1,720,978 research outputs found

    Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis

    Full text link
    The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed

    Variations on the Author

    Full text link
    “Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship

    Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis

    Full text link
    We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis

    Darwin e o nexo divergência-competição: Uma revisão crítica

    Full text link
    [ES] Este artículo tiene como objetivo ofrecer una revisión y reinterpretación al problema teórico en la teoría de Darwin en el que se pone en relación el principio de divergencia y la competencia entre los seres vivos. Respecto a este asunto ha habido dos interpretaciones fundamentales. La primera de ellas es la de aquellos que defienden que la divergencia se ve favorecida porque implica una reducción de la competencia a la que se enfrentan los seres vivos que se desplazan de nicho ecológico. Por otro lado, algunos abogan — aunque es una posición menos extendida— por una interpretación en la que la reducción de la competencia no es la ventaja, sino que lo es la especialización y, por tanto, el incremento en la competitividad, es decir, el tener mejores herramientas o capacidades para competir. En este artículo se defiende esta última tesis, fundamentalmente sostenida por William Tammone, pero desde otra perspectiva y sustentada en otros argumentos que se nutren de la propuesta de Trevor Pearce acerca de la noción de economía natural de Darwin. [EN] This article offers a review and reinterpretation of the theoretical problem in Darwin's theory in which the principle of divergence and competition between living beings are related. There have been two fundamental interpretations of this issue. The first is that of those who argue that divergence is favoured because it implies a reduction in the competition faced by living beings that move from one ecological niche to another. On the other hand, - although this is a less widespread position - some advocate an interpretation in which reduced competition is not the advantage, but rather specialisation and, therefore, the increase in competitiveness, which means having better tools or capabilities to compete. This last thesis is defended in this article, fundamentally supported by William Tammone, but from another perspective and supported by other arguments that feed on Trevor Pearce's proposal about Darwin's notion of natural economy. [POR] Este artigo pretende oferecer uma revisão e reinterpretação do problema teórico na teoria de Darwin, na qual o princípio da divergência e da competição entre seres vivos está relacionado. Houve duas interpretações fundamentais sobre esta questão. A primeira delas é a daqueles que argumentam que a divergência é favorecida porque implica uma redução da competição enfrentada pelos seres vivos que se deslocam de um nicho ecológico para outro. Por outro lado, embora esta seja uma posição menos difundida - alguns defendem uma interpretação em que a redução da competição não é a vantagem, mas sim a especialização e, portanto, o aumento da competitividade, ou seja, ter melhores ferramentas ou capacidades para competir. Este artigo defende esta última tese, fundamentalmente apoiada por William Tammone, mas de outra perspectiva e com o uso de argumentos que se baseiam na proposta de Trevor Pearce sobre a noção de economia natural de Darwin

    ¿Cómo hacer un prompt para prácticas de debate con ChatGPT en clase?

    No full text
    [ES] El presente Recurso Educativo Abierto (REA) se enmarca en el Proyecto de Innovación Docente ChatGPT como herramienta de debate en Filosofía de la Ciencia (PID ID2024/058), desarrollado en la Universidad de Salamanca durante el curso académico 2024/25. Este proyecto tuvo como finalidad explorar el potencial pedagógico de la inteligencia artificial generativa en el ámbito universitario, especialmente en el desarrollo de competencias argumentativas, críticas y comunicativas del alumnado. El objetivo central fue potenciar el pensamiento crítico y argumentativo del alumnado, promoviendo, además, un uso ético y reflexivo de la inteligencia artificial en el ámbito académico. Para ello, se diseñaron prompts específicos que permitieron personalizar la interacción con la IA y garantizar la coherencia del debate con los contenidos de la asignatura. Los resultados fueron muy positivos: el alumnado mejoró su capacidad para construir y defender argumentos, aumentó su motivación y autonomía intelectual, y valoró la actividad como una experiencia novedosa y formativa. Este REA recoge, por tanto, las bases metodológicas y prácticas necesarias para que otros docentes puedan crear y utilizar prompts efectivos en dinámicas de debate educativo, transfiriendo la experiencia a diferentes contextos, disciplinas y niveles formativos

    Darwin y su reflexión sobre el uso de metáforas en ciencia

    Full text link
    Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of metaphors in Darwin’s theory, emphasizing their role not only as rhetorical devices but also as conceptual tools essential to the development of his thought. This article supports this view and highlights the complex and multifaceted functions of metaphors in Darwin’s work. However, the primary aim of this study is not to reiterate this importance but to demonstrate that Darwin employed his metaphors consciously and reflectively, critically assessing their utility and limitations. Additionally, the article explores how Darwin defended these figures against the criticisms and misunderstandings of his time, presenting arguments that showcase his deep understanding of the conceptual and epistemological dimensions of metaphorical language in scientific knowledge construction.Numerosos estudios han destacado la importancia de las metáforas en la teoría de Darwin, resaltando su papel no solo como herramientas retóricas, sino como elementos conceptuales clave para el desarrollo de su pensamiento. Este artículo respalda dicha idea y enfatiza que las metáforas en la obra darwiniana cumplen funciones complejas y diversas. Sin embargo, el propósito principal de este trabajo no es reiterar esa relevancia, sino demostrar que Darwin empleó sus metáforas de manera consciente y reflexiva, evaluando críticamente su utilidad y límites. Asimismo, el artículo examina cómo Darwin defendió estas metáforas ante las críticas y malentendidos de su tiempo, presentando argumentos que reflejan su profunda comprensión de las dimensiones conceptuales y epistemológicas del lenguaje metafórico en la construcción del conocimiento científico

    Holismo local y cambio semántico en la teoría de Kuhn: Aristóteles, Newton y la inconmensurabilidad taxonómica

    Full text link
    This article aims to delve into the concept of taxonomic incommensurability as advocated by Thomas Kuhn from the 1980s onward. According to Kuhn, in this more local and moderate interpretation, the incommensurability between theories results from the semantic alteration of certain central terms, which he refers to as \u27taxonomic categories\u27. He argues that these categories are holistically inter-defined, such that altering the meaning of any one term necessitates a redefinition of the others. To draw examples of such localized holism and the semantic restructuring that ensues following a scientific revolution, Kuhn frequently references the physics of Aristotle and Newton. However, although he identifies these instances as significant, his treatment of them lacks depth. Consequently, this article seeks to thoroughly examine whether an in-depth analysis of these theories substantiates the thesis of taxonomic incommensurability.El objetivo de este artículo es ahondar en la tesis de la inconmensurabilidad taxonómica defendida por Kuhn a partir de los años ochenta. Según el autor estadounidense, la inconmensurabilidad entre teorías, en esta versión más local y moderada, es el resultado del cambio semántico de algunos términos centrales, a los cuales denomina “categorías taxonómicas”. Según Kuhn, dichos términos están interdefinidos holísticamente, de manera que la modificación del significado de uno de ellos implica una redefinición del resto. Para extraer ejemplos de tal holismo local y de la reestructuración semántica que se produce tras una revolución científica, Kuhn acude a la física aristotélica y newtoniana. Sin embargo, aunque los considera ejemplos de gran relevancia y los utiliza como pruebas concluyentes de sus ideas, no los desarrolla en profundidad. Por lo tanto, este artículo se propone comprobar de manera más detallada si un análisis de tales teorías apoya la tesis de la inconmensurabilidad taxonómica
    corecore