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Pola-pola pengapsahan kitab pesantren kiai pesisir utara Jawa Tengah abad XIX-XX : kajian histori-sosiolinguistik
Full text linkSelama ini gerakan pengapsahan kitab-kitab pesantren hanya dipahami sebatas gerakan akademis, dalam arti hanya ditujukan memahami isi kandungan kitab, padahal gerakan pengapsahan kitab dengan berbagai model dan cara kerjanya juga ditujukan sebagai gerakan sosial dalam menyikapi situasi sosial, budaya, politik dan keagamaan yang tengah terjadi. Studi ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab permasalahan (1) Bagaimana pola-pola pengapsahan kitab kiai pesisir utara Jawa Tengah pada Abad XIX-XX M?; (2) Bagaimana proses pemertahanan bahasa Jawa Kitabi yang digunakan dalam pengapsahan kitab kuning di wilayah pesisir utara Jawa Tengah pada Abad XIX-XX M?; (3) Bagaimana sejarah pengapsahan kitab– kitab pesantren yang dilakukan kiai pesisir utara Jawa Tengah pada Abad XIX-XX M?. Permasalahan tersebut dibahas melalui studi lapangan dan kepustakaan dengan objek kajian beberapa pesantren serta kitab-kitab terjemahan karya kiai pesisir utara Jawa Tengah. Datanya diperoleh dengan cara wawancara (cakap), observasi (simak), dokumentasi dan introspeksi. Semua data dianalisis dengan pendekatan sejarah dan sosiolinguistik dengan dua metode analisis, content alnalysis dan analisis deskriptif.
Kajian ini menunjukan; (1) terdapat beberapa pola penulisan dan pengapsahan kitab-kitab keagamaan para kiai pesisir utara Jawa Tengah. Model-model pengapsahan kitab tersebut adalah; Pola Pengapsahan Deskriptif-Interpretatif, Pola Pengapsahan Gandul- Simbol Gramatik, pola Pengapsahan Gandul-Tanda Gramatik, Pola Pengapsahan Gandul- Tanda dan Simbol Gramatik, dan Pola Pengapsahan Numerik (Penomoran). Secara umum, pola pengapsahan yang pertama banyak digunakan para kiai pesisir abad ke XIX M, sementara empat pola pengapsahan berikutnya banyak
dilakukan kiai pesisir abad ke-XX M; (2) Ragam bahasa yang digunakan dalam penulisan dan pengapsahan kitab-kitab keagamaan adalah bahasa Jawa-Kitabi. Ragam ini dianggap sebagai korpus Jawa baru, dimana strukturnya meliputi aksara pegon, ragam dialek ngoko Jawa pesisiran dan struktur gramatikanya Arab fus}h}ā. Munculnya ragam bahasa Jawa Kitabi, konsekwensi dari fenomena diglosia yang lahir dari masyarakat dwibahasa atau multibahasa. Fenomena diglosia juga mengakibatkan adanya fenomena campur kode dalam penulisan dan pengapsahan kitab. Dialek pesisiran yang digunakan adalah dialek regional dan sosial yang sudah jarang ditemukan sebagai qallaqial speech masyarakat Jawa pada umumnya. Ragam bahasa dan dialek Jawa ini terus lestari, hal ini disebabkan karena adanya sikap kebanggaan dan loyalitas bahasa dari para kiai dan para santri pesantren; (3) Secara historis adanya gerakan penulisan dan pengapsahan yang dilakukan para kiai pesisir utara Jawa Tengah pada abad XIX-XX M, disebabkan lima peristiwa historis, yaitu; Adanya Bilād al-Jāwi sebagai tempat komunitas para ulama Nusantara mengadakan kegiatan belajar mengajar ilmu-ilmu agama di kota Mekah, fenomena menguatnya jejaring keilmuan kiai pesisir dalam gerakan penulisan dan penerjemahan kitab-kitab pesantren, gerakan islamisasi dan pemahaman agama masyarakat awam, gerakan pelestarian tradisi ulama Jawa dalam proses pembelajaran gramatika bahasa model pesantren, dan gerakan perlawanan para kiai pesisir terhadap segala bentuk diskriminasi dan penjajahan dari kolonialisme Belanda.
ABSTRACT:
happening. This study is conducted to figure out several questions (1) what kind of models were used in the pengapsahan movement of the Islamic scholars’ books in pesantren (Islamic boarding school) in the north area of Central Java in the 19th-20th century? (2) how was the process of maintaining the kitabi (having the quality of Islamic book style) of Javanese language used in the pengapsahan movement of the Islamic scholars’ books in pesantren in the north area of Central Java in the 19th-20th century? (3) how is the Hitory of the pengapsahan movement of the Islamic scholars’ books in pesantren in the north area of Central Java in the 19th-20th century? The data were obtained through interview, observation, documentation, and introspection. All the data were analyzed by using historical and sociolinguistic approaches and utilizing two analysis methods: content alnalysis and descriptive analysis.
This study reveals: (1) there are several models of writing and the pengapsahan of the Islamic scholars’ books in pesantren in the north area of Central Java: descriptive-interpretative, grammatical gandul (hanging) symbol, grammatical gandul (hanging) sign, grammatical gandul (hanging) sign and symbol, and numbering. In general, the first model was mostly used by the Islamic scholars in the north part of Central Java in the 19th century, while the rest four
models were used in the 20th century; (2) the language style used in the writing and the pengapsahan of the Islamic books were kitabi of Javanese language. This style was considered as a new Javanese corpus, in which its structure includes pegon lettering, ngoko Javanese northern area dialect, and arabic fus}h}ā. The emergence of this Javanese kitabi was the consequence of the diglossia phenomenon among multi-language society. This phenomenon also caused a mix- code in the process of writing and pengapsahan. The dialect used in Javanese northern part were regional and social dialects which have been rarely used as colloquial speech in present days. This variety and dialect however were considered as a local pride by the Islamic scholars and students. Hstorically, the movement of writing and the pengapsahan of the Islamic books by the Islamic scholars in the north area of Central Java in the 19th-20th century was caused by five historical events: (1) the existence of Bilād al-Jāwi community in Mecca as the place for the Nusantara Islamic scholars to conduct learning and teaching process of Islamic sciences, (2) the improving network of the Islamic scholars in the north part of Java in establishing the writing and translating Islamic books, (3) the Islamic dissemination and preaching to public, (4) the preservation of Javanese Islamic scholars’ culture in teaching Arabic grammar, and (5) the Islamic scholars movement against the Dutch discrimination and colonization in this country
TAFSIRAN KIAI PESANTREN TERHADAP BAIT-BAIT ALFIYAH IBN MALIK DAN TRANSFORMASI NILAI MORAL SANTRI: Kajian Intertekstualitas dan Analisis Wacana Kritis
No full textOne of the most phenomenal grammatical books in Indonesian pesantren is Kitab Alfiyah Ibn Malik. The book was arranged in the form of poetry, which consists of 1002 poems. This book is studied with rote methods. Many santri are able to memorize a thousand poems. Uniquely, many kiai who often make that poem as a proposition of other sciences such as fiqh, tasawuf, and morals. This study focuses on the phenomenon of interpretation of the grammatical poems among Arab scholars and Islamic scholars in Indonesia. Besides this study also observes patterns and mechanisms interpreting Alfiyah poems as a linguistic study and constructing moral values santri in boarding school. This study used intertextual method and critical discourse analysis. The data are analyzed by Norman Fairlough’s content analysis and critical discourse. This study found that the book Alfiyah Ibn Malik taught in the boarding school not only memorized by the students but also interpreted by the kiai to the philosophical meaning. The interpretation of the kiai on Alfiyah's poems is very broadly encompassing religious values i.e. honesty, discipline, hard work, independence, creativity, democracy, homeland love, social concern, and responsibility.Salah satu buku gramatikal yang sangat fenomenal di pesantren Indonesia adalah kitab Alfiyah Ibn Malik. Kitab ini disusun dalam bentuk syair, yang terdiri dari 1002 sajak. Di pesantren Indonesia, kitab ini dikaji dengan motode hafalan. Banyak para santri yang mampu menghafal seribu sajak itu. Uniknya, banyak para kiai yang seringkali menjadikan sajak-sajak itu sebagai dalil dari ilmu-ilmu lain seperti fiqh, tasawuf, dan akhlak. Kajian ini mengamati fenomena tafsiran sajak-sajak gramatikal itu di kalangan ulama Arab dan kiai pesantren di Indonesia. Selain itu kajian ini juga mengamati pola dan mekanisme menafsirkan sajak-sajak Alfiyah sebagai kajian kebahasaan dan penanaman nilai-nilai moral santri di pondok pesantren. Metode yang digunakan meliputi metode intertekstual dan analisis wacana kritis. Adapun teknik analisis data yang yang digunakan adalah content analysis (analisis isi) dan analsis wacana (critical discourse) Norman Fairlough. Dari hasil peneltian ini ditemukan bahwa kitab Alfiyah Ibnu Malik yang diajarkan di pondok pesantren tidak hanya dihapal oleh para santri tapi juga ditafsirkan oleh para kiai kepada makna filosofis. Penafsiran para kiai atas sajak-sajak Alfiyah ini sangat luas mencakup nilai-nilai agama, kejujuran, kedisiplinan, kerja keras, kemandirian, kreativitas, demokrasi, cinta tanah air, kepedulian sosial dan tanggung jawab
Pola Manajemen Keuangan Berbasis Sekolah dan Hubungan dengan Kinerja Sekolah (studi kasus di SMP negeri 1, 5, dan 8 yogyakarta)
No full textPenelitian ini bertujuan mengungkapkan perencanaan, prosedur pengesahan, pelaksanaan, mekanisme dan bentuk laporan, serta evaluasi anggaran berbasis sekolah, pengaruh pola manajemen keuangan terhadap kinerja sekolahj dan upaya sekolah menumbuhkan kesadaran masyarakat dalam membantu dan mengawasi penyelenggaraan pendidikan di sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara, observasi, dan analisis dokumen sekolah. Informan adalah kepala sekolah, wakil kepala sekolah, bendahara, guru, staf administrasi, anggota OSIS, komite sekolah, dewan pendidikan, dinas pendidikan, Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan Daerah (BPKD), dan Lembaga Pengawasan Internal (LPI). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: Pertama, RAPBS selalu mengalami kenaikan sekitar 20% tiap tahun. Dalam konteks MBS, pendekatan perencanaan keuangan yang dipakai tidak lagi menggunakan line item budget, tetapi didasarkan kepada kebutuhan program dan kinerja sekolah. Dalam rapat RAPBS, seringkali kepala sekolah dan bendahara hanya membahas dana dari pemerintah dan orang tua. Kedua, laporan, pengesahan, dan evaluasi keuangan sekolah disampaikan dan dilakukan oleh Dinas Pendidikan dan Tim Monitoring Block Grant, yang terdiri dari dinas P&P, Dewan Pendidikan, Bappeda, BPKD, dan LPI. Ketiga, Sekitar 85% anggaran sekolah dipergunakan untuk gaji dan kesejahteraan, sementara sisanya untuk KBM menggunakan dana block grant dari pemerintah. Kinerja evaluator belum maksimal. Keempat, upaya kepala sekolah serta stakeholders untuk menumbuhkan kesadaran masyarakat dalam membantu penyelenggaraan pendidikan di sekolah. Kata kunci: manajemen keuangan berbasis sekolab, kinerja sekola
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
The Nationalism of Javanese Muslim Clerics: Study on Nationalism Discourse of Kitabs by Kiais of North Coast of Central Java in the XIX-XX Centuries
Full text linkTreasures of the Javanese Muslim clerics (Kiais) thought on nationalism contained in their books have made a valuable contribution in maintaining Indonesia as a unitary state. Their papers discuss not only religious issues but also the values of nationalism. This study is aimed at examining the linguistic dimensions, the praxis-discourse, and the socio-cultural-political aspects of their books. It incorporates both critical discourse analysis and content analysis. From the profound analysis, the study concludes that, first, the texts concerning nationalism in a number of the Kiais’ books can be seen through their linguistic dimension. These linguistic dimensions are partly found in the books written by Kiais from coastal areas. Second, at the level of praxis-discourse, those books are mostly written in Pegon script. The preservation of Arabic Pegon is meant not only to facilitate Javanese society in learning but also to indicate the Kiais' love of the local language, which is part of the national identity. Third, those books were mostly written during the struggle of the Indonesian people against the colonizers. While writing and teaching their religious texts, the pesantren Kiais instill values of the importance of loving and caring for the motherland
PENGAPSAHAN: TRANSLATION MODELS, LOCAL LANGUAGE PRESERVATION, AND LANGUAGE ACCULTURATION PROCESSES IN KIAI BOOKS OF COASTAL JAVA
Full text linkPengapsahan model is a translation model that has long been used by Kiai in several traditional pesantren (Islamic boarding schools) on coastal Java. During this time, the conjugation model is only understood as a tool for analyzing text structures, whereas far more than that, there is a variety of Javanese typically used in pesantren having a social role so that the variety of Javanese is still preserved by pesantren communities. This paper examines the model of analyzing the pesantren books. The study will also look at the formulation of Kitabi Javanese language and the reasons why the variety of Javanese of the pesantren that continues to be preserved and maintained by the pesantren community, as well as how the process of conjugation has become a part of the process of acculturation in Javanese and Arabic in the texts of religious books. The results of this study, First; the conjugation model is a special model for Arabic texts created by Islamic boarding school scholars with various analytical tools in it; Second, the variety of languages used in the conjugation of the book is a variety of Javanese of coastal dialects and it has become a corpus of its language which is called Jawa Kitabi (Kitabi Javanese); Third, the process of acculturation of Arabic-Javanese in the tradition of conjugation is characterized by the emergence of the pegon script, the emergence of Javanese translation books with the Arabic structure of fusha, the existence of mixed code phenomena in the writing and translating pesantren books, both mixed codes of Javanese-Arabic, Javanese-Indonesian and mixed codes of Javanese Krama-Ngoko
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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