464 research outputs found
Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda timar sisteminin kaldırılması
No full textThe Tiraar System, Which began to be dissolved as a result o-f domestic and -foreign dynamics dating -From the second hai-F o-f 16 th century, has continued to survive by loosing i ts mili tary and admi nistrative -functions u.nt i 1 i the 19 th century. As -for in 19 th century, the T i mar System was o-F-Ficialy abolished as a result o-f precautions and implications intent i ng its Liquidation in June 7 th 1844» However, the Liquidation o-f this institution in practice has been completed in a long term process. Because the substitute payment (beds- 1 ödemesi) has been ccfliinued to the last decad es o-f 19 th century» This also shows that the - liquidation o-f Timar system, at least in econo mic dimension, has continued -for a long time»16. yy' in ikinci yarısından itibaren bozulmaya başlayan Timar Sistemi, dönemin iç ve dış dinamiklerinin etkisiyle, askeri ve idari işlevlerini kaydederek 19. yy' a kadar varlığını sürdürmüştür. 19. yy' da ise Timar Sistemi'nin tasfiyesini amaçlayan önlem ve uygulamalar sonucunda, 7 Haziran 1844 tarihinde resmen kaldırılmıştır. Ancak, bu kurumun fiilen tasfiyesi uzun bir süreç sonucunda tamamlanmıştır. Çünkü 19. yy' m son dönemlerine kadar timar sahiplerine bedel ödenmesine devam edilmiştir. Bu da Timar Sistemi'nin en azından ekonomik açıdan tasfiyesinin uzun müddet devam ettiğini göstermektedir
Remembering the Jewish student dormitory Belgrade
No full textJevrejski studentski dom se nalazio u zgradi sinagoge u Beogradu u ulici Maršala Birjuzova broj 19, tada Kosmajska 19. Na levoj strani zgrade, od prizemlja do trećeg sprata. Sobe, spavaonice, nalazile su se na drugom i trećem spratu. Na prvom spratu se nalazila učionica, a u prizemlju se nalazila trpezarija. Na drugom spratu su bila kupatila, muško i žensko. Jevrejski studentski dom formiran je krajem 1945 godine. Trajao je do 1957 ili 1958 godine, kada više nije bilo studenata u domu. Ko su bili domaši?
To su bili posleratni beskućnici, čije su porodice i domaćinstva bili potpuno ili delimično uništeni, to su bili omladinci koji su slučajno ostali u životu u koncentracionim ili logorima uništenja, koji su se vratili iz ratova u partizanima ili bili u ilegali, ili se skrivali za vreme okupacije od nacistickih dželata ili od domaćih kvislinga, ili su se vratili iz nemačkih ili sovjetskih zarobljeništava, ili nisu sebi mogli da priušte iznajmljivanje privatnih soba ako su bili iz unutrašnjosti. Oni su bili pretežno is Srbije, ali bili su i iz Makedonije i Bosne i Hercegovine. Za sve njih Jevrejski studentski dom je bilo PORODIČNO UTOČIŠTE.The Jewish students' dormitory was located in the building of the synagogue in Belgrade at 19 Maršala Birjuzova Street, then Kosmajska 19. On the left side of the building, from the ground floor to the third floor. The rooms, the dormitories, were on the second and third floors. There was a classroom on the first floor and a dining room on the ground floor. On the second floor were the male and female bathrooms. The Jewish dormitory was formed at the end of 1945. It lasted until 1957 or 1958 when there were no more students in the dormitory. Residents were post-war homeless people, whose families and households were completely or partially destroyed, these were young people who happened to be alive in concentration or extermination camps, who returned from wars in partisans or were illegal, or hid behind during the occupation by Nazi executioners or by domestic quislings, they either returned from German or Soviet captivity or could not afford to rent private rooms if they were from the interior. They were mostly from Serbia, but they were also from Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. For all of them, the Jewish dormitory was a FAMILY SHELTER.Autor je sa ovim radom 2015. godine učestvovao na 59. nagradnom konkursu Saveza jevrejskih opština Srbije.With this paper, in 2015, the author participated in the 59th award competition of the Federation of Jewish Communities of Serbia
Origin and consolidation of fief-holding Timar system in the Ottoman State
No full textНа базі османських джерел та літератури з обраної проблематики автор подає огляд та
аналіз проблеми виникнення, походження військово-ленної тимарної системи та її закріплення в Османській державі. Тимарна система давала можливість утримувати багаточи-
сельну армію при скромних фінансових ресурсах і нерозвиненій фіскальній системі, оподатковувати всіх виробників і збирати податки повністю. Тимарна система - османська інсти-
туція, уведена на початку зростання могутності Османської держави, відіграла надзвичайно
важливу, фундаментальну роль в історії існування державної формації, сприяла її розквіту;
криза тимарної системи призвела до занепаду держави.On the basis of Ottoman written origins and literature of this problem the author presents the review and analysis of the
genesis, origin and consolidation consolidation of fief-holding timar system in the Ottoman State. Timar systemgave the opportunity
to keep the numerous army with poor financial resourses and undeveloped fiscal system, gave opportunity taxation all producers
and tocollect all taxes. This system is osman institution, which was introduced in the beginning of growth might Ottoman State,
played a very important, fundamental role in the history of existence of this state formation, promoted of prosperity.Crisis of
timar system caused for decline of might of the stat
Origin and consolidation of fief-holding Timar system in the Ottoman State
No full textНа базі османських джерел та літератури з обраної проблематики автор подає огляд та
аналіз проблеми виникнення, походження військово-ленної тимарної системи та її закріплення в Османській державі. Тимарна система давала можливість утримувати багаточи-
сельну армію при скромних фінансових ресурсах і нерозвиненій фіскальній системі, оподатковувати всіх виробників і збирати податки повністю. Тимарна система - османська інсти-
туція, уведена на початку зростання могутності Османської держави, відіграла надзвичайно
важливу, фундаментальну роль в історії існування державної формації, сприяла її розквіту;
криза тимарної системи призвела до занепаду держави.On the basis of Ottoman written origins and literature of this problem the author presents the review and analysis of the
genesis, origin and consolidation consolidation of fief-holding timar system in the Ottoman State. Timar systemgave the opportunity
to keep the numerous army with poor financial resourses and undeveloped fiscal system, gave opportunity taxation all producers
and tocollect all taxes. This system is osman institution, which was introduced in the beginning of growth might Ottoman State,
played a very important, fundamental role in the history of existence of this state formation, promoted of prosperity.Crisis of
timar system caused for decline of might of the stat
Reconstruction of historical geodetic systems for their implementation in reprojection algorithms
No full textHistorical cartography is an important source of geographic information for diachronic studies. The Italian geodetic datum from the second half of the 20th century are well known and used, while the reference systems used previously do not have a certain documentation also because they were developed by the military geographical institute, which at the time was a uniquely military body with the related problems of confidentiality.The reconstruction of the datum of each single historical map is a fundamental process, in order to be able to correctly compare historical information with the current ones, but it is complex because of the scarce information available on the type of datum and cartographic projection used for the production of the map.The reconstruction of the ancient morphology of an area, such as that of 1893 Forma urbis map or the pre-reclamation maps of Agro Pontino, is of fundamental importance for various studies on geomorphological changes of the territory, including, for example, the reconstruction of diverted and/or covered watercourses.Many of the Italian historical maps have been referred to the ellipsoid of Bessel with different orientations that in many cases are the same used previously or simultaneously for public purposes including, in particular, the drafting of the cadastral cartography.
Origin and consolidation of fief-holding Timar system in the Ottoman State
No full textНа базі османських джерел та літератури з обраної проблематики автор подає огляд та
аналіз проблеми виникнення, походження військово-ленної тимарної системи та її закріплення в Османській державі. Тимарна система давала можливість утримувати багаточи-
сельну армію при скромних фінансових ресурсах і нерозвиненій фіскальній системі, оподатковувати всіх виробників і збирати податки повністю. Тимарна система - османська інсти-
туція, уведена на початку зростання могутності Османської держави, відіграла надзвичайно
важливу, фундаментальну роль в історії існування державної формації, сприяла її розквіту;
криза тимарної системи призвела до занепаду держави.On the basis of Ottoman written origins and literature of this problem the author presents the review and analysis of the
genesis, origin and consolidation consolidation of fief-holding timar system in the Ottoman State. Timar systemgave the opportunity
to keep the numerous army with poor financial resourses and undeveloped fiscal system, gave opportunity taxation all producers
and tocollect all taxes. This system is osman institution, which was introduced in the beginning of growth might Ottoman State,
played a very important, fundamental role in the history of existence of this state formation, promoted of prosperity.Crisis of
timar system caused for decline of might of the stat
Collective excitations in the superdeformed well
No full textCollective excitations are commonplace features in nuclei at normal deformation. It has been suggested that both in the A\sim 190 and 150 superdeformed (SD) nuclei, collective vibrational states might occur in the same excitation energy range as quasi-particle and single-particle excitations. In particular, the large deformation associated with SD nuclei brings together orbitals from many spherical shells and leads to the close proximity of states with opposite parity, favouring octupole shape vibrations. However, to date, \sim 200 SD bands have been reported in more than 50 nuclei and in most cases, the excited SD bands have been interpreted as single or quasi-particle excitations. Only in very few cases, has the collective excitation scenario been suggested. Where are the collective states in SD nuclei? The question is particularly relevant in even--even A=190 nuclei in which SD states are observed at lower rotational frequency and hence the additional influence of the pair gap makes the collective excitations more competitive with quasi-particle excitations.F. Hannachi, A. Korichi, A.N. Wilson, A. Lopez-Martens, M. Rejmund, C. Schueck, Ch. Vieu, G. Chmel, A. Goergen, H. Huebel, D. Rossbach, S. Schoenwasser, M. Bergstroem, B.M. Nyako, J. Timar, D. Bazzacco, S. Lunardi, C. Rossi-Alvarez, P. Bednarczyk, N. Kintz, S. Naguleswaran, A. Astier, D.M. Cullen, J.F. Sharpey-Schafer, T. Lauritsen, R. Wadsworthhttp://th-www.if.uj.edu.pl/acta/vol32/abs/v32p1083.ht
Physiological response of freshwater crayfish, Astacus leptodactylus exposed to polyethylene microplastics at different temperature
No full textNot long after plastic-made material became an inseparable part of our lives, microplastics (MPs) found their way into ecosystems. Aquatic organisms are one of the groups impacted by man-made materials and plastics; however, the varied effects of MPs on these organisms have yet to be fully understood. Therefore, to clarify this issue, 288 freshwater crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus) were assigned to eight experimental groups (2 × 4 factorial design) and exposed to 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) per kg of food at 17 and 22 °C for 30 days. Then samples were taken from hemolymph and hepatopancreas to measure biochemical parameters, hematology, and oxidative stress. The aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and catalase activities increased significantly in crayfish exposed to PE-MPs, while the phenoxy-peroxidase, gamma-glutamyl peptidase, and lysozyme activities decreased. Glucose and malondialdehyde levels in crayfish exposed to PE-MPs were significantly higher than in the control groups. However, triglyceride, cholesterol, and total protein levels decreased significantly. The results showed that the increase in temperature significantly affected the activity of hemolymph enzymes, glucose, triglyceride, and cholesterol contents. The semi-granular cells, hyaline cells, granular cell percentages, and total hemocytes increased significantly with the PE-MPs exposure. Temperature also had a significant effect on the hematological indicators. Overall, the results showed that temperature variations could synergistically affect the changes induced by PE-MPs in biochemical parameters, immunity, oxidative stress, and the number of hemocytes
GÖYNÜK'E ( BOLU ) AİT BAZI GELİR KAYNAKLARI VE İDARESİ : TIMAR, ZEAMETV'E MUKA TAAIAR (H. 115 4 -130 7 /M. 1741-1889)
No full textThe incomes of timar, zeamet and mukataa in Göynük, Bolu were granted to the iltizam for a period of one year mostly. Among the mukataas in Göynük are mukataas for coffee and sheep, the Mihal Bey Mukataa, Göynük and tevabii mukataa and Etmekçibaşı Ocas mukataa. The sources of income in Göynük were managed by the tax collectors (mültezim). Among them the tax of sheep and etmekçi hassı mukataas were trasformed to be the state land held by a private owner (malikane). The registers kept by qadis provide information on both the subject of malikane, as well as the conflicts among them. Some of the income sources documented by Timar, Zeamet and mukataas were the fines called cerime and tax items taken from basic needs of obligatory consumption. Perhaps the most remarkable one among them was the one taken from silk called öşr-i harir indicating that the silk production was made in the town.Göynük’te bulunan tımar, zeamet ve mukataa gelirleri çoğunlukla bir yıllığına iltizama verilmiştir. Göynük’ün belli başlı mukataalar, kahve ve aded-i ağnam mukataası, Mihal Bey Mukcitaası, Göynük ve tevabii mukatası ve Etmekçi Başı Ocas Mukataasıdır. Göynük’e ait gelir kaynakları mültezimler aracılığıyla idare edilmiştir. Bunlar içerisinde aded-i ağnam ve etmekçi hassı mukataaları malikaneye dönüştürülmüştür. Şer’iye sicilleri gerek malikane konuları gerekse bunlar arasındaki ihtilaflar hakkında bizi bilgilendirmektedir. Tımar, zeamet ve mukataaların belgelere yansıyan belli başlı gelir kaynakları cerime dediğimiz cezalar ve zorunlu tüketim maddelerinden alınan sıradan vergi kalemleridir. Bunlar içerisinde belki de en önemlisi, “öşr-i harir” olarak tanımlanan ve bölgede ipek böcekçiliğinin yapıldığının göstergesi olan vergidir
Comparative efficacy of once-daily ciclesonide and budesonide in the treatment of persistent asthma
No full textBackground: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of once-daily ciclesonide, a new-generation, on-site-activated, inhaled corticosteroid, with once-daily budesonide in persistent asthma. Methods: Eligible patients requiring budesonide or equivalent 320-640 mu g (ex-mouthpiece, equivalent to 400-800 mu g; Turbohaler (TM)) daily entered a 2-week baseline, and then a 2- to 4-week pretreatment period (budesonide 1280 mu g/day; ex-mouthpiece, equivalent to 1600 mu g/day). Patients with an increase in forced expiratory volume in 1s (FEV1) of >= 7% or >= 0.15 L were randomised to ciclesonide 320 mu g (ex-actuator, equivalent to 400 mu g ex-valve) via a hydrofluoroalkane-metered dose inhaler (HFA-MDI) without a spacer or budesonide 320 mu g once daily in the morning for 12 weeks. Change in FEV1 was the primary endpoint. Results: In all, 359 patients were randomised. The FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) decreased by 0.18 and 0.12 L, respectively, in the ciclesonide group, and by 0.23 and 0.21 L in the budesonide group. For FEV1, ciclesonide was noninferior and numerically superior to budesonide. For FVC, ciclesonide was statistically superior to budesonide (P = 0.010). Asthma symptom scores were comparable; the median percentage of symptom-free days was significantly higher for ciclesonide (43.6%) versus budesonide (25.8%) (P = 0.017). Rescue medication use decreased significantly only for ciclesonide patients (P = 0.009). Frequency of adverse events was low in both groups. Conclusion: Ciclesonide 320 mu g once daily by HFA-MDI without a spacer was at least as effective as budesonide 320 mu g once daily in persistent asthma
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