8,438 research outputs found
Heteropsis kremenae Lees, sp. nov.
No full textHeteropsis kremenae Lees, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:D 5567 C 45 - 4 EB 9 - 4 E 62 - 8 F 67 -ABF 2 C 4008 F 4 E Prior references: sp. 14 A (Lees 1997, Torres et al., 2001: 462). Type material., Deposition BMNH: Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 13 A), Madagascar NE, Ambavaony R. [= Ambanivony R.], R. Onive (Ankavanana), E Masoala, 250 m, 15.282 o S, 50.288 o E +/- 0.1 km, 250 +/- 50 m, 28 / 11 / 1993, D.C. Lees: DL 93 -0021, NHMUK 010289135 [QTR barcode]. Paratypes: Deposition BMNH: ♂, Madagascar NE, Ambavaony R., E. Masoala, 125 m, 15.279 o S, 50.288 o E +/- 0.12 km, 125 m, 27 / 11 / 1993, H. Raharitsimba: DL 93 -0004, NHMUK 010289136 [QTR barcode]; ♀, data as above but: DL 93 -0005, fruit trap 14 LO, disturbed forest, NHMUK 010289137 [QTR barcode]; ♂, NE, Ambavaony R., E. Masoala, 280 m, 15.282 o S, 50.288 o E +/- 0.1 km, 280 +/- 50 m, 28 / 11 / 1993 13: 46, riparian streamside, shade rainforest, D. C. Lees: DL 93 -0022, NHMUK 010289138 [QTR barcode]; ♀ (Fig. 13 B), NE, Masoala Peninsula, Manosona, 45 m. slope, 15.784 o S, 50.2164 o E +/- 0.15 km, 45 m, 28 / 1 / 1994, D.C. Lees: DL 94 -0004, E 105 [egg voucher], W 7 L 1-45 M 1 LO [fruit trap], NHMUK 010289139 [QTR barcode]; ♀, NE, Ambavaony R., E Masoala, " 200 m. ", 15.282 o S, 50.288 o E +/- 0.1 km, 200 +/- 50 m, 28 / 11 / 1993; D.C. Lees: DL 93 -0009 [DNA voucher], E 4 [egg voucher: “ 3 greenish eggs expressed 29 / 11 ”], NHMUK 010289140 [QTR barcode]; ♂ (Fig. 15 A), NE, Masoala E, Ambanivony [=Ambavaony], 15.288 o S, 50.288 o E +/- 0.5 km, 50 +/- 25 m, site W 2 -L1, 50 m, riparian, fruit trap 2 lo, 26 / 11 / 1993, D.C. Lees: 19 DL [genitalia], NHMUK 010289183 [QTR barcode]; ♀, NE, Antsamanarana R., Masoala E., 15.295 o S, 50.227 o E +/- 0.15 km, 275 m, 11 / 12 / 1993, H. Raharitsimba: CK 93 -0020; NHMUK 010289184 [QTR barcode]. Deposition MNHN: ♂, NE, Ambavaony R., E. Masoala, ca, 100 m, disturbed streamside, 15.279 o S, 50.288 o E +/- 0.12 km, 180 +/- 75 m, 28 / 11 / 1993, C. Kremen: DL 93 -0007; ♂, NE, Antsamanarana R., Masoala E., "~ 50 m, Piste C", 15.307 o S, 50.233 o E +/- 0.1 km, 115 +/- 75 m, 11 / 12 / 1993; D.C. Lees: DL 93 -0008; ♀, NE, Antafononana lower Anaovandrano R., W 7 -L 2, Masoala E., 15.7458 o S, 50.1858 o E +/- 0.15 km, 40 m, H. Raharitsimba: DL 94 - 0 0 0 3, W 7 L 2-40 M 2 LO [fruit trap], IA 600 [isotope voucher]; Deposition ABRI: ♂, NE, Ambery R., Masoala E., 15.3716 o S, 50.4263 o E +/- 0.98 km, 26 m, 22 / 12 / 1994, D.C. Lees: DL 93 -0006; ♀, NE, Masoala PN, W 7 L 2, Antafonona, 40 m, fruit trap 1 Hi, riparian, 15.738 o S, 50.182 o E +/- 1.85 km, 185 +/- 145 m, 17 / 1 / 1994, H. Raharitsimba: DL 94 -0002. Deposition summary: BMNH (HT ♂, 3 PT ♂♂, 3 PT ♀♀); MNHN (2 PT ♂♂, PT ♀); ABRI (PT ♂, PT ♀). Type locality. Madagascar NE, Ambavaony R., R. Onive, E Masoala, 250 m, 15.282 o S, 50.288 o E +/- 0.1 km. Diagnosis. Apparently most similar to Ht. pauper, from which it differs by rounder wings especially in FW wingshape (as in Ht. subsimilis and Ht. avaratra sp. nov.), and more generally by a larger space-CuA 1 HWD ocellus and more contrasting orange and yellow banding/shading on the underside, as well as a more consistently orange FWV ‘shoulder’ at the base of the costa). ♂♂ can be distinguished by HWD Spdb tending to be blackish (whitish in Ht. pauper). Description. Wings: Dorsal wing surface uniform mid-brown, FWD space-CuA 1 ocellus with black iris at least spanning veins CuA 1 -CuA 2, light orange ring narrow to wide and sub-hexagonal, sometimes compressed along diagonal from tergal angle to mid costa. FWD space-M 1 ocellus very small, with narrow pale orange ring. HWD ocellus is the only one expressed there and fairly round with fairly narrow pale orange ring and spanning about 2 / 3 of vein CuA 1 -CuA 2, on FWV space-CuA 1 ocellus similarly expressed to FWD but with wider ring that is pale orange with yellow area proximad marking the tapering arm of a spiral that closely hugs the concave brown Mb before it bends back to mid costa. On HWV, space- 1 A ocellus much more strongly expressed than on HWD and sub-elliptic, black iris spanning most of vein CuA 1 -CuA 2 and with a concentric yellow ring that spans the whole space-CuA 1. Space-Rs ocellus is on HWV very reduced in HT. HWV Mb irregular but not jagged, russet and darker towards its distad margin, convex to intersection with vein M 2 and then fairly straight to mid space- CuA 2 and angled back to 1 A. Yellow-ochreous highlighting distad of Mb. Russet colouring shadows Mb proximad to PMb and within this area, the background grades from rich orange to ochreous (this variegation of orange and yellowish is a good field character for the species) towards base and there is quite strong irroration with russetbrown. A diffuse wavy grey-brown line follows margin in both wings and the Sml is distinct and dark brown, hugging closely the margin, which is particularly crenate in the HW (more so than any other of the Ht. subsimilis group). Distad of the yellowish highlighting beyond the Mb, yellowish background is interspersed with grey-brown irroration. In the FWV cell, the four russet brown, slightly convex arcs/lines delineate two more yellowish Cbs for the two outermost pairs of arcs. The basal half of the FWV costa (‘shoulder’) that is bisected by darker strigulae is strongly tinted with orange, as less prominently shown in most specimens of Ht. pauper. Variation. Sexes similar in upperside and underside colouration but ♀ larger. In ♀ HWV especially, two ocelli may be expressed in space- CuA 2, often as white spots. HWV space-Rs ocellus sometimes expressed, even when small, with elliptic black iris and narrow yellow ring. Wingspan/fwl: range 31.0– 33.9 /17.0– 18.6 mm (♂♂, n= 5), mean = 33.2 +/- 2.1 SD/ 17.8 +/- 0.8 SD mm (n= 3 ♂♂), including HT ♂ 33.9 / 18.6 mm; range 33.8–37.5 / 18.1–20.7 mm (♀♀, n= 6); mean = 35.9 +/- 1.4 SD/ 19.2 +/- 1.1 SD mm (n= 3 ♀♀). Androconia: Sdb HWD compact, dark brown to blackish, Sdp HWD fat lenticular, black, CuA 2 inflated vein narrowly swollen to about 2 /3, 1A+ 2 A vein also inflated. The degree of HW inflation may be variable, but these veins do not exhibit discrete ‘balloons’ (swellings); Lees (1997: 96) showed for one specimen that the veins that were significantly inflated along their length comprised only M 3 for the medial system. Palps: penultimate segment on outside face light creamy white towards compound eye, blackish away from eye with light coloured scales within this border; fringed with dark brown where not contacting eye. Face away from eye whitish ochreous. ♂ genitalia: 19 DL, PT (Fig. 15 A); Lees (1997: 106, Fig. 7 f; “ 14 A”): from LV: miniaturised, about 1.7 mm long and with configuration typical of the Ht. subsimilis group; there is no really obvious difference in shapes of the genitalic components from other members (Lees (1997: 106) and the description below might apply to almost any of the group. From LV, the valve bases are rather symmetrically-‘skittle’-shaped (Lees 1997). Uncus is slightly longer than tegumen and quite inflated dorsoventrally before the slightly pointed downturned tip (inflated before tip from the DV). Gnathos tapered from small base, fairly straight, not sinuate from the SV. Valve with prominent rounded dorsal shoulder, valve arm tapering to distinct ‘beak’ that points to uncus base with limited serration and not much indication of a club at valve end (tip strongly incurved from the SV). Saccus relatively small, slightly bulbous, juxta not very prominent proximad. Aedeagus about 1 / 5 longer than valve, moderately stout and recurved distad of ostium. Etymology. After Claire Kremen, who worked tirelessly for the creation of the Masoala National Park, that was created in 1994. Discussion. No historical museum material has been found and this species was first recognized in the field in 1993 in the survey of what is now Masoala National Park (Lees, 1997: 64). Kremen et al., (2001: 412) considered it a potential endemic there, but it has since been discovered to be more widespread among the remaining northeastern lowland rainforests. All available types in the Ht. subsimilis group were examined, from which it differs. Concerning Culapa pauper Oberthür, 1916 with over 300 STs, a ♂ LT is here designated: BMNH (E) # 674888; Madagascar Antsianaka Perrot Freres 2 e Semestre 1890, which was illustrated by Oberthür, 1916 (Pl. 367: f. 3066); the PLTs then include the ♀ BMNH (E) # 674889, also illustrated in Oberthür, 1916 (Pl. 367: f. 3067). The STs of Culapa comorana Oberthür, 1916 were also examined (LT ♂, here designated, that illustrated by Oberthür, 1916: Pl. 367, f. 3061). The HT ♂ of Pseudonympha subsimilis Butler, 1879 (BMNH (E) # 674882) was examined (Fig. 14 A), with which species Culapa undulata Oberthür, 1916 (a taxon that d’Abrera 1980: 185 was unable to locate) has been synonymised (Lees et al., 2003) (LT ♂, here designated, Fig. 14 C, bearing labels “ Lectotype | Madagascar Antsianaka Perrot Freres 2 e Semestre 1890 | Culapa undulata Obthr. ♂ type |[copy of f. 3064]|P.E.L. Viette det. 1968 Culapa undulata Ch. Obthr. ♂ LECTOTYPE |supposed “ Type ” (syntype) of Culapa undulata Oberthür ”| BMNH (E) # 674883; Oberthür specified as STs 190 other ♂♂ (including BMNH (E) # 674885) and 58 ♀♀ (including BMNH (E) # 674884, Fig. 14 B, illustrated in Oberthür 1916: P. 367, f. 3065 and BMNH (E) # 674886), which are then automatically PLTs of Culapa undulata). Additional information. DNA divergences: cluster number BOLD:ACW 4937 (exemplar BMAD 249 - 15, Marojejy), diverges by 5.47 % from that of H. avaratra (cluster number BOLD:AAD0195, exemplar BMAD 016- 09) and by about 5.5 % from that of H. subsimilis (cluster number BOLD:AAB 4493). In the Torres et al., (2001) dataset, a COII sequence for Ht. kremenae (their “ Hen. sp. 14 A”) from Masoala is 7.03 % pairwise divergent to Ht. avaratra from Montagne d’Ambre (AY 040161 compared to AY 040146 based on single individuals respectively, 398 bp comparable) and 8.14 % pairwise divergent to Ht. subsimilis from Ranomafana National Park (AY 040145), whereas 8.83 % pairwise divergent to Ht. pauper from that site (AY 040133, 414 bp compared). Meanwhile, Ht. avaratra and Ht. subsimilis are more obviously closely related according to COII data (5.27 % pairwise divergent) and share privately at least four SNPs not found elsewhere in the Ht. s ubsimilis group. Note that in the Torres et al., dataset, “ Henotesia 14 ” (AY 040181, cytochrome b) from Masoala is apparently synonymous with Ht. subsimilis (AY 040192), with only 1 bp difference. A similar situation seems to pertain to their grouping of (‘ Hen. sp. 23 ’ + ‘ Hen. sp. 30 ’ [representing opposite sexes of Ht. pauper from Ankazomivady] + Ht. pauper from Ranomafana + “ Hen. sp. 7 ” from Masoala), the latter ‘morphospecies’ exhibiting only 3 bp difference from the first three (COII); see also the COI phylogeography of Ht. pauper in Linares et al., (2009: 488–489). Phylogeny/sister species: Ht. kremenae is likely most closely related to Ht. subsimilis and Ht. avaratra. Lees (1997) did not resolve the position of Ht. kremenae ‘FRTNA’] within the Ht. subsimilis group. The two-gene study of Linares et al., (2009) did not include this species and its exact position was not clear in Aduse-Poku et al., (2016, in press). Ecology and distribution. Habitat: Primary rainforest, preferring riparian areas. Behaviour: flies among low grasses, liking the slopes above streams and rivers. Hostplant: not reared, but presumably low forest grasses. One was caught though in a canopy fruit trap in Marojejy (K. Aduse-Poku, pers. comm.). Early stages: expressed eggs were greenish. Distribution: endemic to lowland rainforest in the northeast of the rainforest belt and Masoala Peninsula (Fig. 30 B, dark blue dots), with a preference for riparian areas. Elevational range: 10–675 m (n= 86, including referred specimens and observations). Referred specimens. ♂, NE, Marojejy PN, riparian forest near camp 1, 14.4377 o S, 49.7756 o E +/- 0.5 km, 420 +/- 50 m, 20 / 11 / 2006: 16:06, D.C. Lees: DL 06- 454; ♂, NE, Marojejy PN, camp 1, riparian forest, 450 m, 14.4377 o S, 49.7756 o E +/- 0.5 km, 450 +/- 50 m, 21 / 11 / 2006: 15: 54, D.C. Lees: DL 06- 485; ♂, data as above but: 21 / 11 /2006, 15: 54, D.C. Lees: DL 06- 484; ♂, NE, Marojejy PN, 1 km d'entrée, 14.4548 o S, 49.792 o E +/- 0.5 km, 258 +/- 50 m, 22 / 11 / 2006: 09: 51, D.C. Lees: DL 06- 510; ♂, NE, Marojejy, 650 m, 24 / 1 / 2014: 11: 37, D.C.Lees: DL 14 M-0037, IA 528 [isotope voucher]; CCDB-02230-E 11 [DNA barcode voucher]; ♀, NE, Marojejy, 700 m, 24 / 1 / 2014: 11: 21, D.C.Lees: DL 14 M-0035, IA 532 [isotope voucher]; ♂, NE, Sahantaha, Makira, 15.2337 o S, 49.5311 o E +/- 0.15 km, 500 +/- 130 m, 29 / 1 / 2003, D.C. Lees: BMNH (E) # 697172 [DNA voucher]; ♀, NE, Andreketa near 17 B 364 steep rainforest with lots of “Tsongolovo” 15.2642 o S, 49.5479 o E +/- 0.75 km, 364 +/- 25 m,? 17 / 1 / 2003, BMNH (E) # 672340 [DNA voucher, cytochrome b]; ♀, data as above but: 17 / 1 / 2003, D.C. Lees, BMNH (E) # 672434 [DNA voucher]; ♀, NE, Andreketa, 15.2642 o S, 49.5479 o E +/- 0.75 km, 375 +/- 25 m, 17 / 1 / 2003, D.C. Lees: BMNH (E) # 697950 [DNA voucher]; specimen, NE, Ambodivoangy forest, 15.29 o S, 49.62 o E +/- 1 km, 50 +/- 25 m, 4 / 12 / 2001; ♂, NE, Ankirindro, 15.2904 o S, 49.5474 o E +/- 0.25 km, 636 +/- 25 m, 16 / 1 / 2003; D.C. Lees: BMNH (E) # 697302 [DNA voucher]; ♀, NE, Antsamanarana R., Masoala E., 275 m, 15.295 o S, 50.227 o E +/- 0.15 km, 275 m, 11 / 12 / 1993, H. Raharitsimba: TR 89; ♂, NE, Antsamanarana R., Masoala E., 50 m, 15.307 o S, 50.233 o E +/- 0.1 km, 50 m, 12 / 12 / 1993; H. Raharitsimba: TR 93; ♂, NE, Vohitaly, 15.4377 o S, 49.5344 o E +/- 0.15 km, 28 / 12 /2002, 15: 15, D.C. Lees; ♂, NE, Vohitaly, Makira, 15.4379 o S, 49.5344 o E +/- 0.15 km, 25 / 12 / 2002, D.C. Lees: DL-SF 3, KA 552 [=KA-P 552, DNA extract number]; ♂, NE, Ambatoavy, Masoala, 630 m, 15.658 o S, 50 o E +/- 1.26 km, 630 m, 14 / 2 / 1993, D.C. Lees: H 14-14293 - 1; ♀, NE, Ambavaony R., E Masoala, 125 m, 15.279 o S, 50.288 o E +/- 0.12 km, 125 m, 30 / 12 / 1993; C. Kremen: E 15 [egg voucher], DNA DCL 32 [DNA voucher]; ♀, NE, Iketry [Iketra], lower Anaovandrano R., W 7 -L 2, Masoala E., 15.7458 o S, 50.1858 o E +/- 0.15 km, 40 m, 16 / 1 / 1994, D.C. Lees, W 7 L 2-40 M 2 LO [fruit trap]; ♀, NE, Masoala, 15 / 1 / 1994, WG 2 [wing voucher], IA 33 [isotope voucher]; ♀, NE, Masoala, 16 / 1 / 1994, IA 36 [isotope voucher]; ♂, NE, Masoala, 50 m, 12 / 12 / 1993, H. Raharitsimba, WG 6, [wing image], IA 39 [isotope voucher]; ♂, NE, Masoala, 26 / 11 / 1993, H. Raharitsimba: TR 47, IA 47 [isotope voucher]; ♂, NE, Ivontaka R. camp, between Ivontaka N and S. reserves, ca. 90 m, 16.294 o S, 49.81 o E +/- 0.7 km, 90 +/- 25 m, 3 / 2 / 1995; D.C. Lees: DL 95 -0003A, H 14 A 3295 - 1 [leg sample]; specimen, NE, Ivontaka R., ~ 120 m, 16.294 o S, 49.81 o E +/- 1.5 km, 120 +/- 25 m, 5 / 2 / 1995; D.C. Lees: DL 95 -0002A; ♂, NE, Ivontaka R., path to Marokoto, border of river, ca. 100–360 m, 16.297 o S, 49.785 o E +/- 2 km, 230 +/- 130 m, 3 / 2 / 1995, 11: 46 – 16: 10, D.C. Lees: H 14 A 3295 - 2 [leg sample], IA 601 [isotope voucher]; ♀, NE, Ivontaka Sud, 16.294 o S, 49.81 o E, 90 m, 2 / 1995, D.C. Lees, IA 338 [isotope voucher]; ♀, NE, Ivontaka Sud, path to Marokoto, 16.297 o S, 49.785 o E +/- 2 km, 230 +/- 130 m, 3 / 2 / 1995, D.C. Lees: H 14 A 3296 - 2, IA 339 [isotope voucher].Published as part of C, Lees David, 2016, Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision, pp. 1-97 in Zootaxa 4118 (1) on pages 46-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4118.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26459
Modificacions de les Propietats Fisicoquímiques de les "Lies" de Segona Fermentació durant la Criança del Cava
No full text[cat] Els caves són vins escumosos que es distingeixen per la seva criança particular en contacte amb els llevats de la segona fermentació per un període no inferior a 9 mesos. Com més es perllonga la criança, se suposa una millor qualitat del vi. Així, la categoria “Gran Reserva” implica com a mínim 30 mesos d’envelliment en rima. Tanmateix, encara no s'han esclarit els mecanismes que involucren l’autòlisi amb la qualitat organolèptica dels vins escumosos.
En aquest treball s’ha proposat identificar possibles mecanismes que expliquin la relació entre la criança del vi escumós en contacte amb les lies i el temps d’envelliment. Per fer-ho, s'han avaluat els canvis a les propietats fisicoquímiques de les lies atenent a les seves modificacions ultraestructurals al llarg de la criança i s'ha estudiat la capacitat de les lies per retenir compostos volàtils que participen en l’aroma del vi, així com la seva possible intervenció en la protecció del vi enfront de l’oxidació.
Les propietats fisicoquímiques de les lies estudiades han estat: hidrofobicitat, capacitat electródonador i electró-receptor i potencial “Xi”; les quals varien amb el període de criança del cava. A més, aquests canvis s'han relacionat amb les modificacions morfològiques de les cèl•lules.
Així, les lies de segona fermentació pateixen profunds canvis a la seva ultraestructura al llarg de la rima, els quals impliquen a tots els orgànuls cel•lulars. Es desestructura profundament el citoplasma i desapareixen els orgànuls. La membrana plasmàtica es trenca, augmenta l’espai periplasmàtic i la paret perd progressivament la part amorfa de la seva estructura, relacionada amb el glucà, i exposa la capa fribril•lar interna, relacionada amb les mannoproteïnes. A més, sembla que el vi on es duu a terme la segona fermentació no influeix en la cinètica de degradació del llevat.
Pel que fa a la hidrofobicitat de les cèl•lules de llevats, disminueix amb el temps de rima, i aquesta propietat està relacionada amb el seu caràcter electró-donador i amb l’increment de potencial “Xi” i del caràcter electró-receptor. La davallada de la capacitat per flocular de les lies de segona fermentació sembla ésser deguda a les proteïnes de superfície i estar correlacionada amb la pèrdua de la hidrofobicitat.
Finalment, les lies en contacte amb el vi retenen compostos volàtils que participen a l’aroma del cava. La desestructuració de la paret cel•lular modificarà els compostos volàtils retinguts així com aquells que es remouran durant el procés de degollament del cava. D'altra banda la superfície de les cèl•lules també ha mostrat tenir una capacitat antioxidant similar a la de fruites i vegetals, després d’ésser analitzades mitjançant els mètodes de FRAP i DPPH. Aquesta capacitat es redueix amb el temps de rima. Els polifenols retinguts semblen ésser els majors contribuïdors al poder reductor de les lies, seguits dels tiols i, finalment, dels mannans i glucans.[eng] Aging on lees after second fermentation is a fundamental stage in the production of some high quality sparkling wines by the traditional method, and it results in an increase in product richness and roundness. During this ageing, lees interact with the wine and undergo important modifications to their structure, due to the self-degradation process known as autolysis.
Cell wall biochemical components confer physicochemical surface properties that enable yeasts and lees to interact among them and with other compounds. These interactions are mainly referred to lees sorptive properties toward organic compounds, to the protective effect of lees toward wine oxidation, and to their flocculation capacity.
Yeast lees have shown the capacity to interact with wine organic compounds such as volatiles and polyphenols. The sorption capacity of yeast surface seems to be related to both chemical properties of the sorbed substances and cell surface characteristics. These sorptive phenomena are thought to influence the chemical composition of wines during their ageing on lees.
The phenomena related with the antioxidant properties of yeast cells is other feature with relevance in wine technology. Lees’ antioxidant properties could be attributed to three main mechanisms: The action of enzymes and biomolecules released during autolysis, the effects of membrane lipids and by means of elements in cell wall (constitutional or retained during aging).
Finally, Flocculation capacity is especially important in the production of sparkling wine by the méthode champenoise, in which the yeast cells can only be removed from the bottle by being settled. The flocculation seems to be related with the presence of flocculins (surface proteins), calcium and mannose. Moreover, the behaviour of cells seems strongly conditioned by their cell surface physicochemical properties. The changes in lees wall structure caused by the autolytic process during sparkling wine ageing could induce relevant modifications in the cell surface structure and physicochemical characteristics and thus in the above mentioned lees properties
Heteropsis tianae Lees & Kremen, sp. nov.
No full textHeteropsis tianae Lees & Kremen, sp. nov. LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E 6864 E 90 -B 8 CF- 4 E 5 F- 99 C 4 -AC 879 E 6 F 70 A Prior references: sp. 49, 69 (Lees, 1997: Torres et al., 2001: 462). Type material., Deposition BMNH: Holotype: ♂ (Fig. 24 A), Madagascar C, Amboasary-an-ala, Tsaracamp Boogie Pilgrim, Anjozorobe, 18.45 o S, 47.95 o E +/- 2.45 km, 1375 +/- 75 m, 2 / 3 / 2004, D.C. Lees: DL- 4-182, NHMUK 010289158 [QTR barcode]. Paratypes: Deposition BMNH: ♂ ( Fig. 25 A), Madagascar C, Anjozorobe 1400 m, 12 / 11 / 1994, C. Kremen, 228 DL [genitalia], NHMUK 010289191 [QTR barcode]; ♀ (Fig. 24 B), Madagascar C, Amboasary-an-ala, Vanjamanitra-Vazimba forest, Anjozorobe; towards start of Vanjamanitra trail, 18.4368 o S, 47.9469 o E +/- 0.25 km, 1316 +/- 5 m 3 / 3 / 2004: later PM, 1 egg expressed 4 / 3 /04; D.C. Lees: DL- 4-360; CCDB-02225-F09, BMAD 069- 0 9, HM 404245 [DNA barcode voucher], BMNH (E) # 676763 [DNA voucher; cytochrome b], IA 85 [isotope voucher]; ♂, C, Amboasary-an-ala, Tsaracamp Boogie Pilgrim, Anjozorobe, 12–14 m canopy forest, flat summit, 18.4497 o S, 47.9404 o E +/- 0.15 km, 1320 +/- 50 m, 2 / 3 / 2004: 09: 27, D.C. Lees: DL- 4-169, 561 [= DL 0561; DNA extract number], BMNH (E) # 671926, IA 122 [isotope voucher]; 2 ♀♀ [BMNH], “Andrangalooka Forest, Madagascar ” [=Andrangoloaka, E. Lac Mantasoa], BMNH (E) # 674766 (Godman-Salvin Coll.; Fig. 24 C) and BMNH (E) # 674767; Deposition MNHN: ♂ [MNHN], Madagascar Centre 8 km S.E. d’Anjozorobe forêt de Vanjamanitra 1380 m 20 / 23 -X- 1966 P. Griveaud, J. Vadon et P. Viette|DCL-DB- 4471; Deposition ABRI: ♂, Madagascar C, Anjozorobe, 18.413 o S, 47.946 o E +/- 0.02 km, 1310 +/- 50 m, 22 / 10 / 2014, D.C. Lees: DL 14 Z-066. Deposition summary: BMNH (HT ♂, 2 PT ♂♂, 3 PT ♀♀), MNHN (PT ♂), ABRI (PT ♂). Type locality. Madagascar C, Amboasary-an-ala, vic. Anjozorobe, 18.45 o S, 47.95 o E +/- 2.45 km, 1375 +/- 75 m. Diagnosis. Heteropsis oberthueri, described below, is hard to distinguish from Ht. tianae except by ♂ genitalia (the gnathos is more flattened at the base than in that species) and by mitochondrial DNA sequence (DNA barcode highly distinct from ‘sp. 28 ’ to be treated in a subsequent paper, and from Ht. turbans (Oberthür, 1916); see under DNA divergences). On average, the HWV Mb of Ht. tianae is slightly more outdented near space-M 2 (Fig. 24 A– C), and the HWV tends to have the space-CuA 2 ocellus expressed as small black-ringed ocellus. However, Ht. oberthueri (Fig. 24 D–E, Fig. 26 A) can be distinguished from the sympatric Ht. andasibe by the distinctly more outangled HWV Mb of that species (Fig. 22 C; Fig. 26 B). In the Angavo massif, I observed the last species to prefer habitat only a few metres from the forest margin. The ventrally very similar Ht. roussettae usually has a smoother outcurve to the HWV Mb at space-M 2 and strong tendency to expression of a small ocellus in space-M 3 on the HWD (Fig. 22 AB). Description. Wings: upperside uniform mid brown, FW space-CuA 1 ocellus with an orange ocellus ‘ring’ which is sometimes rather hexagonal in shape and eccentric, being wider at proximad edge. FW space-M 1 ocellus small with narrow orange ring. HW space-CuA 1 ocellus the only one expressed there and somewhat elliptic. Darkish brown diffuse, slightly wavy hair-brush emanating mainly from below vein 1 A+ 2 A as far as mid-vein. Underside greyish brown, rather more uniform and less strongly irrorated than in many Heteropsis, rather uniformly irrorated brown and ochreous brown. Space-CuA 1 ocellus FWV with orange ring yellowing proximad, this Ore following the darkish brown concave curve of the Mb before it bends back to mid-costa. Space-M 1 ocellus FWV reduced to white pupil with narrow black iris without trace of orange ring. On HWV, space-CuA 1 ocellus slightly elliptic with narrow black iris and small also, without orange ring trace. HWV space-M 1 -M 2 ocelli as white ‘pupil’ points. HWV Mb darkish brown and fairly straight, only gently curving. FWV cell area with four darker brown rather equally spaced transverse Cbs. Basal areas are not much darker than areas distad of the Mb, and a darker brown PMb is weakly represented. Variation. ♂♂ similar to each other, but seasonal variation has not been quantified. HWV Mb sometimes with a yellow Mf distad of it in space-M 2. HWV space-CuA 2 ocellus may be slightly expressed as small white pupil with elliptic black iris. ♀♀ similar in pattern, but larger and somewhat lighter dorsally with a more rounded HW shape. Wingspan/fwl: range 34.7–40.2 / 18.1–20.4 mm (n= 3 ♂♂), including HT ♂: 34.7 / 18.56 mm; mean 37.0 +/- 2.1 SD/ 19.4 +/- 1.0 SD mm (n= 5 ♂♂). Range 35.2 –41.0/ 18.3–22.1 mm; mean 38.2 +/- 3.3 SD/ 20.4 +/- 1.7 SD mm (n= 5 ♀♀). Androconia: both 1 A+ 2 A and 3 A have a tapered ‘balloon-like’ inflation, more swollen distad, from base to mid-vein, covered in thin grey-brown scales (Lees 1997: 96, Fig. 3 A: sp. 49). HW veins M 2, M 3, CuA 1 and CuA 2 are also narrowly inflated throughout their lengths and have specialized scales on the dorsal surface (Lees 1997: 96, Fig. 3 A). Abdominal black androconia indistinctly visible ventro-laterally around A 2. HWD discocellular brush fawn to yellowish/blonde at tip. Discocellular patch hwd (orange, small, lenticular, composed of narrow yellow scales) (observations on MAD 239–242, MAD 244; Anjozorobe, n= 5). Palps: penultimate segment with narrow brown medial strip, flanked by yellow and fringed by dark brown scales, with yellow scales mainly on mesad face. ♂ genitalia: 228 DL, PT (Fig. 25 A): from LV, uncus slightly proud of dorsal curve of tegumen and longer than it, fairly straight and parallel-sided to hook without a distinct ‘head’ although slightly broadened ventrally towards tip (evident from the SV), and tegumen fairly narrow at hinge with vinculum; tegumen viewed laterally less tapered ventrad than many species. Valve arm with fairly short neck (distinctly recurved and bowed inwards from the SV) and slight club at tip covered in spinoid setae, with distinct ‘beak’ oriented towards uncus and slightly mesad, uncus tip distinctly proud of valves. Gnathos from rather small base with distinct flattening, more so than in Ht. oberthueri (although not with ear-like structure) near base, recurved downwards at tapered tip (and inwards from the SV) with slight serration on dorsal surface. Saccus moderate length and parallel sided, aedeagus slightly shorter than valve and strongly recurved twice, towards and away from the also proximally uprecurved ostium. Etymology. Etymology. After ‘Tiana’ Raharitsimba (= Heritiana Rahagalala), who found some of the first modern exemplars of this species at Anjozorobe. Discussion. Historical specimens, one from Andrangoloaka forest in the Angavo massif, probably late 19 th Century, a bit south of the type locality near Lac. Mantasoa (♀) and two ♀ (“ Madagascar ”) were found in BMNH, but the species was subsequently found in the field in Anjozorobe forest from 1994 by C. Kremen and coworkers where it was called “sp. 69 ” (Lees, 1997: 65), and in MNHN from 1966 collection. STs of the similar species Culapa antsianakana Oberthür, 1916 and of C. anceps Oberthür, 1916 (LT ♂♂ designated above under Ht. roussettae; see Fig. 22 C–D) were examined and are clearly different, along with Ht. oberthueri, described below. Additional information. DNA divergences: COI- 5 P cluster number BOLD:AAE 4112 (exemplar BMAD 200 - 15, DL 14 Z-051) is about 2.58 % divergent to Ht. oberthueri (cluster number BOLD:ACW 4996, exemplar BMAD 242 - 15, DL 06- 11, RNI Zahamena) and about 4.17 % divergent from ‘sp. 28 ’ (BOLD:AAE 5458), which is not likely to be the sister species. In their dataset for COII (Torres et al., 2001), Ht. tianae (as their “ Hen. sp. 49 ”, AY 040160, based on a ♂ from Anjozorobe, 1400 m.; see correction below) is considerably less pairwise divergent (4.76 %), however, to Ht. turbans (AY 040130, based on 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀ from Ranomafana National Park; which has COI- 5 P cluster number BOLD: ACD 8579). Phylogeny/sister species: probably Ht. oberthueri based on the close relationship of the COI- 5 P barcode (confirmed by Aduse-Poku et al., 2016, in press). In their cladistic analysis of COII sequences, Torres et al., (2001: 467) suggested a topological relationship of Ht. tianae (sp. 49) with Ht. ankova but that was not supported (Torres et al., 2001: 466). Ecology and distribution. Habitat: montane rainforest. Behaviour: both sexes come readily to fruit bait. Flies in substratum of forest. Hostplant: unknown, presumed to be grasses. Early stages: unknown. Distribution: endemic to the Angavo massif, including Anjozorobe and Andrangoloaka, as far as is known (Fig. 30 C, dark pink dots). Due to a formatting error, the locality was incorrectly given in Table 1 of Torres et al., 2001 as “Anjanaharibe Sud” instead of the line below, “Anjozorobe 1400 m.” Elevational range: 1320–1375 m. (n= 27 including referred specimens and observations). Referred specimens. ♂ [MNHN], Madagascar Centre, forêt a l’Est du lac de Mantasoa, Andrangoloaka, 27 -II/ 6 -III- 1970 1389 m, P. Griveaud|DCL-DB- 2240; 2 ♂♂ [MNHN], data as above but: DCL-DB- 4469, DCL-DB- 4470; ♂ [BMNH; probably referable to Ht. tianae], Madagascar, Crowley bequest 1901 - 78 Rcvd as Mycalesis iboina Ward F.A.H. | 246 DL [genitalia]; 4 ♂♂, 4 ♀♀, Anjozorobe, 1380 m. [18.4084 o S, 47.9377 o E +/- 1.5 km], 4 / 12 / 1994, C. Kremen; ♂, Anjozorobe, “volo” circuit, 18.413 o S, 47.946 o E +/- 0.02 km, 1310 +/- 50 m, 22 / 10 / 2014 13: 51; D.C. Lees: DL 14 Z-051, BMAD 200 - 15 [DNA barcode voucher]; ♀, C, Anjozorobe, 1400 m, 18.4084 o S, 47.9377 o E +/- 1 km, 1400 +/- 100 m, 11 / 12 / 1994; D.C. Lees: DL 94 -0003A, BMNH (E) # 672411 [DNA voucher]; ♀, same data but 14 / 12 / 1994; C. Kremen: CK 753, IA 211 [isotope voucher]; ♀, same data but 138 m 14 / 12 / 1994, C. Kremen: CK 754; ♂, C, Anjozorobe, 18.4498 o S, 47.939 o E +/- 0.2 km, 1323 +/- 25 m, 2 / 3 / 2004; D.C. Lees et al.: DL- 4 -166, 2576 [= DL 2276; DNA extract number], BMNH (E) # 676776, IA 9 [isotope voucher]; ♂, C, Amboasaryan-ala, Tsaracamp Boogie Pilgrim, Anjozorobe, 18.45 o S, 47.95 o E +/- 2.45 km, 1375 +/- 75 m, D.C. Lees: DL- 4- 165; ♂, same data but DL- 4-180; ♂, same data but DL- 4-181; ♀, same data but DL- 4-382; ♂, same data but DL- 4- 429; ♂, same data but DL- 4-395; ♂, same data but R. Ranaivosolo: DL- 4-405; ♂, same data but 2 / 3 / 2004: 09: 26, R. Ranaivosolo: DL- 4-198; ♀, same data but 09: 36, R. Ranaivosolo: DL- 4-199; ♂, same data but 13: 15, R. Ranaivosolo: DL- 4-212; ♂, same data but DL- 4-214; ♂, same data but 15: 15, R. Ranaivosolo: DL- 4-218; ♂, C, Amboasary-an-ala, Vanjamanitra-Vazimba forest, Anjozorobe, 18.45 o S, 47.95 o E +/- 2.45 km, 1375 +/- 75 m, 3 / 3 / 2004: 15: 41, D.C. Lees: DL- 4-366; ♂, data as above but: later PM, D.C. Lees: DL- 4-347; ♂, data as above but: D.C. Lees: DL- 4-356, 582 [= DL 0582; DNA extract number], IA 123 [isotope voucher]; ♂, C, Amboasary-an-ala, Vanjamanitra-Vazimba forest, Anjozorobe, 18.45 o S, 47.95 o E +/- 2.45 km, 1375 +/- 75 m, 3 / 3 / 2004: later PM, D.C. Lees: DL- 4 -361, 1051 [= DL 1051; DNA extract number], BMNH (E) # 672416, HDO, F-A, H-A, ABD, H-M [androconia sampled; K. Bubbinga study]; ♂, C, Amboasary-an-ala, Tsaracamp Boogie Pilgrim, Anjozorobe, 18.45 o S, 47.95 o E +/- 2.45 km, 1375 +/- 75 m, 4 / 3 / 2004: 10: 52, D.C. Lees: DL- 4-417; ♂, data as above but: DL- 4- 418; ♂, C, Amboasary-an-ala, Tsaracamp Boogie Pilgrim, Anjozorobe, ‘just by S 3 ’, 18.4505 o S, 47.9399 o E +/- 0.15 km, 1323 m, 2 / 3 / 2004: 08: 56, D.C. Lees: DL- 4-167, IA 19 [isotope voucher]; ♂, C, Anjozorobe, 18.45 o S, 47.95 o E +/- 2.45 km, 1330 m, 4 / 2 / 2014: 15: 20, D.C. Lees: MAD 240 [pheromone voucher], IA 403 [isotope voucher]; ♂, Anjozorobe, Babakoto trail, c. 1350 m, K. Aduse-Poku, 04/02/ 2014, MAD 243 [pheromone voucher], KA 2059 [=KA-P 2059; DNA extract voucher]; specimen, Anjozorobe, KAP-MAD 1408, KA 1018 [=KA-P 1018; DNA extract number].Published as part of C, Lees David, 2016, Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision, pp. 1-97 in Zootaxa 4118 (1) on pages 79-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4118.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/26459
Heteropsis vertigo Lees & Raharitsimba, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Heteropsis vertigo</i> Lees & Raharitsimba, sp. nov. <p>LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:38AC77EE-A10A-4DCA-9444-F55C845FFA23</p> <p> <b>Prior references</b>: sp. 61 (on envelopes and/or datalabels but not mentioned in the list of Lees, 1997: 64–65).</p> <p> <b>Type material., Deposition BMNH: Holotype:</b> ♂ (Fig. 28 A), Madagascar NW, Bekolosy Mt., RS Manongarivo, c. 1163 m, 14.04575o S, 48.29623o E +/- 0.5 km, 1130 +/- 35 m, 16/12/1994, soleil/lo [fruit trap], H. Raharitsimba: DLBEK 94_77, KA2049 [=KA-P2049; extract number], NHMUK 010289173 [QTR barcode].</p> <p> <b>Paratypes</b>: <b>Deposition BMNH</b>: ♂, data as HT but 12–22/12/1994, D.C. Lees: DLBEK 94_83, IA354 [isotope voucher]; BMAD 241-15 [DNA barcoded specimen], NHMUK 010289174 [QTR barcode]; ♀ (Fig. 28 B), Madagascar E, Bekolosy Mt., RS Manongarivo, Madagascar NW, 1310 m, 14.0385o S, 48.3073o E +/- 0.55 km, 1310 +/- 50 m, 21/12/1994, lo lt 1310 [fruit trap], D.C. Lees: DLBEK 94_129, IA 356 [isotope voucher], NHMUK 010289175 [QTR barcode]; ♂ (Fig. 29 A, genitalia), Madagascar NW, Bekolosy, RS Manongarivo, ~ 1200 m, 14.0436o S, 48.299o E +/- 0.43 km, 120 m +/- 50 m, 13/12/1994, D.C. Lees: DLBEK 94_159, DCLW-0104 [wing prep.], KA3035 [=KA-P3035, DNA extract number]; IA355 [isotope voucher]; BMAD 240-15 [DNA barcoded specimen] 366 DL [genitalia], NHMUK 010289176 [QTR barcode]; ♀, NW, Bekolosy Mt., RS Manongarivo, Madagascar NW,> 1250 m, 14.0427o S, 48.3028o E +/- 0.5 km, 125 m +/- 50 m, 19/12/1994, D.C. Lees: DLBEK 94_110, 1035 [= DL 1035; DNA extract number], BMNH (E) #672400 [DNA voucher; cytochrome b], 372 DL [♀ genitalia]; ‘leg for KAP’; IA357 [isotope voucher]; ♀, NW, Bekolosy Mt., RS Manongarivo, 1200– 1250 m, 14.04334o S, 48.3013o E +/- 1 km, 1225 +/- 50 m, 12/12/1994, D.C. Lees: DLBEK 94_23, Egg exp. [egg expression voucher], IA353 [isotope voucher], NHMUK 010289177 [QTR barcode]; ♀, NW, Bekolosy Mt., RS Manongarivo, c. 1245 m, 14.0427o S, 48.3028o E +/- 0.5 km, 1250 m, +/- 50 m, 12/12/1994, 10:40, D.C. Lees: DLBEK 94_22 [Egg voucher]; IA352 [isotope voucher], KA2050 [=KA-P2050; extract number], NHMUK 010289178 [QTR barcode].</p> <p> <b>Deposition summary</b>: BMNH (HT ♂, 2 PT ♂♂, 4 PT ♀♀).</p> <p> <b>Type locality.</b> Bekolosy Mt., RS Manongarivo, c. 1163 m, 14.0458o S, 48.2962o E +/- 0.5 km, 1130 +/- 35 m.</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis.</b> In its translucence, the extended FWD space-CuA1 Orng of <i>Ht. vertigo</i> is intermediate between <i>Ht. turbans</i> and <i>Ht. sabas</i>. <i>Ht. vertigo</i> in wing pattern resembles <i>Ht. turbans</i> more than it does <i>Ht. sabas</i>, but the FWD space-CuA1 Orng is largely suffused with orange and only pale whitish-translucent in the anteriad half, especially proximad, rather than throughout it, as in <i>Ht. sabas</i>, or largely orange as in <i>Ht. turbans. Ht. vertigo</i> lacks the extreme ear-like cupping of the gnathos seen in <i>Ht. sabas</i> (Lees, 1997: 107) and <i>Ht. turbans</i> (Fig. 29 B; NW Zahamena) as well as some related species (e.g. <i>Ht. angulifascia, Ht. borgo</i>), and the HWV Mb is much less kinked than in any of these species.</p> <p> <b>Description. Wings</b>: Similar to <i>Heteropsis turbans</i>. Upperside uniform mid brown, except with conspicuous orange Mf/crescent (as in a few other of the <i>Ht. strigula</i> -group, notably <i>Ht. strigula</i>) at base of HWD space-M2 following curve at base of vein M3. FW space-CuA1 ocellus with orange to pale yellow/translucent ‘ring,’ more like a hexagon that has been compressed along a diagonal running from mid-costa to tergal angle. FWD space-M1 ocellus quite small and elliptic with narrow orange ring. HWD space-CuA1 ocellus the only one expressed there and slightly elliptic, with narrow orange ring. Darkish brown, diffuse, slightly wavy, uprecurved hair brush emanates mainly from space-1A as far as mid-vein. Underside greyish brown, similar to <i>Ht. turbans</i> but with a less kinked HWV Mb, and limited irroration, especially in basal area. Space-CuA1 ocellus with orange ring yellowing proximad following reddish brown concave curve of Mb before it bends back to mid-costa. Space-M1 ocellus fairly elliptic, with white pupil and wide narrow black iris, but narrow orange ring. HWV space-CuA1 ocellus large and round to elliptic with narrow pale orange ring. HWV space-Rs-M2 ocelli generally not expressed and space- CuA2 ocellus small and elliptic with faint orange ring. HWV Mb reddish brown and fairly straight but outflexed around M2, generally with a yellow patch (Mf) distad of it in space-M2, and curved back towards the anal angle in space-CuA2. Slight, wavy brown Pml tracks the wing margin and Sml more closely follows the fairly crenate (notably much less so than in the related <i>Ht. sabas</i>) HW margin. FWV cell area with four darker brown rather equally spaced transverse Cbs, the outermost of which flank area that is paler than for the inner pair. Basal areas not much darker than areas distad of the Mb, and darker brown PMb weakly represented. <b>Variation.</b> ♂♂ similar to each other, but seasonal variation is not known, as the entire type series was caught near the start of the rainy season in mid December. ♀♀ similar, but dorsally lighter and larger with more rounded wings.</p> <p> <b>Wingspan/fwl</b>: range 32.2–35.6/17.3–19.6 (n=2 ♂♂), including HT ♂ 35.2/ 19.6 mm. Range 35.3–36.3/ 19.4– 19.5 mm (n=2 ♀♀).</p> <p> <b>Androconia</b>: 1A+2A has a narrowly tapered inflation and 3A is much more swollen distad, from base to midvein, covered in thin grey-brown scales. As for <i>Ht. turbans</i> and <i>Ht. sabas</i>, along their length HW veins M2, M3, CuA1 and CuA2 are also narrowly inflated and have specialized scales on the dorsal surface. Abdominal black androconia just visible ventro-laterally around A4–A5. HWD Sdb dark brown, Sdp grey, small, lenticular, composed of narrow grey scales.</p> <p> <b>Palps</b>: ochreous brown with darker brown thin medial stripe and with dark brown border away from compound eye and with dark brown scales above where potentially brushing eye, sandwiching ochreous scales away from eye.</p> <p> <b>♂ genitalia</b>: 366DL, PT (Fig. 29 A): from LV, uncus fairly straight in line with tegumen in non-deflexed position and recurved down to a sharply hooked point, with a distinct ‘head’ before tip; tegumen about same length as uncus and constriction at fusion line with vinculum only moderate, such that tegumen from LV tapers only slightly from a rectangular frame; tegumen features wide and shallow proximad notch from DV. Gnathos on angled base, flattened distinctly before tip into broadened structure (not nearly as earlike as for example in <i>Ht. turbans</i> and <i>Ht. angulifascia</i>), with drawn out, tapered and pointed tip, most noticeable in DV. Valves fairly stout and uprecurved arms fairly short leading to a ‘bird’s head’ (rather ‘cassowary head’-like, from DV) tip with spinoid setae and with inwardly projecting ‘beak’. Saccus quite short and inflated towards proximad tip and aedeagus about 1/5 longer than valve. Juxta protruding considerably proximad.</p> <p> <b>Etymology.</b> A direct reference to the vertiginous waterfall directly below the camp at Bekolosy Mt. (14.04514°S, 48.29616°E, 1130 m, from Google Earth) that marks the lower elevational limit of this species. Returning after a storm at the summit, I narrowly avoided falling into this cascade, when jumping between two rocks, my net bag caught the strength of the current, and it was thanks to the alertness of the camp assistant, who rushed over, and holding on to my leg, ensured I reached the rock on other side (netless, however). The net was even found in the morning among the rocks at the top of the fall. Alludes also to the marvellous Hitchcock film of this name, with its subliminal spiralling motif.</p> <p> <b>Discussion.</b> No historical museum collections of <i>Ht. vertigo</i> are known. When first found in the field in December 1994, the species was given a morphospecies number (sp. 61) but was nevertheless thought to represent <i>Ht. turbans</i> (indeed Lees 1997: 225 Fig. 3 K erroneously shows the distribution of that species extending to the northwest of Madagascar). <i>Ht. vertigo</i> has since been found on the adjacent mountain of Antsatrotro in November 2011. The species is confusable with a number of described taxa. Examined were the STs of <i>Culapa turbans</i> Oberthür 1916 (LT ♂, here designated, Fig. 28 C, specimen bearing labels “ Madagascar Antsianaka Perrot Freres 2e Semestre 1893| Culapa turbans Obthr ♂ type |P.E.L. Viette det. 1968 Culapa turbans Ch. Obthr. LECTOTYPE |supposed “ type ” of Culapa turbans Oberthür |[copy of Oberthür 1916, Pl. 356, f. 3050]|BMNH(E) #674780”) and of <i>Culapa curvatula</i> Oberthür, 1916 (LT, here designated, Fig. 28 D, specimen bearing labels: “Antsianaka et lac Alaotra 2e Trimestre 1889 Perrot Freres|[copy of Oberthür 1916, Pl. 356, f. 3057]|BMNH(E) #674784; automatically then, PLT ♂: BMNH(E) #674786; PLT ♀♀: BMNH(E) #674785) and BMNH(E) #674787, with same locality data). <i>Ht. curvatula</i> was considered a synonym of <i>Ht. turbans</i> by Lees <i>et al.,</i> 2003 (see also below). Also examined (Fig. 28 E) was the HT ♂ of <i>Culapa sabas</i> Oberthür, 1923 (‘Tamatave’|BMNH(E) #674789), in addition to extensive field material of <i>Ht. turbans</i> and <i>Ht. sabas</i> across their ranges. As well as being allopatric, the species is clearly separated from types of both species by a consistently differing FWD ocellus colour pattern and in field collected material of those species, by divergent ♂ genitalia.</p> <p> <b>Additional information. DNA divergences:</b> COI-5P barcode cluster number BOLD:ACD8579. Bekolosy and Antsatrotro specimens have an identical haplotype; the mountains are not far apart. The COI-5P barcode is about 1.06% divergent to <i>Ht. turbans</i> and about 1.7% divergent to <i>Ht. sabas</i> with six apparently fixed nucleotide differences to <i>Ht. turbans</i>; all three species share the same cluster number. Sister to <i>H. sabas</i> in Aduse-Poku <i>et al.,</i> (2016).</p> <p> <b>Phylogeny/sister species</b>: sister species unclear, but closely related both to <i>Ht. sabas</i> and <i>Ht. turbans</i>, according to the COI-5P barcode. A ♀ of the ‘ <i>curvatula</i> ’ phenotype (DL06-1099, BMAD259-15) from NW Zahamena was one nucleotide different (COI-5P) to other barcoded members of <i>H. turbans</i> (cluster number BOLD:ACD8579), and so the above synonymy appears correct.</p> <p> <b>Ecology and distribution.</b></p> <p> <b>Habitat</b>: primary montane rainforest.</p> <p> <b>Behaviour</b>: one was caught in a low hung fruit trap at the waterfall camp.</p> <p> <b>Hostplant</b>: unknown.</p> <p> <b>Early stages</b>: unknown.</p> <p> <b>Distribution</b>: as far as is known endemic to Réserve Speciale de Manongarivo, Mts. Bekolosy and Antsatrotro (Fig. 30 B, fawn dots).</p> <p> <b>Elevational range</b>: 1130–1410 m. (n=45; including referred specimens and observational data, such as fruit trap data).</p> <p> <b>Referred specimens.</b> ♂, Madagascar NW, RS Manongarivo, Bekolosy, 1215 m, 14.034o S, 48.31o E +/- 1 km, 1215 +/- 50 m, 18/12/1994, 09:30, D.C. Lees: DLBEK 94_165, 46; ♂, NW, Antsatrotro Mt., RS Manongarivo, [1250] m, near camp, 14.0824o S, 48.3663o E +/- 0.35 km, 1240 +/- 25 m, 2/12/2011, 14:51, D.C. Lees: DL 11A- 0001/ BMAD 245-15 [DNA barcoded specimen], IA609 [isotope voucher]; ♀, data as above but: 3/12/2011, D.C. Lees: DL 11A-0002/ BMAD 244-15 [DNA barcoded specimen].</p>Published as part of <i>C, Lees David, 2016, Heteropsis (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Satyrini: Mycalesina): 19 new species from Madagascar and interim revision, pp. 1-97 in Zootaxa 4118 (1)</i> on pages 89-92, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4118.1.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/264597">http://zenodo.org/record/264597</a>
Giving voters what they want? Party orientation perceptions and preferences in the British electorate
No full textSome of the most important propositions in the political marketing literature hinge on assumptions about the electorate. In particular, voters are presumed to react in different ways to different orientations or postures. Yet there are theoretical reasons for questioning some of these assumptions, and certainly they have seldom been empirically tested. Here, we focus on one prominent example of political marketing research: Lees-Marshment’s orientations’ model. We investigate how the public reacts to product and market orientation, whether they see a trade-off between the two (a point in dispute among political marketing scholars), and whether partisans differ from non-partisan voters by being more inclined to value product over market orientation. Evidence from two mass sample surveys of the British public (both conducted online by YouGov) demonstrates important heterogeneity within the electorate, casts doubt on the core assumptions underlying some political marketing arguments and raises broader questions about what voters are looking for in a party
MICROWAVE DOUBLE RESONANCE STUDIES OF INTERSTELLAR METHANOL LINES
No full textAuthor Institution: Department of Physics, University of New Brunswick FrederictonCollision-induced transitions have been investigated among astronomically-interesting rotational energy levels of in the presence of the foreign gases He had . The conclusion of Lees and that collisional transitions are preferred over transitions is substantiated, however collisional transfer via transitions has been observed between the levels of the E transition at 36169 MHz detected in and those of the E transition at 24959 MHz detected in Ori A. The implications of the results for the excitation of interstellar methanol are discussed. R. M. Lees and T. Oka, J. Chem. Phys. 51, 3027 (1969). B. E. Turner, M.A. Gordon and G. T. Wrixon, Ap. J. 177, 609 (1972). A. H. Barrett, P. R. Schwartz and J. W. Waters, Ap. J. 168, L101 (1971)
Theoretical maximum capacity as a benchmark for empty vehicle redistribution in personal rapid transit
No full textA personal rapid transit system uses compact, computer-guided vehicles running on dedicated guideways to carry individuals or small groups directly between pairs of stations. Vehicles move on demand when a passenger requests service at his or her origin station. Because the number of trips requested from a station need not equal the number of trips ending there, some vehicles must run empty to balance the flows. The empty vehicle redistribution (EVR) problem is to decide which empty vehicles to move and when and where to move them; an EVR algorithm makes these decisions in real time, as passengers arrive and request service. A method was developed for finding the theoretical maximum demand (with a given spatial distribution) that a given system could serve with any EVR algorithm, which provides a benchmark against which particular EVR algorithms can be compared. The maximum passenger demand that a particular EVR algorithm can serve can be determined by simulation and then compared with the benchmark. The method is applied to two simple EVR heuristics on two example systems. The results suggest that this is a useful method for determining the strengths and weaknesses of a variety of EVR heuristics across a range of networks, passenger demands, and fleet size
Measurement of the ratio of branching fractions B(B0→K∗0γ )/B(B0s→φγ ) and the directCP asymmetry inB 0→K∗0γ
No full textThe ratio of branching fractions of the radiative B decays B0→K⁎0γ and B0s→ϕγ has been measured using an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb−1 of pp collision data collected by the LHCb experiment at a centre-of-mass energy of s√=7TeV. The value obtained is
B(B0→K⁎0γ)B(B0s→ϕγ)=1.23±0.06(stat.)±0.04(syst.)±0.10(fs/fd),
where the first uncertainty is statistical, the second is the experimental systematic uncertainty and the third is associated with the ratio of fragmentation fractions fs/fd. Using the world average value for B(B0→K⁎0γ), the branching fraction B(B0s→ϕγ) is measured to be (3.5±0.4)×10−5.
The direct CP asymmetry in B0→K⁎0γ decays has also been measured with the same data and found to be
ACP(B0→K⁎0γ)=(0.8±1.7(stat.)±0.9(syst.))%.
Both measurements are the most precise to date and are in agreement with the previous experimental results and theoretical expectations
The efficacy of emamectin benzoate against infestations of Lepeophtheirus salmonis on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) in Scotland, 2002-2006
No full textInfestations of the parasitic copepod Lepeophtheirus salmonis, commonly referred to as sea lice, represent a major challenge to commercial salmon aquaculture. Dependence on a limited number of theraputants to control such infestations has led to concerns of reduced sensitivity in some sea lice populations. This study investigates trends in the efficacy of the in-feed treatment emamectin benzoate in Scotland, the active ingredient most widely used across all salmon producing regions. Study data were drawn from over 50 commercial Atlantic salmon farms on the west coast of Scotland between 2002 and 2006. An epi-informatics approach was adopted whereby available farm records, descriptive epidemiological summaries and statistical linear modelling methods were used to identify factors that significantly affect sea lice abundance following treatment with emamectin benzoate (SLICEH, Schering Plough Animal Health). The results show that although sea lice infestations are reduced following the application of emamectin benzoate, not all treatments are effective. Specifically there is evidence of variation across geographical regions and a reduction in efficacy over time. Reduced sensitivity and potential resistance to currently available medicines are constant threats to maintaining control of sea lice populations on Atlantic salmon farms. There is a need for on-going monitoring of emamectin benzoate treatment efficacy together with reasons for any apparent reduction in performance. In addition, strategic rotation of medicines should be encouraged and empirical evidence for the benefit of such strategies more fully evaluated
Die verband tussen lees- en spelvermoë en akademiese prestasie by Graad 5- tot 7-leerders
No full textArticle 1 of 2. Article 2: http://hdl.handle.net/11660/2279English: The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the reading- and spelling ability and academic performance of grade 5 to 7 learners.
Non-experimental research with a correlational design was followed. The research group consisted of 282 Afrikaans boys and girls in grades 5 to 7.
The participants' reading- and spelling abilities were measured by using the ESSI Reading and Spelling Test. For an indication of the learners' academic performance, the learner’s average performance in Afrikaans, English and Mathematics over the past three terms was obtained.
It was found that there is a significant positive correlation between reading and spelling ability and academic achievements of grade 5 to 7 learners. Therefore, it can be concluded that the better the learner’s reading and spelling ability, the better the student will tend to perform academically, and vice versa.Afrikaans: Die doel van die studie is om die verband tussen lees- en spelvermoë en akademiese prestasies van graad 5- tot 7-leerders vas te stel.
Nie-eksperimentele navorsing, met 'n korrelasionele ontwerp is hier gevolg. Die ondersoekgroep het bestaan uit 282 Afrikaanssprekende seuns en dogters in graad 5 tot 7.
Die deelnemers se lees- en spelvermoë is deur middel van die ESSI Lees- en Speltoets bepaal. Om 'n aanduiding van die leerders se akademiese prestasie te verkry, is hulle gemiddelde persentasies vir Afrikaans, Engels en Wiskunde oor die afgelope drie kwartale gebruik.
Daar is bevind dat daar 'n beduidende positiewe verband tussen lees- en spelvermoë en akademiese prestasie van graad 5- tot 7-leerders bestaan. Die gevolgtrekking kan dus gemaak word dat hoe beter die leerder se lees- en spelvermoëns is, hoe beter die leerder geneig sal wees om op akademiese gebied te presteer, en andersom
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