1,865 research outputs found
Portrait of Paul Ham at the National Library of Australia, 15 November 2011 /
No full textTitle from nformation supplied by photographer.; Part of the collection: Podcast photograph of author Paul Ham at the National Library of Australia, 15 November 2011.; Mode of access: Online.; Photographed by a staff member of the National Library of Australia
Training for Defense:The Influence of Knowledge About Influencing Strategies on Phishing Email Recognition Accuracy
No full textPhishing can cause severe security breaches and its frequency and diversity has rapidly increased. Current countermeasures consist mostly of training users in identifying phishing emails by their appearance. However, we argue that in the long run the effect of such trainings will be limited because phishers rapidly evolve their email design and this makes phishing attacks unrecognizable. Still, phishing emails have a universal characteristic: They attempt to influence the users to perform certain behaviors using influencing strategies. Thus, we argue that training users in recognizing the influencing strategies used by technology helps them to defend themselves against (even very advanced, visually unrecognizable) phishing emails. In this study, we randomly assigned 151 participants to two groups (trained on influencing strategies vs. trained on the history of emails). Our learning material was a six-minute training video. After watching the video, participants were presented with a series of emails that contained influencing strategies. These emails were followed by questions about recognition of influencing strategies and the user’s behavioral intentions towards the email. Results provided no evidence that a participant’s intension of clicking on links was influenced by the influencing strategy training video. Importantly, results did show that participants who had watched the influencing strategy training video, correctly recognized more influencing strategies in emails. Also, participants who recognized the use of manipulation techniques in emails, intended to click on less links. These results open a new line of defense against persuasive technology: harnessing users by training them in influencing strategy recognition.</p
Credibility in Persuasive Systems:A Systematic Review
No full textCredibility of systems is important in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and when designing persuasive systems. Still, the role of credibility in the design of persuasive systems remains unclear. To date, there has not been a systematic review examining the concept of credibility in persuasive systems. Therefore, this study presents a systematic literature review of primary empirical studies published from 2011 to 2020 that examined credibility within the context of persuasive systems. A total of 41 publications were reviewed. Overall, the results highlight the trends of credibility research, the theoretical frameworks that have been used to examine credibility, the research methods used in credibility studies, as well as the antecedents, and consequents of credibility in persuasive systems’ context. Majority of the reviewed studies pursued a correlational research approach as opposed to testing theories through experimental studies. While giving little attention to user characteristics and how they influence the relationship between credibility and its antecedents, existing studies have also barely examined the influence of system features as antecedents. Based on these findings, we argue that existing theoretical frameworks do not provide adequate directions for implementing credibility features in system design. Future research should therefore conduct more experimental studies and provide directions for how credibility features can be implemented in system design
A multi-factor approach to understanding socio-economic segregation in European capital cities
No full textThe research leading to the results presented in this chapter has received funding from the Estonian Research Council (Institutional Research Grant IUT no. 2–17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions); European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement no. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial Inequality, Deprived Neighbourhoods, and Neighbourhood Effects); and from the Marie Curie programme under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant no. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood Choice, Neighbourhood Sorting, and Neighbourhood Effects).Growing inequalities in Europe, even in the most egalitarian countries, are a major challenge threatening the sustainability of urban communities and the competiveness of European cities. Surprisingly, though, there is a lack of systematic representative research on the spatial dimension of rising inequalities. This is filled by our book project Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West, with empirical evidence from Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Milan, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna and Vilnius. This introductory chapter outlines the background to this international comparative research and introduces a multi-factor approach to studying socio-economic segregation. The chapter focuses on four underlying universal structural factors: social inequalities, global city status, welfare regime and housing system. Based on these factors, we propose a hypothetical ranking segregation levels in the thirteen case study cities. As the conclusions of this show, the hypothetical ranking and the actual ranking of cities by segregation levels only match partly; the explanation for this can be sought in context-specific factors which will be discussed in-depth in each of the case study chapters
Cardiovascular reactions during exposure to persuasion principles
No full textTo optimize effectiveness of persuasive technology, understanding also psychophysiological processes of persuasion is crucial. The current research explored cardiovascular reactions to persuasive messages using four persuasion principles proposed by Cialdini (authority, scarcity, consensus, and commitment) in a laboratory experiment. The study had a randomized within-subject design. Participants (N = 56) were presented with 4 × 14 persuasive messages while cardiovascular reactions were measured with electrocardiography. Findings showed significantly different cardiovascular arousal regarding inter-beat interval and standard deviations of normal-to-normal heart rate peaks during persuasive principles compared to baseline or startle reflex. Results show no relation between cardiovascular arousal and self-reported susceptibility to persuasion. However, during the presentation of authority-based persuasion messages, data of the first stimulus condition showed a negative correlation between self-reported susceptibility and inter-beat interval reactivity. This explorative study advances our knowledge of psychophysiological processes underlying persuasion and suggested that at least certain persuasive principles may relate to physiological changes
Remisi hukuman dan konstitusionalitas hukuman penjara seumur hidup di Seychelles
No full textThis article critically examines the legal framework surrounding life imprisonment in Seychelles, particularly in light of recent legislative and judicial developments. Historically, Seychelles' legal landscape allowed for the remittance of sentences for all prisoners except those serving life terms or convicted of severe drug offenses. Prior to 2021, ambiguity existed regarding whether life imprisonment necessitated incarceration for the entirety of an offender's life, leading to varied interpretations and inconsistent practices wherein some individuals were released after 15 to 20 years of imprisonment. This uncertainty was addressed by an important decision of the Seychelles Court of Appeal, which asserted that life imprisonment should indeed mean incarceration for the remainder of the convict's natural life. Subsequently, legislative amendments in 2021 codified this understanding within the Criminal Procedure Code, expressly defining life imprisonment as confinement for the duration of the offender's life. However, the article argues that such a statutory definition and practice may contravene fundamental human rights principles, particularly concerning human dignity and protection from inhuman or degrading treatment. Drawing on comparative jurisprudence from various African jurisdictions, decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, and standards articulated by international human rights bodies, the author contends that indefinite life imprisonment without the prospect of release violates prisoners' rights enshrined in international law. Furthermore, the author invokes the drafting history of Article 10(3) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), emphasizing that the intent behind the provision was to safeguard against overly punitive sentences that deny any possibility of rehabilitation or eventual release. This historical context, according to the article, supports the argument that Seychelles' current approach to life imprisonment undermines its obligations under international human rights norms. Moreover, the Constitution of Seychelles grants the President discretionary powers under Article 60 to commute sentences, theoretically enabling the release of individuals sentenced to life imprisonment. This aspect introduces a layer of executive discretion that intersects with constitutional principles and international human rights standards, warranting further examination and critique. In conclusion, the article posits that Seychelles' statutory definition of life imprisonment raises constitutional and human rights concerns, advocating for a reevaluation of current practices in light of international legal standards and principles of justice.Pasal 30 Seychelles Prisons Act menetapkan bahwa hukuman bagi semua narapidana, kecuali mereka yang dijatuhi hukuman penjara seumur hidup atau dihukum karena pelanggaran berat terkait narkoba, dapat diampuni. Pasal 31 Seychelles Prisons Act memberikan kewenangan kepada Pengawas untuk memberikan izin bebas bersyarat kepada narapidana. Sebelum tahun 2021, undang-undang Seychelles tidak membahas masalah apakah seseorang yang dijatuhi hukuman penjara seumur hidup harus menghabiskan sisa hidupnya di penjara. Akibatnya, narapidana yang dijatuhi hukuman penjara seumur hidup dapat dibebaskan setelah menjalani hukuman antara 15 dan 20 tahun. Tidak puas dengan pendekatan ini, Pengadilan Tinggi memutuskan bahwa hukuman penjara seumur hidup berarti hukuman penjara selama sisa hidup pelaku. Pada tahun 2021, KUHAP diubah untuk mendefinisikan hukuman penjara seumur hidup sebagai hukuman penjara selama sisa hidup pelaku. Pasal 60 Konstitusi memberi wewenang kepada Presiden untuk meringankan hukuman apa pun. Artinya, Presiden dapat menggunakan Pasal 60 untuk meringankan hukuman seumur hidup. Dalam artikel ini, penulis menggunakan data-data, antara lain, statistik dari Seychelles Prisons Service di mana Presiden telah menggunakan Pasal 60 sejak tahun 1999, yurisprudensi dari beberapa negara Afrika, European Court of Human Rights dan badan-badan hak asasi manusia internasional untuk menyatakan bahwa hukuman penjara seumur hidup sebagaimana didefinisikan dalam undang-undang Seychelles adalah inkonstitusional karena melanggar hak-hak narapidana atas martabat manusia dan tidak menjadi sasaran perlakuan yang tidak manusiawi dan merendahkan martabat. Penulis juga menggunakan sejarah penyusunan Pasal 10(3) Kovenan Internasional tentang Hak Sipil dan Politik untuk berpendapat, antara lain, bahwa hukuman penjara seumur hidup tanpa kemungkinan pembebasan bertentangan dengan kewajiban hak asasi manusia internasional Seychelles
Influencing robot influence Personalization of persuasive robots
No full textIn the near future, robots will function in social roles and attempt to influence the user's behavior and/or thinking. The current contribution analyses how to influence robot influence: Persuasive robots can be personalized to make them more effective. We present an overview of (1) the user characteristics to which persuasive robots can be personalized, (2) considering the specific current situation of a user; and (3) the robot characteristics that can be personalized. Thereby, we give an overview of how the persuasive robot's physical appearance, behavior, (perceived) cognition and affect can be influenced to characteristics of the user (personalized) in order to make the robot more persuasive and thereby to understand better how the persuasive power of an embodied artificial social entity can be influenced
Trim17, novel E3 ubiquitin-ligase, initiates neuronal apoptosis
No full textAccumulating data indicate that the ubiquitin-proteasome system controls apoptosis by regulating the level and the function of key regulatory proteins. In this study, we identified Trim17, a member of the TRIM/RBCC protein family, as one of the critical E3 ubiquitin ligases involved in the control of neuronal apoptosis upstream of mitochondria. We show that expression of Trim17 is increased both at the mRNA and protein level in several in vitro models of transcription-dependent neuronal apoptosis. Expression of Trim17 is controlled by the PI3K/Akt/GSK3 pathway in cerebellar granule neurons (CGN). Moreover, the Trim17 protein is expressed in vivo, in apoptotic neurons that naturally die during post-natal cerebellar development. Overexpression of active Trim17 in primary CGN was sufficient to induce the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in survival conditions. This pro-apoptotic effect was abolished in Bax(-/-) neurons and depended on the E3 activity of Trim17 conferred by its RING domain. Furthermore, knock-down of endogenous Trim17 and overexpression of dominant-negative mutants of Trim17 blocked trophic factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis both in CGN and in sympathetic neurons. Collectively, our data are the first to assign a cellular function to Trim17 by showing that its E3 activity is both necessary and sufficient for the initiation of neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death and Differentiation (2010) 17, 1928-1941; doi: 10.1038/cdd.2010.73; published online 18 June 201
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