506 research outputs found
Which Kind of Science Is Construction Management?
No full textIt is argued that the mainstream views on the nature of construction management are insufficient, and as one consequence of this, the relevance of construction management has been questioned. As a solution to this situation, construction management is suggested to be repositioned as a design science, rather than as an explanatory science. A historical consideration reveals that design science equals to one of the sciences proposed by Aristotle, however, the suggestion of Aristotle has been forgotten. Thus, there has been a long-standing neglect of the design science, which explains the present fragmentation of this field. It is argued that this redefinition of construction management will solve several problems plaguing this discipline, including the problem of relevance
Paremman palvelun avaimia : Kansallisen mielenterveys- ja päihdesuunnitelman toimeenpano Mielen avain -hankkeessa
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Textualising an Oral Epic – Mission Completed
No full textDr.Phil., docent Lauri Harvilahti is the director of the Folklore Archives of the Finnish Literature Society. His main fields of specialty are systems for the archiving of oral tradition materials, studies on oral and literary epics and questions of ethnic and national identity.In this article the author briefly examines three cases that represent Lauri Honko’s views on the textualisation of oral epics. Furthermore, these examples offer an insight into the concept of the paradigm, which was a key concept for Lauri Honko in the field of folkloristics and in the study of religion. The three case studies are as follows:
1. A literary folk epic based on an oral tradition: the ‘singing scribe’ Elias Lönnrot, who compiled a number of versions of his Kalevala on the basis of Kalevala-metric folk poems.
2. An epic based on multimedia documentation/ fieldwork: the Siri Epic, sung by Gopala Naika. He was an erudite singer, who used to perform the epic on ritual occasions or in the work-song context.
3. An epic based on an archived oral tradition: the long epic of the Setu female singer Anne Vabarna, who produced a twin epic with the encouragement of the collector Armas Otto Väisänen, who dreamt about writing down such an epic.
These three examples all belong to the ‘second life’ category of folklore in the sense that all of them have been produced outside the ‘system of communication’ which maintains an item of folklore in its original setting
Building of Reinforced Concrete Structural Framing, Comparison and Opportunities for Substitution on the Example of the Main Building of the Estonian National Museum
No full textKäesolevas lõputöös on vastavalt lähteülesandele uuritud Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone raudbetoonkarkassi konstruktsioone, toodud võrdlused teiste Eestis ehitatud hoonete analoogsete tehniliste lahendustega ja pakutud alternatiivsed võimalused, mis tagaksid ressursside efektiivsema ning ratsionaalsema kasutamise Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone ehitustegevusel. Erinevate konstruktsioonide võrdlusi koostades on selgunud, et Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone projekteerijate poolt paljud üledimensioneeritud raudbetoonkonstruktsioonid nõuavad ehitusprotsessis oluliselt suuremat materjali-, aja- ja tööjõukulu, mis muudavad ehituse maksumuse kallimaks. Samuti on loodud arhitektuurelemente, mis paiknevad piiratud juurdepääsuga ruumides ning on vaadeldavad vaid muuseumi töötajate ja ventilatsiooniseadmete hooldajate poolt, kuid ruumide kasutuse seisukohalt on tegemist ebaratsionaalsete lahendustega. Eestis varem ehitatud analoogseid hooneid uurides võib järeldada, et hoonele vajalik stabiilsus ja kandevõime on tagatav saledamate ning kergemate konstruktsioonidega. Saadud kogemuse põhjal saab järeldada, et ehitatava muuseumihoone vahelaed oleks mõistlik teostada monteeritavatest elementidest, mis säästaks aega ja muudaks ehituse tervikuna odavamaks. Ehitustegevuse ajal ilmastikust tingitud mõjutegureid on sel juhul samuti vähem. Lõputöös on ehitatava Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone raudbetoonkonstruktsioonidele kulutatavate ressursside maht arvutatud nii reaalsetes tingimustes ehitades kui konstruktsioonide alternatiivset lahendust kasutades ning toodud välja konkreetsed näitajad, mis tõestavad ressursside efektiivsemaid kasutusvõimalusi. Lõputöö koostamisega paralleelselt sama muuseumihoone projekti elluviimine ja igapäevaselt objektil selle hoone praktiline ehitamine on aidanud paremini mõista, kuidas ja kuhu konstruktsioonides koormused liiguvad. Kujunenud oskused võimaldavad tulevikus hoone projekti alusel paremini hinnata projekteeritud kandvate konstruktsioonide lahenduste ratsionaalsust vastavalt hoone otstarbele ja teha koostööd projekteerijatega optimaalsete lahenduste leidmisel. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone keldri kandva konstruktsiooni näitel on käesolevas lõputöös pakutud alternatiivne konstruktsiooniline lahendus, mille kasutamine võimaldaks säästa materjale, rahalisi vahendeid ja lühendada ehituseks kuluvat aega. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone ehitusel objektiinsenerina igapäevaste tööülesannete täitmise ning samaaegselt lõputöö kirjutamise tulemusena on saadud selgemad arusaamad projekteerimise efektiivsusest ja oskused projekteeritud kandvate konstruktsioonide lahenduste ratsionaalsuse hindamiseks. Ebamõistlikke ja kulurohkeid tegevusi ehitusobjektil saab vähendada ja vältida, kui projekteerimisfaasis toimub konstruktsiooniliste lahenduste leidmiseks edukas koostöö ehitajate, projekteerijate ja arhitektide vahel. Tulemuseks on ressursside optimaalne kasutamine, kus materjali-, aja- ja tööjõukulude säästmine võimaldab vähendada ehituse maksumust tervikuna. Ehitustegevusele kuluvat aega saab oluliselt lühendada, kui kasutada tehases toodetud elemente ja neid objektil kokku monteerida. Hoone konstruktsioonide kandevõime peab vastama hoone kasutamise otstarbele, kordades suurema kandevõimega konstruktsioonide projekteerimine ei ole põhjendatud. Efektiivne projekteerimine loob eeldused optimaalsete kuludega hoone ehitamiseks.According to a project specification, “Building of reinforced concrete structural framing, comparison and opportunities for substution on the example on the main building of the Estonian National Museum”, the author of this final paper, studies the structures of reinforced concrete framing of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum, gives examples of comparison with other built in Estonia buildings featuring the analogical technical solutions and provides the alternative solutions that would ensure more efficient and rational use of resources in building activity in regard with the Estonian National Museum. While making comparisons between different constructions, the author realized that a process of building too many over-dimensioned reinforced concrete structures of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum require significantly bigger material consumption, greater time and labour costs which will result in higher cost of construction. At the same time, some architectural elements were designed that locate in the rooms with restricted access and are only visited by the museum personnel and the ventilation equipment maintenance technicians, however, as far as the use of the rooms is concerned, we can talk of impractical solution. Studying some analogical constructions, built in Estonia earlier, one may come to a conclusion that the load bearing capacity and stability required for the building can be ensured by use of lighter and thinner structures. Based upon the acquired data, the author realized that floors of the museum building under construction should be made from assembled elements, which would save time and make the construction of the entire building cheaper. This solution will also result in fewer external weather factors that might affect the construction. The final paper contains a volume of resources going to be spent on construction of the reinforced concrete framing of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum, calculated both for construction in real conditions and adopting the alternative structural solution; the research also contains specific data which gives evidence of the more effective feasibility. Along with the compilation of the final paper the author spent every day on site implementing the design and erecting the museum building, and he began to better realize how and where structural loads spread. For the future the author would be able to better assess the practicability of bearing structure solutions on a basis of project according to the intended use of building and ensure cooperation with design engineers with the aim of finding optimal solutions. On the example of the basement bearing structure of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum the final paper provides the alternative structural solution, the implementation of which would help save materials and finance and reduce the construction time. While performing everyday job assignments on site in course of the construction of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum and writing the final paper at the same time, the author acquired better understanding of the design efficiency and skills of assessing rationality of bearing structures design. Unreasonable and costly activities in situ could be reduced and avoided if in the stage of design the effective cooperation between builders, designers and architects would be ensured with the aim of finding structural solutions. The cooperation might result in the optimal use of resources when saving material, time and labour costs result in reduction of total construction cost. The time spent on construction can be significantly reduced if prefabricated elements are used for assembling in situ. Bearing capacity of structures must correspond to the intended use; engineering design of structures with many-fold bearing capacity is unreasonable. The efficient design will predetermine construction at optimal cost
Veridicity
No full textThis paper addresses the problem of assessing the veridicity of textual content. Has an event mentioned in the text really occurred? Who is the source of the information? What is the stance of the author of the text? Does the author indicate whether he believes the source? We will survey some of linguistic conventions that indicate the author's commitment, or the lack thereof, to the propositions contained in her text. In particular we discuss phenomena that have been studied as presuppositions or conventional implicatures in previous literature. Some of those, such as factive and non-factive verbs, have received extensive attention in the past. Some others, such as supplemental expressions (e.g. appositives, parentheticals), have not received much previous attention, although they are very common and a rich source of textual inferences. A recent study by Christopher Potts classifies supplemental expressions as conventional implicatures. We agree with Potts on the label but not on what it means. In contrast to Potts, we claim that supplemental expressions cannot always be treated as the author's direct commitments and argue that they do not constitute a basis for a distinction between presuppositions and conventional implicatures. We illustrate some cases of conventional implicature and show how they indicate an author's commitment to the truth of his statements and briefly state the importance of these distinctions for Information Extraction (IE)
TRIPS and Pharmaceutical Patents : Effects on Access to Essential Medicine and Innovation
No full textThe purpose of this thesis is to examine how intellectual property rights and patent protection affect access to essential medicine and innovation. The focal point of this thesis is the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, which has been implemented by all WTO members, thus covering most of international trade. This thesis mainly focuses on developing countries in need of essential medicine, as the potential restricting effects are the most drastic in these countries.
The public debate surrounding the TRIPS agreement has repeatedly brought up two contrasting notions. On one hand, patent protection is seen as restricting access to essential medicine, whereas on the other hand, it is seen as necessary to encourage research and development. Thus, this thesis focuses on a comparative analysis of these two contrasting notions in an effort to identify what could be done to ensure access to essential medicine without undermining future innovation.
The study relies on a qualitative analysis of secondary literary sources, including publications by the WTO, pertinent NGOs and the pharmaceutical industry. Existing quantitative analyses were also used to examine the relationship between patent protection and innovation.
This study finds that patent protection and the TRIPS agreement restrict access to essential medicine. Patent protection in itself is also unlikely to lead to the build-up of innovative capacities in developing countries. Furthermore, patent protection is unlikely to encourage the development of products that cater to markets, such as developing countries, which are unable to pay the high prices required to recoup the costs of research and development.
The study concludes that the TRIPS agreement could be amended to facilitate easier access to medicine in public health crises, while taking into account the commercial interests of the patent holder. Working within a TRIPS-system would also require increased public spending and charitable efforts to develop products that cater to developing countries. The effects of patent protection on innovation in the public sector is also identified as a topic of further studies
Personal Liberty in Psychiatric Care - Towards Service User Involvement
No full textThis study explores personal liberty in psychiatric care from a service user involvement perspective. The data were collected in four phases during the period 2000-2006 in psychiatric settings in Finland. Firstly, patient satisfaction and factors associated with user involvement were studied (n = 313). Secondly, patients’ experiences of deprivation of their liberty were explored (n = 51). Thirdly, an overview on patients’ options for lodging complaints was conducted, and all complaints (n = 4645) lodged in Finland from 2000 to 2004 were examined. Fourthly, the effects of different patient education methods on inpatients’ experiences of deprivation of liberty were tested (n = 311).
It emerged that patients were quite satisfied, but reported dissatisfaction in restrictions, compulsory care and information dissemination. Patients experienced restrictions on leaving the ward and on communication, confiscation of property and coercive measures as deprivation of liberty. Patients’ experienced these interventions to be negative. In Finland, the patient complaint process is complicated and not easily accessible. In general, patient complaints increased considerably in Finland during the study period. In psychiatric care the number of complaints was quite stable and complaints led more seldom to consequences. An Internet-based patient education system was equivalent with traditional education and treatment as usual in supporting personal liberty during hospital care.
This dissertation provides new information about the realization of patients' rights in psychiatric care. In order to improve patients' involvement, systematic methods to increase personal liberty during care need to be developed, the procedures for patients lodging complaints should be simplified, and patients' access to information needs to be ensured using multiple methods.Siirretty Doriastaei tietoa saavutettavuudest
Ajassa muuttuvan likviditeettiriskin hinnoittelu Frankfurtin pörssissä
No full textThis thesis examines the effect of stock-level liquidity and systematic liquidity risk on stock excess returns in the Frankfurt Stock Exchange. Additionally, systematic liquidity risk is examined for a time trend. This study uses two proxies for liquidity, PQS to measure the quoted bid-ask spread and AdjILLIQ to measure price impact, enabling comparison of the results between the two proxies. The sample consists of all stocks quoted at the Frankfurt Stock Exchange between 01/2000 and 12/2018. Methodologically, a variety of prior studies are followed (Lee, 2011; Kim and Lee, 2014; Saad and Samet, 2015; Vu, Chai, and Do, 2015). Conditional, time-varying liquidity risks are estimated at the portfolio level with a quadvariate DCC-GARCH(1,1) estimator. The liquidity risks measured at the portfolio level are used to estimate the pricing of liquidity risk at the stock-level. Pricing is examined by using a fixed effects panel regression to estimate a conditional version of the LCAPM of Acharya and Pedersen (2005).
The results suggest that a hypothesized illiquidity premium is subsumed by other factors, such as size and the book-to-market ratio. Return premia are found for stocks which: (i) become illiquid with the market, (ii) earn lower returns during illiquid markets, and (iii) are illiquid during down markets. Total annualized premia for systematic liquidity risk are 3.07 percent using AdjILLIQ and 3.66 percent using PQS. No time trend is found in liquidity risk. The results are generally similar between the proxies. Premia (i) and (iii) are robust to an alternative method in Fama-MacBeth (1973) regressions, and the results concerning AdjILLIQ are robust to holding period. Dividing the sample into size groups implies that pricing of liquidity risk may vary between small, medium-sized, and large stocks.Tämä pro gradu -tutkielma tutkii osakkeen likviditeetin sekä systemaattisen likviditeettiriskin vaikutusta osakkeiden ylituottoihin Frankfurtin pörssissä. Lisäksi tarkastellaan, onko likviditeettiriskissä havaittavaa trendiä. Tutkimuksessa käytetään kahta likviditeetin mittaria, PQS ja AdjILLIQ, joka mahdollistaa tulosten vertailun mittareiden välillä. Tutkimuksen aineisto kattaa kaikki Frankfurtin pörssissä noteeratut osakkeet aikavälillä 01/2000-12/2018. Tutkielma mukailee metodologisesti useita aiempia tutkimuksia (Lee, 2011; Kim ja Lee, 2014; Saad ja Samet, 2015; Vu, Chai ja Do, 2015). Ehdollisia, ajassa muuttuvia likviditeettiriskejä mallinnetaan portfoliotasolla monimuuttujaisella DCC-GARCH(1,1)-mallilla. Portfoliotasolla mallinnettuja likviditeettiriskejä käytetään likviditeettiriskin hinnoittelun arvioinnissa osaketasolla. Hinnoittelua tutkitaan arvioimalla Acharyan ja Pedersenin (2005) likviditeettimukautettu CAPM-malli kiinteiden vaikutusten paneeliregressiolla.
Tulokset vihjaavat, että hypotesoitu epälikvidien osakkeiden tuottopreemio peittyy muiden muuttujien kuten markkina-arvon ja B/M-luvun vaikutuksiin. Tuottopreemio löytyy osakkeista jotka: (i) ovat epälikvidejä epälikvideillä markkinoilla, (ii) tarjoavat alhaisempia tuottoja epälikvideillä markkinoilla ja (iii) ovat epälikvidejä, kun markkinoiden tuotto on alhainen. Annualisoidut preemiot systemaattiselle likviditeettiriskille kokonaisuudessaan ovat 3.07 (AdjILLIQ) ja 3.66 prosenttia (PQS). Likviditeettiriskissä ei ole havaittavissa trendiä. Tulokset ovat yleisesti ottaen samankaltaisia likviditeetin mittareiden välillä. Preemiot (i) ja (iii) ovat robusteja vaihtoehtoiselle estimaatiomenetelmälle (Fama ja MacBeth, 1973) ja AdjILLIQ:lla mitattuna myös eri pitoajoille. Aineiston jaotteleminen kokoluokkien mukaan vihjaa, että likviditeettiriskin hinnoittelu vaihtellee pienten, keskisuurien ja suurien osakkeiden välillä
Christopher Bolton, Interpreting Anime; Thomas Lamarre, The Anime Ecology: A Genealogy of Television, Animation, and Game Media
No full textIt is the year 2019 and we now live in the present of the cataclysmic event credited for first introducing the world beyond Japan to anime. I am of course talking about Akira (1988), the seminal feature-length animated film, which, as the author of one of the books reviewed here puts it, took its contemporary audiences by wonder and surprise. In a way, then, what was once part of a distant and imaginary future has somehow already become our present. And while now effectively caught up with this post-apocalyptic fantasy, there still appears to be an ongoing and unresolved battle about whether anime can be taken and discussed seriously. Scholarship is still striving to come to terms with what anime is or could be used for. Interpreting Anime by Christopher Bolton and The Anime Ecology by Thomas Lamarre aim to advance the subfield and surpass previous work; despite differences in purpose and scope, both treat anime seriously and often playfully too. Inasmuch as these efforts come from the two editors of the long-running Mechademia series (since 2006 also published by University of Minnesota Press, arguably the pioneer in the field of anime studies), the establishment of authority is also at stake here. Arguably, contrasting these two major contributions to anime scholarship will help elucidate their respective ambitions and achievements, insights and blind spots
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