reactors.
Accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) happened when the AnFB was supplied with surplus whey solution at a high OLR or when it was oxygenated. VFAs were accumulated faster when the HRT was changed from 12 days to 6 days compared to a change of HRT from 6 days to 4 days. However, at a HRT of 6 days, the accumulated VFAs were completely degraded after an adaptation period of about 5 days, whereas the accumulated VFAs at a HRT of 4 days remained constant upon time and could not be degraded during further incubation.
The conversion process (acetogenesis and methanogenesis) of VFAs was influenced by the pH in the reactor. Acetate and n-Butyrate were converted faster at neutral or slightly alkaline pH, while propionate was degraded faster at slightly acidic pH-value.
The population in the AnFB contained hydrogen-utilizing methanogenic bacteria, formate-utilizing methanogenic bacteria, methanol-utilizing methanogenic bacteria, acetoclastic methanogenic bacteria and sulfate-reducing bacteria as the final-stage organism of whey degradation. Acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria grew slower and were present at much lower numbers than acidogenic bacteria. This made the acid degradation rate less than the acid production rate. The minimal HRT in the whey reactor was thus dependent on acid degradation rates.
Acetate-utilizing methanogens seemed to be unable to grow as single cells. They preferred to grow in a particulate or attached manner on a support material. The biofilm on the support materials provided a lower redox potential and an anaerobic environment that was obligately needed by these bacteria. The addition of a reducing agent was necessary to keep the few culturing acetoclastic methanogens in suspended cultures active.
H2/CO2 was the best methanogenic substrate for the bacteria in the effluent suspension of whey reactor, followed by formate and methanol. The least degradable substrate in suspension cultures was acetate. The optimal H2 gas concentration for methanogens was provided at 2.25 bar.
Ferric ions addition or the addition of a mix of minerals improved acetate degradation and methane production rates more than two-folds. The redox potential + reducing agent was low enough for methanogenesis. An AnFB-reactor would be a suitable means for stabilizing wastewater from dairy processing. Liapor-clay-polyethylene sinter lamellas in a regularly arrangement could be the substratum for biofilm formation. A minimum HRT of 4-6 days should be planned or a maximum OLR rate 10 kg COD·m-3·d-1 not exceeded
OPTIMIZATION AND KINETICS STUDY OF BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM PALM OIL MILL EFFLUENT UNDER ANAEROBIC PROCESS
Get PDFAbstrak: Various factors has influenced to the products during the anaerobic fermentation process pathway including pH as the main factors. This research study on kinetics of the bioethanol production at different pH conditions (5.5, 6.5-7.5 and 8.5) with artificial palm oil mill effluent with various concentrations of COD (10 g/L, 15 g/L, and 20 g/L) as a substrate. The optimum condition of pH value which provided the maximum bioethanol production under fermentation process from artificial wastewater will be re-implemented and adjusted the pH of palm oil mill effluent (POME) according to the characteristic of COD. Batch reactor will be used in this research study to preserve the microbial activity for converting substrate into bioethanol production within 72 hours. Nitrogen purged for the first 24 hours will be conducted to remove any residual oxygen from the reactor then internal gas in headspace of the reactor circulation system will be replaced as a mixing system. Microorganisms are taken from cow rumen mixed with palm oil mill effluent sludge. The kinetic studies will be determined such as product formation as bioethanol using Modified Gompertz model and substrate consumption using first-order kinetic. Bioethanol and acids yield and production rate will be determined as well. The result of ethanol production from the experiment was shown that the optimum pH condition from initial COD concentration of 10 g/L was in neutral condition and from 15 and 20 g/L were in acidic condition with the concentration of 12.36 g/L, 10.42 g/L, and 20.91 g/L, respectively. According to characteristic of POME wastewater, the concentration of COD was about 15 g/L then pH condition was operated into acidic condition (pH 5.5). From the experiment of the POME wastewater, the ethanol production obtained the maximum in 72 hours of 3.73 g/L. Ethanol yield and production rate from POME were 1.93 g/g and 51.87 mg/L/hr, respectively. Total volatile fatty acids yield and production rate from POME were 2.34 g/g and 62.95 mg/L/hr, respectively.secara rata-rata faktor keamanan sampah terkompaksi melewati standar TPA sementara dan permanen. Kata kunci: pH, kinetic, fermentation, ethanol production, palm oil mill effluent (POME) Abstract: Beberapa factor dapat mempengaruhi produk selama proses anaerobic fermentasi termasuk pH sebagai faktor utama. Penelitian ini mengkaji kinetika produksi bioetanol pada kondisi pH yang berbeda (5,5, 6,5-7,5 dan 8,5) menggunakan limbah pabrik kelapa sawit artifisial dengan berbagai konsentrasi COD (10 g/L, 15 g/L, dan 20 g/L) sebagai substrat. Kondisi optimum nilai pH yang menghasilkan produksi bioetanol maksimum dalam proses fermentasi dari limbah artifisial akan diimplementasikan kembali dan disesuaikan pH limbah pabrik kelapa sawit (POME) sesuai karakteristik COD. Reaktor batch akan digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk mempertahankan aktivitas mikroba dalam mengubah substrat menjadi bioetanol dalam waktu 72 jam. Nitrogen yang dimurnikan selama 24 jam pertama akan dilakukan untuk menghilangkan sisa oksigen dari reaktor maka gas internal di ruang kepala sistem sirkulasi reaktor akan diganti sebagai sistem pencampuran. Mikroorganisme yang digunakan diambil dari rumen sapi yang dicampur dengan lumpur buangan pabrik kelapa sawit. Studi kinetik akan ditentukan seperti pembentukan produk bioetanol dengan menggunakan model modifikasi Gompertz dan konsumsi substrat menggunakan kinetika orde satu . Nilai Yield dari bioetanol dan asam, serta laju produksi dari bioethanol dan asam juga akan ditentukan. Hasil produksi etanol dari percobaan menunjukkan bahwa kondisi pH optimum dari konsentrasi COD awal 10 g/L berada dalam kondisi netral dan dari 15 dan 20 g/L berada dalam kondisi asam dengan konsentrasi masing-masing 12,36 g/L, 10,42 g/L, dan 20,91 g/L. Menurut karakteristik air limbah POME, konsentrasi COD sekitar 15 g/L kemudian kondisi pH dioperasikan ke dalam kondisi asam (pH 5.5). Dari percobaan limbah cair POME, produksi etanol diperoleh maksimum dalam 72 jam adalah 3,73 g/L. Hasil etanol dan laju produksi POME adalah 1,93 g/g dan 51,87 mg/L /jam. Total hasil asam lemak volatil dan laju produksi dari POME masing-masing adalah 2,34g/g dan 62,95 mg/L/jam. Keywords: pH, kinetik, fermentasi, produksi etanol, limbah pabrik kelapa sawit (POME
STUDI OPTIMASI PENGGUNAAN LAHAN BASAH TERAERASI UNTUK PENYISIHAN PADATAN TERLARUT PADA AIR TERPRODUKSI
Get PDFAbstrak: Air terproduksi merupakan produk sampingan dari proses produksi indutsri minyak dan gas. Kualitas air terproduksi beragam, namun secara umum memiliki konsentrasi total dissolved solid (TDS) yang relatif tinggi. Pada konsentrasi tinggi, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) dapat menyebabkan perubahan rasa pada air, pengendapan mineral dan korosi. Teknologi wetland dapat menjadi alternatif pengolahan yang mudah diterapkan dan relatif murah. Penambahan aerasi diharapkan mampu meningkatkan efisiensi penyisihan TDS. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat pengaruh penambahan aerasi pada wetland, waktu detensi/waktu tinggal yang optimum, dan penambahan Cyperus nutans yang digunakan sebagai vegetasi terhadap penyisihan TDS dan parameter lainnya. Sejauh ini, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan aerasi dapat meningkatkan efiensi penyisihan TDS dibandingkan dengan penelitian sejenis yang tidak menggunakan aerasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan TDS pada reaktor dengan penambahan aerasi lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan reaktor yang diaerasi.Kata kunci: Air terproduksi, Aerasi, Total Dissolved Solid, WetlandAbstract: Produced water is formed from oil and gas industry's production process.The quality of produced water is very diverse, depends on the tipe of oil, the soil, and many more. However, produced water has a simillar characteristic, which is Total Dissolved Solid. In high concentration, Total Dissolved Solidscan cause mineral sedimentation, and give a bitter taste in the water. Wetland provide an alternative solution to processed the water. The adding of aeration might increase the removal eficiency of Total Dissolved Solid. The aim of the study is to observe the influence of the addition of wetland aeration, detention time, and also type of plant that used as vegetation. So far, the observation result that the addition of aeration can increase the removal eficiency of Total Dissolved Solid.Key words: aerated wetland, aeration, produced water, Total Dissolved Soli
PENGARUH VARIASI SUBSTRAT DAN ORGANIC LOADING RATE PADA PEMBENTUKAN BIOGRANULAR AEROB DALAM SEQUENCING BATCH REACTOR
Get PDFAbstrak : Sistem lumpur aktif konvensional merupakan sebuah teknologi pengolahan air limbah secara biologi yang sudah sering dijumpai dalam instalasi pengolah air limbah. Terdapat dua tangki pengolahan dalam lumpur aktif konvensional, yaitu tangki aerasi dan tangki pengendapan. Pada tangki pengendapan, biomassa tersuspensi memiliki kecepatan pengendapan yang relatif rendah sehingga waktu retensi hidrolik menjadi lebih lama. Hal ini menyebabkan luas lahan yang dibutuhkan untuk tangki pengendapan menjadi lebih besar. Untuk mengoptimalkan penggunaan lahan, diperlukan unit pengolahan yang lebih kompak, yaitu dengan menggunakan Sequencing Batch Reactor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk membentuk granular aerob yang memiliki kecepatan pengendapan yang tinggi serta unit pengolahan yang lebih kompak.Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan kolom reaktor setinggi 1,2 m dengan volume sebesar 2,4 liter. Penelitian dilakukan dengan dua jenis substrat, yaitu glukosa dan asetat. Variasi Organic Loading Rate (OLR) yang dilakukan yaitu 24 dan 5 kg COD/ m3.hari. Waktu pengendapan dijadikan variabel tetap dengan durasi 10 menit. Laju aliran udara yang digunakan yaitu 1 liter/menit. Hasil yang diperoleh dari penelitian dengan OLR 24 kg COD/m3.hari pada substrat glukosadapat membentuk granular dengan ukuran berkisar antara 1,6-13,77 mm, sedangkan pada substrat asetat dapat membentuk granular dengan ukuran berkisar antara 1,3-26,5 mm. Pada variasi OLR 5 kg COD/ m3.hari, kedua substrat menunjukkan hasil yang hampir serupa, yaitu dapat membentuk granular dengan ukuran sebesar 0,3-2 mm.
THE EFFECTIVITY OF BIOPORE INFILTRATION HOLE APPLICATION IN INCREASING WATER INFILTRATION RATE IN SOIL
Get PDFBiopore infiltration hole (BIH) is a technology which can improve the soil quality and structure and
increase the infiltration rate of the soil. The raised discussion about this infrastructure is the effectiveness of this
BIH if it applied in the different soil type especially in loam soil that known having a small hydraulic
conductivity. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine in which kind of soil this BIH will perform its
function more effectively.This study was carried out in three BIH with 10 cm of diameter and a depth about 60
cm at three different kind of soils (clay loam, silty loam, and loam soil). The dimension of LRB that applied was
adapted from the BIH that was commonly applicate in Bandung area, and the effectivity of each BIH was
examined by determined the amount of water that can be infiltrated to each BIH at the time of test.The result of
this study portray that at the beginning of the test was relatively high and decrease following exponential curve
to constant point. The amount of water that could be infiltrated into a week old BIH are 16.26 liter for BIH in
clay loam soil, 9.965 liter for BIH in silty loam soil, and 24.087 liter for BIH in loam soil. The amount of water
that can be infiltrated in each BIH increase along the time goes, except for BIH in loam soil that fall on some
capacity deterioration after the fourth week.At the fourth week, the amount of water that could be infiltrated into
BIH A increased 84 % to 29.953 l. for BIH B the volume increased reach 569% to 66,57 l while the capacity of
BIH C which meet the deterioration is 39.874 l or still increased 65% from the first week. From this data, we
can simplify that in this study, the most effective application of BIH is in silty loam soil. From this fact, we can
conclude that the effectiveness of BIH that represented by the amount of water that infiltrated is vary according
to the soil structure, that’s way we have to give another consideration to BIH application especially in its
application at the loamy soil
EFISIENSI PENYISIHAN ORGANIK LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU DENGAN ALIRAN HORIZONTAL SUBSURFACE PADA CONSTRUCTED WETLAND MENGGUNAKAN Typha angustifolia
Get PDFAbstrak: Industri tahu menghasilkan limbah cair yang mengandung kadar organik yang tinggi. Sebelum dibuang ke badan air, limbah cair tersebut perlu diolah agar memenuhi baku mutu. Salah satu metode pengolahan yang dapat diterapkan adalah horizontal constructed wetland dengan sistem aliran sub-surface. Penelitian ini menggunakan reaktor yang ditanami Typha angustifolia. Air yang masuk ke reaktor merupakan efluen hasil produksi tahu yang telah diendapkan dan diencerkan.Variasi yang digunakan adalah perbedaan beban organik yaitu 500 mg/L COD dan 1000 mg/L COD; dan HRT (hydraulic residence time) atau waktu detensi yaitu 0.5 hari, 1 hari, dan 2 hari. Di antara variasi tersebut, efisiensi penyisihan TSS tertinggi (89,4%) dihasilkan dari variasi dengan konsentrasi influen 1000 mg/L COD dan waktu detensi 2 hari, efisiensi penyisihan COD tertinggi (90,59%) dihasilkan dari variasi dengan konsentrasi influen 500 mg/L COD dan waktu detensi 1 hari, efisiensi penyisihan Fosfat tertinggi (85,15%) dihasilkan dari variasi dengan konsentrasi influen 1000 mg/L COD dan waktu detensi 2 hari., efisiensi penyisihan Nitrogen tertinggi (53,24%) dihasilkan dari variasi dengan konsentrasi influen 500 mg/L COD dan waktu detensi 0,5 hari. Secara garis besar, reaktor wetland dengan tanaman Typha angustifolia dapat menurunkan parameter organik sehingga sesuai dengan baku mutu yang telah ditetapkan. Kata kunci: waktu detensi, beban organik, pengendapan, limbah tahu, wetland. Abstract: Soybean curd industry produces wastewater contains a high amount of organic content. The wastewater should be treated until it complies with the requirement of effluent standard before disposal to water body. One of the treatment methods is horizontal constructed wetland with sub-surface flow system. This research was using two reactor that has been planted by Typha angustifolia. The wastewater was a sedimented and dilluted effluent from tofu production proccess. The variation of this research is difference between organic loading which are 500 mg/L COD and 1000 mg/L COD; and HRT (hydraulic retention time which are 0.5 day, 1 day, and 2 days. Within those variation, the highest removal efficiency of TSS (89,4%) is resulted from variation with influent concentration 1000 mg/L COD and HRT 2 days, the highest removal efficiency of COD (90,59%) is resulted from variation with influent concentration 500 mg/L COD and HRT 1 day, the highest removal efficiency of Phosphate (85,15%) is resulted from variation with influent concentration 1000 mg/L COD and HRT 2 days, and the highest removal efficiency of Nitrogen (53,24%) is resulted from variation with influent concentration 1000 mg/L COD and HRT 0,5 day. Overall, constructed wetland reactor with Typha angustifolia plantation could decrease organic parameter from soybean curd wastewater until meet the effluent standard. Key words: Hydraulic Residence Time, organic loading, sedimentation, soybean curd waste, wetland.
The Influence of Ca2+ Ion Addition on Physical Characteristics of Aerobic Granular Sludge in Sequencing Batch Reactor
Get PDFAerobic Granular Sludge is a collection of microbes that allows for the simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in one reactor system. The formation of Aerobic Granular Sludge is influenced by many factors, such as the type of carbon source, hydrodynamic shear forces, amount of EPS and up to the presence of diavalent cations. In this study Ca2+ ion was added to the reactor as an additional chemical with the aim of investigating the effect of Ca2+ ion dosage on the physical characteristics of Aerobic Granular Sludge. The objective of this research is to find the influence of Ca2+ ions addition to physical characteristics of aerobic granular sludge. There are 3 (three) reactors as a means to compare, with variations in the addition of Ca2+ ions as much as 20 mg/l, 45 mg/l and 100 mg/l which are entered into artificial domestic wastewater. The results obtained from this study are the physical characteristics of granular in reactor 1 has an average diameter ranging between 1.12 mm - 1.72 mm, with an aspect ratio of 0.71, then in reactor 2 has an average diameter ranging between 1.63 mm - 2.23 mm, with an aspect ratio of 0.8, and Reactor 3 has an average ranging 1.78 mm - 3.14 mm with an aspect ratio of 0.81. SEM analysis conducted showed that reactor 3 showed the presence of more Ca2+ ions than the other reactors. Physical characteristics get better as Ca2+ ions increase
Chemical-Thermal Activation to Improve the Characterization of Sludge-Based Activated Carbon (SBAC) from Palm Oil Mill Sludge (POMS)
Get PDFThe development of time and technology triggers significant challenges in preserving the environment. Large-scale industry that uses a large quantity of energy and clean water is the main reason environmental management due to industrial activities needs to be considered properly. In addition to liquid wastewater, waste in the form of sludge used in wastewater management is also a new problem that requires special attention. Sludge-based activated carbon (SBAC) is one of the options for utilizing WWTP sludge in low-cost adsorbent materials. The development of SBAC is a promising solution to solving two-way environmental problems. The most used activation method combines thermal and chemical compound impregnation. This paper aims to prove that Palm Oil Mill Sludge (POMS) can be applied as an adsorbent after chemical and thermal activation. KOH 4M was used with a ratio of 1:1 (weight/volume) with pyrolysis heating at 700oC injected with nitrogen gas (N2). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test shows SBAC has hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups, Pore Size Analyzer (PSA) classified SBAC as microporous with 1.7 nm size of SBAC, iodine number is about 821 mg/g, 23.63% of ash content, 62.96% of fixed carbon, 11.5% of water content, and 15.37% of volatile content
PENGARUH PENGENDALIAN pH TERHADAP PEMBENTUKAN ETANOL DAN PERGESERAN PRODUK ASIDOGENESA DARI FERMENTASI LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI MINYAK SAWIT (The Influence of pH Control on Ethanol and Switch of Acidogenic Products Formation from Palm Oil Mill Effluent)
Get PDFABSTRAK
Limbah cair industri minyak sawit memiliki potensi sebagai substrat pembentukan etanol. Pemanfaatan kultur campuran dalam pembentukan etanol memiliki keuntungan karena tidak memerlukan sterilisasi substrat, namun akan dihasilkan berbagai produk samping dan sebaliknya pada Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari pengaruh pengaturan pH terhadap pembentukan etanol dan produk asidogenesa. Rancangan penelitian terdiri dari reaktor bakteri anaerob dan ragi dengan perlakuan pengendalian pH pada rentang 6-6,5 dan tanpa pengendalian pH dengan pH awal fermentasi 6-6,5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Degree Acidification (DA), Total Asam Volatil (TAV) dan etanol tertinggi berurutan sebesar 0,32; 808,03 mg/L dan 24,03 mg/L pada reaktor bakteri dengan pengendalian pH; 0,23; 522,43 mg/L dan 23,12 mg/L pada reaktor tanpa pengendalian pH; 0,25; 775,78 mg/L dan 34,11 mg/L pada reaktor ragi dengan pengendalian pH dan 0,32; 866,71 mg/L dan 29,17 mg/L pada reaktor ragi tanpa pengendalian pH. Pengendalian pH fermentasi meningkatkan pembentukan produk asetil-KoA dari 4,35% menjadi 7,34% pada reaktor bakteri dan dari 17,92% menjadi 18,78% pada reaktor ragi dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan etanol.
ABSTRACT
Palm oil mill effluent has potention for substrate to ethanol formation. Utilization of anaerobic mixed culture bacteria to form ethanol has advantages i.e not requiring sterilization of the substrate and vice versa in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but resulting side products. The aims of this research are to study effect of controlling pH on ethanol formation and acidogenic products. Design experiment consisted of anaerobic bacteria and yeast reactor with the pH control in the range of pH 6 - 6.5 and initial pH 6-6.5 for without pH control treatment. The results showed the highest Degree Acidification (DA), Total Volatile Fatty Acid (TVFA) and ethanol are 0.32; 808.03 mg/L and 24.03 mg/L for bacteria reactor with pH control; 0.23; 522.43 mg/L and 23.12 mg/L for bacteria reactor without pH control; 0.25; 775.78 mg/L and 34.11 mg/L for yeast reactor with pH control and 0.32; 866.71 mg/L and 29.17 mg/L for yeast reactor without pH control. Controlling pH increasing acetyl-CoA product formation from 4.35% to 7.34% for bacteria reactor and from 17.92% to 18.78% for yeast one and not affect to rising ethanol formation
