36,849 research outputs found
Mama's boy: sex differences in juvenile survival in a highly dimorphic large mammal, the Galapagos sea lion
No full textKraus C, Mueller B, Meise K, Piedrahita P, Pörschmann U, Trillmich F. Mama's boy: sex differences in juvenile survival in a highly dimorphic large mammal, the Galapagos sea lion. Oecologia. 2013;171(4):893-903.In many mammals, early survival differs between the sexes, with males proving the more fragile sex ["Fragile male (FM) hypothesis"], especially in sexually dimorphic species where males are the larger sex. Male-biased allocation (MBA) by females may offset this difference. Here, we evaluate support for the FM and MBA hypotheses using a dataset on Galapagos sea lions (Zalophus wollebaeki). We statistically model sex-specific survival as it depends on body mass and environmental conditions (sea surface temperature, SST, a correlate of marine productivity) at three developmental stages, the perinatal phase (1st month), the main lactation period (1st year), and the weaning period (2nd year). Supporting the FM hypothesis, we found that, early in life (1st month), at equal birth mass, males survived less well than females. During the remainder of the first year of life, male survival was actually less sensitive to harsh environmental conditions than that of females, contradicting the FM hypothesis and supporting the MBA hypothesis. During the second year of life, only male survival suffered with high SSTs as predicted by the FM hypothesis. At each developmental stage, observed survival rates were almost equal for both sexes, suggesting that mothers buffer against the inherent fragility of male offspring through increased allocation, thereby masking the differences in survival prospects between the sexes
Major General Francis B. Wilby, left, and Brigadier General Walter F. Kraus of the Army Air Forces
No full textMajor General Francis B. Wilby, left, and Brigadier General Walter F. Kraus of the Army Air Forces.https://mavmatrix.uta.edu/specialcollections_startelegram1940s/15791/thumbnail.jp
Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
No full textFirst evidence of the B 0 → J / ψ ω decay is found and the B s 0 → J / ψ η and B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ decays are studied using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The branching fractions of these decays are measured relative to that of the B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0 decay:frac(B (B 0 → J / ψ ω), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 0.89 ± 0.19 (stat) - 0.13 + 0.07 (syst),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 14.0 ± 1.2 (stat) - 1.5 + 1.1 (syst) - 1.0 + 1.1 (frac(f d, f s)),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 12.7 ± 1.1 (stat) - 1.3 + 0.5 (syst) - 0.9 + 1.0 (frac(f d, f s)), where the last uncertainty is due to the knowledge of f d / f s, the ratio of b-quark hadronization factors that accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and B s 0 mesons. The ratio of the branching fractions of B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ and B s 0 → J / ψ η decays is measured to befrac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B s 0 → J / ψ η)) = 0.90 ± 0.09 (stat) - 0.02 + 0.06 (syst)
Cophixalus nexipus Kraus, 2012, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Cophixalus nexipus</i>, sp. nov. <p>Fig. 7, 8 A</p> <p> <b>Holotype</b>. BPBM 19323 (field tag FK 9108), collected by F. Kraus and B. Iova, W slope Mt. Obree, 9.4601º S, 148.0304º E, 1800–2040 m, Central Province, Papua New Guinea, 7 February 2004.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes (n = 21)</b>. BPBM 19320–21, same data as holotype except collected 4 February by F. Kraus; BPBM 19322, same data as holotype except collected 5 February by F. Kraus; BPBM 19324–37, PNGNM 24108–11, same data as holotype.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> A species characterized by its unique combination of modest size (male SV = 18.9–22.7 mm, female SV = 27.2–27.5 mm); basal webbing between toes; finger discs larger than toe discs (3rdF/4thT = 1.07–1.37); first finger of normal size, bearing a disc; dorsum pustulose, irregularly smudged/mottled with dark brown; and venter straw yellow densely and evenly flecked with dark brown.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons with other species.</b> The new species differs from all other Papuan members of the genus except <i>C. kethuk</i> and <i>C. tagulensis</i> in having webbing between the toes. Both of those species are of smaller size (SV 12.4–15.0 mm in <i>C. kethuk</i> and 13.5–18.5 mm in <i>C. tagulensis</i>) and have finger discs smaller than toe discs. Further, <i>C. kethuk</i> lacks a disc on the first finger and has a smooth dorsum, and <i>C. tagulensis</i> has the toes halfwebbed and the venter evenly stippled, not flecked, with dark brown.</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype</b>. An adult male with small right-lateral incision, vocal slits. Head moderately wide (HW/SV = 0.39), with oblique loreal region; canthus rounded, straight when viewed from above (Fig. 7 A); nostrils directed laterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance larger than distance from naris to eye (EN/ IN = 0.90, IN/SV = 0.093, EN/SV = 0.084); snout truncate when viewed from the side (Fig. 7 B), shallowly angulate when viewed from above; eyes of moderate size (EY/SV = 0.12); eyelid approximately 2/3 width of interorbital distance; tympanum small (TY/SV = 0.026) and indistinct. Dorsal and lateral surfaces pustulose; ventral surfaces granulose; supratympanic fold small but distinct. Fingers with trace of basal webbing; relative lengths 3>4>2>1; first finger well developed (Fig. 7 C). Third finger disc approximately twice width of penultimate phalanx (3rdF/SV = 0.077); that of first finger barely wider than penultimate phalanx. Subarticular and metacarpal tubercles low and poorly developed but distinct. Toes with basal webbing and fringes along T3 and T4 that extend to the disc, bearing discs with terminal grooves; relative lengths 4>3>5>2>1 (Fig. 7 D). Toe discs smaller than those of fingers (3rdF/4thT = 1.30); disc of fourth toe less than 1.5 times width of penultimate phalanx (4thT/SV = 0.059); disc of first toe approximately same width as penultimate phalanx. Subarticular tubercles poorly developed; inner metatarsal tubercle low and elongate, outer lacking. Hind legs moderately long (TL/SV = 0.48).</p> <p>Dorsal ground color dark tan, irregularly mottled, smudged, and freckled with dark brown, this concentrated dorsolaterally, on snout, on posterior of head, and in a suprascapular chevron. A vaguely defined tan postocular stripe runs below the darker supratympanic fold. Rear of thighs tan mottled with dark brown; front of thighs same but with less dark mottling. Ventral surfaces straw yellow densely and evenly flecked with dark brown and with scattered gray-white punctations across abdomen. Iris black flecked with silver.</p> <p> <i>Measurements (in mm).</i> —SV = 22.7, TL = 11.0, HW = 8.8, HL = 7.4, IN = 2.1, EN = 1.9, SN = 3.0, EY = 2.7, TY = 0.6, 3rdF = 1.75, 4thT = 1.35.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Mensural variation for the type series is shown in Table 5. Adult males and juveniles appear to have slightly larger snouts than do adult females (Table 5), but the difference is not great. Otherwise, no clear ontogenetic or sexually dimorphic differences are apparent in the type series. All specimens have clearly developed basal webbing between the toes, with that of the largest females appearing only slightly more conspicuous than what is seen in the other specimens.</p> <p>There is little color variation. Most specimens have the gray-brown appearance of the holotype, but three are lighter brown. Most have the dark suprascapular chevron, but this is often indistinct. The dark ventral flecking varies only slightly in intensity, with only four specimens having less contrast with the ground color than does the holotype.</p> <p> <b>Color in life.</b> From field notes for holotype BPBM 19323 (Fig. 8 A): “Dorsum mud-brown, reddish middorsally, with gray suprascapular chevron and dark brown flecks all over. Iris mud-brown. Venter pale purple, except chin and throat, which are pale straw; entire venter speckled with dark brown flecks. Rear of thighs mudbrown with dark-brown mottling. One dark band across the forearm, another above the wrist.” BPBM 19321: “Dorsum green-gray with gray scapular mark and irregular gray or black flecking, with pustules, which are tan. Limbs tan with black flecking; rear of thighs same. Venter flecked light and dark gray with scattered white flecks on abdomen. Posterior belly and under legs light straw. Iris light brown.” BPBM 19320 was yellow-brown above; BPBM 19330 had a narrow, tan mid-dorsal stripe.</p> <p> <b>Call.</b> This species calls at night from the edges of streams. Most calling animals were perched on leaves 4–30 cm above ground, but one specimen was calling from under a rock.</p> <p>The call is a single, relatively long (0.99– 1.35 s), highly pulsed note lacking harmonic structure and frequency modulation (Fig. 9 C) and delivered at intervals of 2.7 to 50 s apart (Table 6). To the human ear the call sounds similar to a squeaky door hinge or a throaty snore. The number of pulses/call varied from 44–63, and pulse rate varied from 41.5–57.4/s. Notes increase in amplitude relatively rapidly and maintain approximately maximum amplitude for most of the note before decreasing again relatively rapidly (Fig. 9 A). Notes have lesser-amplitude pulses at the beginning and end of the note, giving the waveform a rounded rectanglar shape, with most notes showing approximately equal-amplitude pulses for most of their duration (Fig. 10 A), but for the holotype notes frequently increase to peak amplitude more gradually than they decrease, giving the amplitude envelope a slight skew to the left (Fig. 10 B). Pulsing is invariably slower at the beginning, and quicker at the end, of each note. Dominant frequency varies from 2.80–3.96 kHz (Table 6, Fig. 9 B).</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> The trivial epithet is a masculine latinized Greek adjective meaning “web-footed”.</p> <p> <b>Range.</b> Known only from a single mid-elevation site at 1800–2040 m on the western slope of Mt. Obree, Central Province, Papua New Guinea (Fig. 2).</p> <p> <b>Ecological notes.</b> Animals were moderately common along the edges of a small, first-order stream having a bed of ca. 1–3 m width and containing water ca. 2–15 cm deep. Streambed consisted mostly of gravel and small rocks and occurred in relatively open forest with a canopy of approximately 30 m height. Only one animal was found higher than 30 cm above the ground or farther than 1 m from the edge of the stream. When disturbed, animals jumped to the rocks or gravel beneath and pressed themselves close to it. In such instances, their color matched the substrate well. This is the only <i>Cophixalus</i> I have seen leap into a stream in an attempt at escape. This and the partially webbed feet suggest the species spends some amount of its time in streams, if only to escape predators.</p> <p>The smallest mature male is 18.9 mm SV; an immature male is 16.5 mm. The smallest mature female is 27.2 mm; four immature females range from 19.9–22.4 mm. Three unsexed juveniles range from 13.4–14.8 mm SV.</p> <p> Syntopic microhylids include <i>Callulops doriae</i>, <i>Cophixalus ateles</i>, <i>Cophixalus iovaorum</i>, <i>Hylophorbus</i> sp., and <i>Liophryne magnitympanum</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Kraus, Fred, 2012, Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3559</i> on pages 13-17, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/282919">10.5281/zenodo.282919</a>
Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions B(B0→K∗0γ )/B(B0s→φγ ) and the directCP asymmetry inB 0→K∗0γ
No full textThe ratio of branching fractions of the radiative B decays B0→K⁎0γ and B0s→ϕγ has been measured using an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7TeV. The value obtained is
B(B0→K⁎0γ)B(B0s→ϕγ)=1.23±0.06(stat.)±0.04(syst.)±0.10(fs/fd),
where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is associated with the ratio of fragmentation fractions fs/fd. Using the world average value for B(B0→K⁎0γ), the branching fraction B(B0s→ϕγ) is measured to be (3.5±0.4)×10−5.
The direct CP asymmetry in B0→K⁎0γ decays has also been measured with the same data and found to be
ACP(B0→K⁎0γ)=(0.8±1.7(stat.)±0.9(syst.))%.
Both measurements are the most precise to date and are in agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical expectations
Letter from B. F. Gavin (for Carl Hayden) to Stephen Mather, National Park Service
No full textLetter from Mrs. B. F. Gavin to Stephen Mather regarding the sale of Bass properties to the Santa Fe Railroad Company
Cophixalus pictus Kraus, 2012, sp. nov.
No full textCophixalus pictus, sp. nov. Fig. 5 Holotype. BPBM 1187, collected by J.L. Gressitt, Bomberai, 2.766 º S, 132.788 º E, Fakfak Division, West Papua Province, Indonesia, 3 June 1959. Diagnosis. A species characterized by its unique combination of small size (SV = 15.7 mm) with finger discs larger than toe discs (3 rdF/ 4 thT = 1.30); first finger of normal size, with disc that lacks a circum-marginal groove; moderately large finger discs (3 rdF/SV = 0.046); short legs (TL/SV = 0.46); short and narrow snout (EN/SV = 0.089, SN/EY = 0.88, EN/IN = 1.08); hidden tympanum; large eye (EY/SV = 0.15); face dark brown posteriorly, tan with dark-brown flecks anteriorly; boldly blotched with dark-brown spots laterally and ventrally (Fig. 5). Comparisons with other species. The new species differs from all Papuan congeners except C. daymani Zweifel, 1956 b and C. kethuk in having the snout shorter than the eye. It differs from C. daymani in its narrower snout (IN/SV = 0.90 – 0.108, EN/IN = 0.78–0.88 in C. daymani); it differs from C. kethuk in lacking (vs. having in C. kethuk) basal webbing on the toes, having a normal-sized (vs. reduced in C. kethuk) first finger with (vs. lacking in C. kethuk) a disc, and being blotched dorsally (vs. having a dorsal hourglass pattern in C. kethuk). Cophixalus pictus also differs from all Papuan congeners in its boldly blotched lateral and ventral pattern. Cophixalus pulchellus Kraus and Allison, 2000 is boldly blotched dorsally with black on silver-gray, but has a dark venter and disc of third finger smaller than that of fourth toe (3 rdF/ 4 thT = 0.94 in C. pulchellus); C. bewaniensis has a single large dark-brown blotch laterally but has the venter flecked with brown and has a reduced first finger lacking a disc. It is uncertain if the hidden tympanum of the holotype of C. pictus is a preservation artifact, but this seems unlikely. If it is a reliable feature, then this character also serves to distinguish C. pictus from all Papuan congeners except C. cryptotympanum Zweifel, 1956 b, which, in addition to the characters mentioned above, differs in having longer legs (TL/SV = 0.50–0.52 in C. cryptotympanum), a broader snout (EN/IN = 0.80–0.91 in C. cryptotympanum), and a light postocular stripe. Description of holotype. Sex uncertain because of state of preservation of internal features, but likely a juvenile male; eggs and enlarged oviducts clearly absent. Head moderately wide (HW/SV = 0.43), with steeply oblique loreal region and inflated upper lip; canthus rostralis rounded, straight when viewed from above; nostrils directed laterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance narrower than distance from naris to eye (EN/IN = 1.08, IN/SV = 0.083, EN/SV = 0.089); snout slightly rounded when viewed from the side, rounded when viewed from above; eyes large (EY/SV = 0.15); eyelid approximately same width as interorbital distance; tympanum hidden. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces smooth; supratympanic fold absent. Fingers unwebbed, all bearing well-developed discs; relative lengths 3> 4> 2> 1. Discs of F 3 and F 4 with poorly developed circum-marginal grooves, approximately 2 times widths of penultimate phalanges (3 rdF/SV = 0.046); discs of F 1 and F 2 lacking such grooves, that of F 2 approximately 1.5 times width of penultimate phalanx, that of F 1 barely wider than penultimate phalanx. Subarticular tubercles poorly developed, metacarpal tubercles not evident. Toes unwebbed, bearing discs, with terminal grooves on T 2 –T 5; relative lengths 4> 3> 5> 2> 1. Toe discs smaller than those of fingers (3 rdF/ 4 thT = 1.30); disc of fourth toe approximately 1.5 times as wide as penultimate phalanx (4 thT/SV = 0.036); disc of first toe approximately same width as penultimate phalanx. Subarticular and metatarsal tubercles not obvious. Hind legs rather short (TL/SV = 0.46). Dorsum and upper sides brown, lighter lower on sides, with few dark-brown flecks on head and shoulders; sides with numerous dark-brown blotches, larger and more rounded ventrally (Fig. 5). Front and rear of thighs brown with large dark-brown blotches. Posterior of face dark brown with few tiny tan flecks; snout tan with few dark-brown flecks (Fig. 5). Chin, throat, and chest dark brown with few tiny tan flecks, mostly near jaw margins; symphysis tan. Abdomen tan with dark-brown blotches and minutely stippled with black. Iris dark brown. Measurements (in mm). —SV = 15.7, TL = 7.3, HW = 6.8, IN = 1.3, EN = 1.4, SN = 2.1, EY = 2.4, 3 rdF = 0.73, 4 thT = 0.56. Etymology. The name is a masculine Latin adjective meaning “painted” and is in reference to the boldly blotched color pattern of the species. Range. Known only from the type locality in western New Guinea (Fig. 6). The coordinates are along the coast, and the entire peninsula is of low elevation, so presumably this species inhabits lowland rainforest.Published as part of Kraus, Fred, 2012, Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3559 on pages 10-12, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28291
Cophixalus albolineatus Kraus, 2012, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Cophixalus albolineatus</i>, sp. nov. <p>Fig. 8 B, 11</p> <p> <b>Holotype</b>. BPBM 18433 (field tag FK 8479), collected by F. Kraus at NW slope Mt. Shungol, 5.35 km NW of summit, 6.8188º S, 146.6933º E, 780 m, Morobe Province, Papua New Guinea, 21 October 2003.</p> <p> <b>Paratypes (n = 10)</b>. BPBM 18432, 18434–37, same data as holotype; BPBM 18429–30, NW slope Mt. Shungol, 5.6 km NW of summit, 6.8162º S, 146.6915º E, 750 m, 16 October; BPBM 18431, same data as 18429 except collected 20 October; BPBM 18438–39, same data as 18429 except collected 23 October.</p> <p> <b>Referred specimens.</b> BPBM 13445–49. Papua New Guinea: Morobe Province: Oomsis Forestry Camp, 6.6984º S, 146.8157º E, 500– 530 m.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> A species characterized by its unique combination of small size (male SV = 16.8–20.5 mm, female SV = 20.1–21.0 mm); finger discs smaller than toe discs (3rdF/4thT = 0.65–0.77); first finger of reduced size, but still elongate and functional, lacking a flattened disc and terminal groove; leg relatively long (TL/SV = 0.53–0.61); snout short and broad (EN/IN = 0.71–0.91); skin smooth; face and postocular area black with a white line extending from snout tip, along canthus, and above eye, and another white line extending from behind eye, through tympanum, and down forearm; rear of thighs dark brown; and relatively slow peeping call with a dominant frequency of 1900–2000 Hz.</p> <p> <b>Comparisons with other species.</b> <i>Cophixalus albolineatus</i> differs from all other members of the genus in having a conspicuous white line extending from the eye down the forearm; it also differs from all other Papuan <i>Cophixalus</i> except for <i>C. ateles</i>, <i>C. desticans</i>, <i>C. iovaorum</i>, <i>C. kethuk</i>, <i>C. pipilans</i>, <i>C. shellyi</i>, and <i>C. tomaiodactylus</i> in the combination of having the finger discs smaller than the toe discs and having a reduced, though functional, first finger that lacks an expanded disc or terminal groove. <i>Cophixalus bewaniensis</i>, <i>C. humicola</i>, and <i>C. tridactylus</i> also have finger discs smaller than toe discs and a reduced first finger, but in those species the first finger is miniaturized to a non-functional nub easily distinguished from the elongate, functional finger of <i>C. albolineatus</i>. From <i>C. ateles</i> and <i>C. tomaiodactylus</i>, <i>C. albolineatus</i> further differs in having a black face and a smooth dorsum (vs. pustulose or with dorsolateral row of pustules). <i>Cophixalus iovaorum</i> and <i>C. kethuk</i> further differ from the new species in having an hourglass pattern dorsally, marked by black dorsolateral lines. <i>Cophixalus iovaorum</i> also differs in its smaller size (SV = 13.2–17.2 mm) and shorter leg (TL/SV = 0.41–0.49), and <i>C. kethuk</i> has webbing between the toes, which is lacking in <i>C. albolineatus</i>. From <i>C. desticans</i>, the new species further differs in its larger size (male SV = 13.1–16.2 mm in <i>C. desticans</i>) and smooth skin (with dorsal ridges in <i>C. desticans</i>). <i>Cophixalus albolineatus</i> further differs from <i>C. pipilans</i> in lacking a dark postorbital bar, lacking a black dorsolateral line, and having a slower call with a lower dominant frequency (4900–5300 Hz in <i>C. pipilans</i>); it further differs from <i>C. shellyi</i> in its longer leg (TL/SV = 0.44–0.53 in <i>C. shellyi</i>) and having a much slower call with a lower dominant frequency (ca. 5200 Hz in <i>C. shellyi</i>).</p> <p> <b>Description of holotype</b>. An adult female with small right-lateral incision. Head rather wide (HW/SV = 0.41), with vertical, slightly concave loreal region; canthus rounded, straight when viewed from above (Fig. 11 A); nostrils directed laterally, closer to tip of snout than to eyes; internarial distance larger than distance from naris to eye (EN/IN = 0.77, IN/SV = 0.127, EN/SV = 0.098); snout projecting when viewed from the side (Fig. 11 B), shallowly angulate when viewed from above; eyes of moderate size (EY/SV = 0.12); eyelid slightly more than half width of interorbital distance; tympanum fairly large (TY/SV = 0.078), with a distinct annulus. Dorsal, lateral, and ventral surfaces smooth; supratympanic fold absent. Fingers without webbing; relative lengths 3>4>2>1. First finger small, with rounded tip but no expanded disc or circum-marginal groove; expanded discs and circummarginal grooves on remaining fingers (Fig. 11 C); third finger disc approximately twice width of penultimate phalanx (3rdF/SV = 0.049). Subarticular and metacarpal tubercles low and poorly developed but distinct. Toes without webbing or fringes, bearing discs with terminal grooves; relative lengths 4>3>5>2>1 (Fig. 11 D). Toe discs larger than those of fingers (3rdF/4thT = 0.74); disc of fourth toe more than twice width of penultimate phalanx (4thT/SV = 0.066); disc of first toe slightly broader than penultimate phalanx. Subarticular tubercles poorly developed; inner metatarsal tubercle low and elongate, outer lacking. Hind legs long (TL/SV = 0.57).</p> <p>In preservative, dorsum medium brown with few dark-brown spots; sides pale straw yellow with reticulum of brown; face, lower jaw, and tympanum dark brown with a postocular pale straw-yellow stripe extending from behind eye, through tympanum, and down forearm, subtended on forearm by field of dark brown. Palmar and plantar surfaces dark brown. Ventral surfaces pale straw yellow flecked with brown, flecking denser anteriorly and sparser on abdomen and under legs. Rear of thighs brown flecked with dark brown. Iris black.</p> <p> <i>Measurements (in mm).</i> —SV = 20.4, TL = 11.7, HW = 8.3, HL = 7.5, IN = 2.6, EN = 2.0, SN = 3.1, EY = 2.5, TY = 1.6, 3rdF = 1.00, 4thT = 1.35.</p> <p> <b>Variation.</b> Females average slightly larger than males (Table 7), and there is some indication that females may have larger discs than males, but sample sizes are insufficient to be certain of this point. Otherwise, mensural variation among the type series is rather slight. Color pattern varies slightly: three juveniles and one adult have a narrow light-tan vertebral line; two adults have more extensive dark-brown mottling dorsally than do the remaining specimens, and they have a dark-brown, backward-pointing triangle between the eyes. The width of the white postocular line varies from half to two-thirds the width of the tympanum. And the rear of the thighs varies from light brown distinctly blotched with dark brown to fairly uniformly dark brown.</p> <p> <b>Color in life.</b> From field notes for paratype BPBM 18429 (Fig. 8 B): “Dorsum brown, face and tympanic region black with a white stripe running from snout along canthus and upper eyelid to forearm insertion and down forearm. Chin to chest black, with few white flecks on chest; belly gray with few black and white flecks. Rear of thighs dark brown; tan line above anus. Iris dark brown rimmed with orange around pupil.”</p> <p> <b>Call.</b> This species calls primarily from 1–2 h before dark to 1–2 h after dark, with the frequency of calling decreasing noticeably after dark. It may call briefly during daytime, especially following rain.</p> <p>The call is a rapid series of 2–23 raspy chirps emitted at a rate of 0.32–0.95 notes/s (mean = 0.71 notes/s for six call series); calls range from 3–25 s in duration (Table 8). Each note is brief, with a mean duration of 0.100 s (range 0.076– 0.113 s). The interval between notes was considerably longer, averaging 1.265 s and ranging from 0.517– 4.702 s. There was little variation among individuals in note duration, but internote duration varied considerably (Table 8). Each note increases sharply to maximum amplitude and decreases at an accelerating rate, creating an approximately semi-lunar amplitude envelope (Figs. 12 A, 13A). The note has a well-developed harmonic structure and is frequency modulated, with a downward slur of approximately 200–300 Hz (Fig. 12 C). The dominant frequency of the calls varied within a very narrow window (Fig. 12 B), averaging 1972 Hz and ranging from 1911–2010 Hz.</p> <p>Specimen Call Temperature Number Call Note duration Internote Repetition Dominant</p> <p>series (˚C) of notes duration (s) (s) duration (s) rate (notes/s) frequency (kHz)</p> <p>BPBM a 22.5 17 18.6 0.094 ± 0.0013 1.043 ± 0.1138 0.92 1.95 ± 0.0027</p> <p>18432 (0.084–0.101) (0.525–1.992) (1.93–1.97) b “ 3 9.4 0.083 ± 0.0033 4.446 ± 0.2565 0.32 1.92 ± 0.0052 (0.078–0.089) (4.189–4.702) (1.91–1.93) c “ 2 3.6 0.084 ± 0.0075 3.302 0.55 1.92 ± 0.0005 (0.076–0.091) (1.92)</p> <p>BPBM a “ 23 25.1 0.103 ± 0.0008 1.029 ± 0.1821 0.92 1.98 ± 0.0022</p> <p> 18433 (0.097–0.110) (0.517–3.781) (1.96–2.01) b “ 12 20.0 0.099 ± 0.0012 1.730 ± 0.1498 0.60 1.98 ± 0.0017 (0.090–0.104) (0.916–2.532) (1.97–1.99) c “ 19 20.0 0.106 ± 0.0010 0.998 ± 0.1112 0.95 1.98 ± 0.0023 (0.099–0.113) (0.567–2.476) (1.96–2.00) <b>Etymology.</b> The trivial epithet is a Latin combinatorial adjective from “albus” for “white” and “linea” for “line”. It refers to the two distinctive white lines on the head and extending down the forearm in this species. <b>Range.</b> Known from the northwestern slope of Mt. Shungol, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, and from Oomsis, approximately 18 km to the NE (Fig. 2).</p> <p> <b>Ecological notes.</b> This species inhabits leaf litter, from which it begins calling in late afternoon, continuing for the first couple hours of dark. Habitat at the area of collection was medium-crowned lowland hill forest (Paijmans, 1975, 1976) with a canopy ~ 30 m high and emergents to ~ 50 m. Specimens were collected along the narrow (ca. 30–50 m-wide) valley bottom bounded by the Dunch River and adjacent steep hills. This valley bottom appeared to be a perched, rocky floodplain, had a series of tributary streams and braided rivulets crossing the area, and had a rich soil with a moderately dense understory, especially of urticaceous herbs.</p> <p>The smallest mature male is 16.0 mm SV; an immature male is 14.0 mm. The smallest mature female is 20.1 mm; one immature female is 14.8 mm.</p> <p> Syntopic microhylids include <i>Albericus exclamitans</i>, <i>Austrochaperina parkeri</i>, <i>Austrochaperina palmipes</i>, <i>Callulops personata</i>, <i>Cophixalus cheesmanae</i>, <i>Copiula fistulans</i>, <i>Hylophorbus</i> sp., <i>Mantophryne lateralis</i>, and <i>Oreophryne geislerorum</i>.</p> <p> <b>Remarks.</b> Specimens BPBM 13445–49 were erroneously identified many years ago as <i>Cophixalus pipilans</i> by R. Zweifel, author of that species; they have been catalogued under that name since that time. Identity between this older sample and the type series of <i>C. albolineatus</i> led me to apply the name <i>C. pipilans</i> to this latter sample for several years too. I subsequently used these specimens in diagnosing several new species of <i>Cophixalus</i> from <i>C. pipilans</i> (Kraus and Allison, 2009). Because the original identification was in error, those diagnoses vis-à-vis <i>C. pipilans</i> were also sometimes incorrect in particulars. The only newly described species in Kraus and Allison (2009) seriously affected by this error was <i>C. desticans</i>, which is actually more similar to true <i>C. pipilans</i> (subsequently collected by me and verified against the type series, see Appendix) than first presumed. Based on these specimens of <i>C. pipilans</i> and recordings I made for four animals, <i>C. desticans</i> may be correctly diagnosed from <i>C. pipilans</i> in having a dorsum with many parallel dermal ridges (dorsum smooth in <i>C. pipilans</i>), a broad dark lateral band (vs. a narrow lateral stripe or series of dashes in <i>C. pipilans</i>), rear of thighs brown (vs. dark orange in <i>C. pipilans</i>), and a slower advertisement call (0.4 notes/s in <i>C. desticans</i> vs. 1.5–2.0 notes/ in <i>C. pipilans</i>) with a higher dominant frequency (5900–6400 Hz in <i>C. desticans</i> vs. 4900–5300 Hz in <i>C. pipilans</i>) and a rounded waveform lacking a spike in amplitude (waveform with a sharp amplitude spike in the first 0.01 s of call in <i>C. pipilans</i>). None of the other species described by Kraus and Allison (2009) is liable to confusion with <i>C. pipilans</i>.</p>Published as part of <i>Kraus, Fred, 2012, Papuan frogs of the genus Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae): new synonyms, new species, and a dichotomous key, pp. 1-36 in Zootaxa 3559</i> on pages 19-23, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/282919">10.5281/zenodo.282919</a>
Siesta_MEG_and_Pupil
No full textData are published in:
Neurophysiology of effortful listening: Decoupling motivational modulation from task demands
F Kraus, B Ross, B Herrmann, J Obleser
bioRxiv
doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2024.03.27.58703
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Lepidodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the mountains of northeastern Papua New Guinea: older than the hills
No full textFIGURE 1. Portraits in life of (A) holotype of Lepidodactylus sacrolineatus sp. nov. (BPBM 34737), Adelbert Mts.; (B) paratype of L. magnus (MCZ 91588), Yandime; and (C) paratype of L. magnus (uncertain AMNH specimen), Ubaigubi. Photos (A) F. Kraus, (B) and (C) F. Parker.Published as part of Kraus, Fred & Oliver, Paul M., 2020, A new species of Lepidodactylus (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from the mountains of northeastern Papua New Guinea: older than the hills, pp. 549-561 in Zootaxa 4718 (4) on page 553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4718.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/360276
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