42 research outputs found
The fellowship of St.Diogo : new Christian judaisers in Coimbra in the early 17th century
Get PDFDr Antonio Homem was a respected teacher in the University of Coimbra, a Canon in the Cathedral and an illustrious scholar. He was also the heir of a long Jewish family tradition. His great-great-grand father lived and died as a Jew. His great-grandfather, his grandmother and two of his uncles were among his relatives to have been sentenced
as judaisers by the Inquisition. His own father kept the Law of Moses, and taught it to all his children, without the knowledge of his wife, an Old Christian of noble lineage.
His concern for the situation of the New Christians in Portugal eventually made him build up a congregation of judaisers, which he called the Fellowship of St Diogo as a tribute to a Capuchin friar who had been executed a few years earlier as an apostate and defender of the Jewish Law. His congregation grew to include over sixty people,
including clerics, physicians, lawyers and students, as well as merchants and farmers. Its leader gave it a corpus of doctrine and eventually a distinctive liturgy, which showed influence from the Catholic Church. The Fellowship also inspired the creation of judaiser conventicles
in three major Monasteries in the Coimbra district, where a relatively large number of nuns held cult meetings and paid homage to Friar Diogo as a martyr of the Law of Moses.
After several years of activity, the Fellowship was investigated and dismantled by the Inquisition. Most of its members were arrested and sentenced. Dr AntOnio Homem was himself taken into custody, charged with heresy and apostasy, as well as sodomy (he was a known paederast), and finally handed over to the secular arm for execution.
His dream of building up a judaiser community in Coimbra was shattered. The Fellowship members who survived either left the country and joined the orthodox Jewish communities in the Netherlands and elsewhere, or stayed in Portugal and gradually lost their Jewish consciousness. Descendants
of some of them can still be found near Coimbra
Posibilidades legales de modificación de un archivo con finalidades de dotarlo de características de accesibilidad
No full textResumen. En el presente artículo se hace un análisis de las posibilidades
legales de modificar archivos digitales con fines de dotarlos de características
de accesibilidad. En particular obras disponibles en formato digital que han
sido licenciadas bajo licencias Creative Commons (CC) que no permiten
generar obras derivadas y su transformación en documentos HTMLPrólogo
Carmen Delia Varela Báez, Antonio Miñán Espigares, Luis Bengochea
Martínez 13
Conferencias Invitadas
La accesibilidad en la formación virtual: el proyecto ESVI-AL
José Ramón Hilera González
23
Formación virtual basada en la calidad, innovación y accesibilidad
Carmen Varela
27
Fundamentación y estrategias tecnológico-didácticas del modelo Affective
eLearning aplicado a contextos inclusivos y accesibles
José Antonio Ortega Carrillo
32
El reto de la Accesibilidad Web en las instituciones de enseñanza superior
José Luis Bernier Villamor
35
Aseguramiento de la calidad de los programas educativos a distancia
José Pedro Rocha Reyes
37
Emancipación intelectual y apropiación Tecnológica: los antiguos somos nosotros
Esteban Romero Frías
39
Ponencias
Accesibilidad de la formación virtual
Observatorio sobre accesibilidad en la educación y sociedad virtual
Félix Andrés Restrepo Bustamante.
43
Acessibilidade, Usabilidade e Flexibilização Curricular: a experiência brasileira na formação docente a distância
Lucila Santarosa, Débora Conforto, Maristela Vieira, Fernanda Schneider and Jean Cheiran.
51
Formación virtual inclusiva y de calidad para el siglo XXI - 17 -
Accesibilidad académica: un concepto en construcción.
Alicia López, Felix Restrepo and Yolanda Preciado.
59
MOODLE LTS 2.7 y estándares de accesibilidad web
Miguel Ángel Córdova Solís.
67
Estudio de la Accesibilidad Web de las principales Universidades Europeas
según el Ranking Webometrics
Serafina Molina Soto and Jose L. Bernier.
75
Aspectos fundamentales del diseño instruccional de cursos virtuales accesibles
Carmen Varela Báez and Antonio Miñán Espigares.
83
Alumnos universitarios doblemente excepcionales y accesibilidad web
Eva Solera and Sonia Gutiérrez.
89
Creating accessible digital educational content: learning outcomes in Finland
Antonio García-Cabot, Eva Garcia-Lopez and Markku Karhu.
95
MOOC-ESVIAL: Taller de accesibilidad para creadores de documentos textuales y multimedia
Luis Bengochea, Teresa Diez Folledo, Maria Jose Dominguez Alda, Antonio Garcia-Cabot and Eva Garcia-Lopez.
102
Accesibilidad sin “etiquetas” en la formación virtual
Matias Sanchez.
106
Experiencia de instalación de una plataforma Moodle accesible y su comparación con la herramienta eXaminator
José Fager and Regina Motz.
111
Uso de Ayudas Técnicas Sin Licencias
Matias Sanchez.
115
Lecciones aprendidas de un curso online accesible de comunicación escrita
eficaz
Luis Fernandez-Sanz, María José Rueda Bernao and Marina Pinteño
Bustillo
119
Desarrollo de contenidos virtuales accesibles: El diseño universal al servicio
de la personalización del aprendizaje
Alba María Hernández-Sánchez and José Antonio Ortega Carrillo.
127
La universidad ante la riqueza de la diversidad funcional: retos y desafíos para
una formación on line de calidad y accesible
Nuria Villa Fernández.
133
Mejora de la navegación de sitios web educativos para personas daltónicas
mediante la creación de patrones de accesibilidad y usabilidad web
Miguel Duque, Ivonne Rodriguez, Gloria Arcos and José Luis Castillo
140
Posibilidades legales de modificación de un archivo con finalidades de dotarlo
de características de accesibilidad
José Fager, Patricia Díaz and Regina Motz.
148
Continuación del Proyecto ESVI-AL en el Mercosur: REd Mercosur para la
Accesibilidad y la generación colaborativa de Recursos educativos abiertos (REMAR
Development of a stress-induced martensitic transformation criterion for a Cu-Al-Be polycrystalline shape memory alloy undergoing uniaxial tension
Get PDFThis study presents a criterion for predicting the martensitic variants (MVs) that appear during the stress-induced martensitic transformation (SIMT) in a polycrystalline sample of Cu 11.5% wt. Al 0.5% wt. Be under simple tension. Our criterion is based on crystallographic parameters, such as the crystal orientation and Schmid factor (SF). The displacement vector fields (DVFs) were obtained in the observation system by a mathematical model and were used to distort the boundary of a set of grains. From the DVF, the strain tensor for each grain was obtained, and the strain ratio (SR) in the observation system was calculated. Electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) measurements were performed to determine the crystal orientation of the grains. The inverse SF was used to determine the in-plane stress transformation diagrams (STDs) for each studied grain. The combination of a balance criterion (BC) and STD provided a criterion that allowed us to predict the possible order of stress-induced MVs formed as a function of the crystal orientation and thermomechanical parameters of the shape memory alloy (SMA) with higher accuracy than when using the criteria separately. To validate our criteria, we tested other researchers published results. Our results were in agreement and were capable of predicting the stress-induced MVs in a polycrystalline SMA.The authors wish to thank the Coordinacion de estudios de posgrado (CEP)-UNAM, PAPIIT project number TI 02414 and Instituto de Tecnologia de Materiales-UPV for financial support. The authors are grateful to the Electron Microscopy Service of the UPV and especially to Manuel Josep Planes Insausti and Jose Luis Moya Lopez. The authors are grateful to Martin Estrada Arcos, Alberto Higuera Garcia, and Antonio Gonzalez Montaiio for their technical support.García Castillo, F.; Cortés Pérez, J.; Amigó Borrás, V.; Sánchez Arévalo, P.; Lara Rodríguez, G. (2015). Development of a stress-induced martensitic transformation criterion for a Cu-Al-Be polycrystalline shape memory alloy undergoing uniaxial tension. Acta Materialia. 97:131-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2015.06.044S1311459
Las garrapatas que parasitan a las iguanas verde y negra criadas en cautiverio
Get PDFLas garrapatas son ectoparásitos que pueden infectar a las iguanas, en vida silvestre no representan un peligro para el huésped, sin embargo cuando están en cautiverio pueden convertirse en un problema de salud para las iguanas. En el presente estudio se determinó la presencia de ectoparásitos en iguanas verdes (Iguana iguana) e iguanas negras (Ctenosaura pectinata) criadas en cautiverio. Se examinaron 42 iguanas de cada especie. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva y se analizaron por ji cuadrada los registros de los parásitos y lugar del cuerpo donde
se colectaron para determinar las áreas de preferencia. Se encontró que las iguanas verdes parasitadas estaban más infestadas que las iguanas negras. La localización de las garrapatas en el cuerpo fue diferente por cada especie de iguana. La papada fue la zona más parasitada en ambas especies, tanto por Amblyomma dissimile como por Amblyoma scutatum. Se identificaron taxonómicamente las especies de garrapatas, las cuales A. dissimile y A. scutatum son comunes de Iguana iguana y Ctenosaura pectinata
Impact of the initial administration of an antiretroviral drug with latency reversal properties on the HIV reservoir size
No full textCoRIS Cohort:
Santiago Moreno, Inma Jarrín, David Dalmau, M. Luisa Navarro, M. Isabel González, Federico Garcia, Eva Poveda, Jose Antonio Iribarren, Félix Gutiérrez, Rafael Rubio, Francesc Vidal, Juan Berenguer, Juan González, M. Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández, Inmaculada Jarrín, Cristina Moreno, Marta Rava, Rebeca Izquierdo, Cristina Marco, Teresa Gómez-García, Mª Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández, Roxana Juárez, Joaquín Portilla, Irene Portilla, Esperanza Merino, Gema García, Iván Agea, José Sánchez-Payá, Juan Carlos Rodríguez, Livia Giner, Sergio Reus, Vicente Boix, Diego Torrus, Verónica Pérez, Julia Portilla, Héctor Pinargote, María Remedios Alemán, Ana López Lirola, Dácil García, Felicitas Díaz-Flores, M. Mar Alonso, Ricardo Pelazas, María Inmaculada Hernández, Lucia Romero, Abraham Bethencourt, Daniel Rodríguez, Víctor Asensi, María Eugenia Rivas-Carmenado, Rebeca Cabo Magadan, Javier Díaz-Arias, Federico Pulido, Rafael Rubio, Otilia Bisbal, M. Asunción Hernando, David Rial, María de Lagarde, Adriana Pinto, Laura Bermejo, Mireia Santacreu, Roser Navarro, Juan Martín Torres, José Antonio Iribarren, M. José Aramburu, Xabier Camino, Miguel Ángel Goenaga, M. Jesús Bustinduy, Harkaitz Azkune, Maialen Ibarguren, Xabier Kortajarena, Ignacio Álvarez-Rodriguez, Leire Gil, Francisco Carmona-Torre, Ana Bayona Carlos, Maialen Lekuona Sanz, Félix Gutiérrez, Catalina Robledano, Mar Masiá, Sergio Padilla, Araceli Adsuar, Rafael Pascual, Marta Fernández, Antonio Galiana, José Alberto García, Xavier Barber, Javier García Abellán, Guillermo Telenti, Lucía Guillén, Ángela Botella, Paula Mascarell, Mar Carvajal, Alba de la Rica, Carolina Ding, Lidia García-Sánchez, Nuria Ena, Leandro López, Jennifer Vallejo, Nieves Gonzalo-Jiménez, Montserrat Ruiz, Christian Ledesma, Santiago López, María Espinosa, Ana Quiles, María Andreo, Juan Carlos López Bernaldo de Quirós, Isabel Gutiérrez, Juan Berenguer, Margarita Ramírez, Paloma Gijón, Teresa Aldamiz-Echevarría, Francisco Tejerina, Cristina Diez, Leire Pérez, Chiara Fanciulli, Saray Corral, Joaquín Peraire, Anna Rull, Anna Martí, Consuelo Viladés, Beatriz Villar, Lluïsa Guillem, Montserrat Olona, Graciano García-Pardo, Frederic Gómez-Bertomeu, Verónica Alba, Silvia Chafino, Alba Sánchez, Marta Montero, María Tasias, Eva Calabuig, Miguel Salavert, Juan Fernández, Rosa Blanes, Juan González-García, Ana Delgado-Hierro, José Ramón Arribas, Víctor Arribas, José Ignacio Bernardino, Carmen Busca, Joanna Cano-Smith, Julen Cadiñanos, Juan Miguel Castro, Luis Escosa, Iker Falces, Pedro Herranz, Víctor Hontañón, Alicia González-Baeza, M. Luz Martín-Carbonero, Mario Mayoral, Rafael Micán, Rosa de Miguel, Rocío Montejano, Mª Luisa Montes, Luis Ramos-Ruperto, Berta Rodés, Talía Sainz, Elena Sendagorta, Eulalia Valencia, M. del Mar Arcos, Alejandro de Gea Grela, Carlos Oñoro López, David Dalmau, Marina Martinez, Angels Jaén, Mireia Cairó, Javier Martinez-Lacasa, Roser Font, Laura Gisbert, Ignacio de los Santos, Alejandro de los Santos, Lucio García-Fraile, Enrique Martín, Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo, Marta Calvet, Ana Barrios, Azucena Bautista, Carmen Sáez, Marianela Ciudad, Ángela Gutiérrez, María Aguilera García, Santiago Moreno, Santos del Campo, José Luis Casado, Fernando Dronda, Ana Moreno, M. Jesús Pérez, Sergio Serrano-Villar, Mª Jesús Vivancos, Javier Martínez-Sanz, Alejandro Vallejo, Matilde Sánchez, José Antonio Pérez-Molina, José Manuel Hermida, Erick De La Torre Tarazona, Elena Moreno, Laura Martín Pedraza, Claudio Díaz García, Jorge Díaz, Alejandro García, Raquel Ron, Enrique Bernal, Antonia Alcaraz, Joaquín Bravo, Ángeles Muñoz, Cristina Tomás, Eva Oliver, David Selva, Eva García, Román González, Elena Guijarro, Rodrigo Martínez, María Dolores Hernández, Federico García, Clara Martínez, Leopoldo Muñoz Medina, Marta Álvarez, Natalia Chueca, David Vinuesa, Adolfo de Salazar, Ana Fuentes, Emilio Guirao, Laura Viñuela, Andrés Ruiz-Sancho, Francisco Anguita, Naya Faro, José Peregrina, Lucia Chaves, Marta Illescas, Valme Sánchez, Jorge Del Romero, Montserrat Raposo, Carmen Rodríguez, Teresa Puerta, Juan Carlos Carrió, Mar Vera, Juan Ballesteros, Oskar Ayerdi, Begoña Baza, Eva Orviz, Melchor Riera, María Peñaranda, MAngels Ribas, Antoni A. Campins, Mercedes Garcia-Gazalla, Francisco J. Fanjul, Javier Murillas, Francisco Homar, Helem H. Vilchez, Luisa Martin, Antoni Payeras, Jesús Santos, María López, Cristina Gómez, Isabel Viciana, Rosario Palacios, Luis Fernando López-Cortés, Nuria Espinosa, Cristina Roca, Silvia Llaves, Juan Manuel Tiraboschi, Arkaitz Imaz, María Saumoy, Julián Olalla, Javier Pérez, Alfonso del Arco, Javier de la Torre, José Luis Prada, Onofre Juan Martínez, Lorena Martinez, Francisco Jesús Vera, Josefina García, Begoña Alcaraz, Antonio Jesús Sánchez Guirao, Álvaro Mena, Berta Pernas, Pilar Vázquez, Soledad López, Brais Castelo, Carlos Galera, Marian Fernández, Helena Albendin, Antonia Castillo, Asunción Iborra, Antonio Moreno, M. Angustias Merlos, Inmaculada Chiclano, Inés Suarez-García, Eduardo Malmierca, Patricia González-Ruano, M. Pilar Ruiz, José Francisco Pascual, Luz Balsalobre, Ángela Somodevilla, José Sanz, Alberto Arranz, Cristina Hernández, María Novella, María José Galindo, Sandra Pérez Gómez, Ana Ferrer, Antonio Rivero Román, Inma Ruíz, Antonio Rivero Juárez, Pedro López, Isabel Machuca, Mario Frias, Ángela Camacho, Ignacio Pérez, Diana Corona, Javier Manuel Caballero, Rafael Rodríguez-Rosado Martinez-Echevarría, Rafael Torres, Juan Macías Sánchez, Pilar Rincón, Luis Miguel Real, Anais Corma, Alejandro González-Serna, Eva Poveda, Alexandre Pérez, Luis Morano, Celia Miralles, Antonio Ocampo, Guillermo Pousada, María Gallego, Jacobo Alonso & Inés MartínezThe elimination of the latent viral reservoir remains the main barrier in the quest for a cure for people with HIV (PWH). The administration of latency reversal agents (LRA) at antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation could improve the effectiveness of strategies aimed at HIV remission. This study assessed the impact of maraviroc (MVC), an antiretroviral drug with HIV latency reversal properties, on the viral reservoir size when it is administered at ART initiation. We conducted a longitudinal observational study in PWH initiating ART with a regimen including (MVC-initiation, n = 12) or not including MVC (non-MVC-initiation, n = 22), or switching to an MVC-containing regimen after achieving an undetectable viral load (VL) (MVC-switch, n = 9). The HIV reservoir size was determined via Alu-LTR and Intact Proviral DNA Assay (IPDA) methods, and cell-associated HIV-RNA (ca-HIV-RNA) by nested-qPCR. Comparative analyses employed mixed multivariate linear models. After a median of 90 weeks, the MVC-initiation group showed a greater reduction in integrated and IPDA-total (7.1- and 4.0-fold, respectively), but not IPDA-intact, HIV-DNA reservoir compared to the non-MVC-initiation group. The reductions in integrated, IPDA-total, and IPDA-intact HIV-DNA levels in the MVC-initiation group were also greater compared to the MVC-switch group (from 5.4 to 13.8-fold). Moreover, no significant differences in the HIV transcriptional activity, assessed by ca-HIV-RNA levels or HIV-RNA/HIV-DNA ratios, were observed between the MVC-initiation and non-MVC-initiation groups. In conclusion, starting ART with a drug with HIV latency reversing activity at detectable VL phase may contribute to a greater reduction in the HIV-DNA reservoir. These findings could inform the design of future trials targeting HIV remission via a "kick and kill" strategy.This study was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) through the projects PI20/00945, PI20/00676, PI23/01896 and CIBERINFEC INFECG30 S.N./ 2024, and co-funded by the European Union.Peer reviewe
Multicentric study of patients treated outside the intensive care unit with non-invasive respiratory therapies during the first five waves of COVID-19 in the Madrid Area
No full text20.500.12530/8788
Ultra-diluted bioactive compounds enhance energy storage and oocyte quality during gonad conditioning of Pacific calico scallop Argopecten ventricosus (Sowerby II, 1842)
No full textWOS:000591249000001International audienceUltra-diluted bioactive compounds have emerged as an alternative to enhance marine organism performance and to improve broodstock gonad maturation. This study evaluated for the first time the effect of three homeopathically ultra-diluted bioactive compounds (HUBC's) authorized by the health authority as medicines for humans, on the general reproductive physiology of Argopecten ventricosus, a commercially important scallop species. The experiment included three HUBC's treatments at centesimal dilution assessed in triplicate under laboratory conditions, T1: PaV-30C + PhA-30C, T2: PaV-30C + SiT-30C, and T3: ViT-30C, and a non-treated field reference group (FRG) maintained in aquaculture facilities as reference. The bioenergetics of scallop reproduction and oocyte quality increased with the three HUBC treatments, but particularly in those treated with T2. The organisms treated with T3 showed not only the highest proliferation of vitellogenic and post-vitellogenic oocytes but also the greatest oxidative damage in tissues and oocytes. In contrast, the scallops from T1 and T2 showed less oxidative damage. The results suggest that ultra-diluted formula T2 is a potential alternative to optimize A. ventricosus gonad ripening, food-nutrient management and oocyte quality because although T3 allowed accelerating the gametogenesis process, it increased oxidative damage. This study could help to improve gonad broodstock condition and larval yield of this species in hatcheries
Diseño e implementación de un web blog para la línea de investigación ámbitos dis-formales en la educación física(primer avance de investigación)
No full textEste trabajo de grado es un diseño e implementación de un web blog referente a la sub-línea de investigación EDUCACIÓN FÍSICA EN ÁMBITOS DIS- FÓRMALES, para facilitar el acceso a los usuarios que estén interesados en el tema; en este espacio se incluirán textos, artículos, ponencias, fotos, videos, links y demás elementos que sean pertinentes. Así mismo los usuarios podrán encontrar todo acerca de los ámbitos dis-fórmales en la educación física, será un complemento para que la línea de investigación abra sus puertas a todo e
Extremidades da nação: violência, biopolítica e anti-modernidade no discurso fundacional da Argentina
Get PDFTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Florianópolis, 2011A nação imaginada pelos letrados de 1837 promoveu a eliminação de todo resíduo de antagonismo social como garantia de sobrevivência da nação e como elemento constitutivo de suas fronteiras cartográficas. Essa eliminação não se deu apenas com repressão, genocídios físicos e corporais, mas também, e antes, no nível discursivo e simbólico. Foi missão do Estado garantir a implementação do hífen que o une à #nação#. Hífen desenhado com o silêncio, o esquecimento e o sangue dos que foram considerados estrangeiros ou danosos. É justamente aí que se insere a discussão desta tese: interromper esse gozo, esse mito, essa origem e levar o discurso da nação em sua extremidade, para, assim, produzir outras genealogias e escrever uma história a contra-pêlo. Esta tese está desenvolvida a partir de três problemas: o discurso político racional de renovação nacional encontra-se contagiado por argumentos teológicos; a íntima relação existente entre o exílio e a construção de um sentimento de nação; e a violência das narrativas fundacionais armadas a partir dos encontros intelectuais entre o viajante Rugendas e os letrados românticos no exílio. Esses três eixos são desdobramentos da intenção de analisar a emergência de sintomas anti-modernos nesses discursos. Chamo esses problemas de extremidades da nação, pois somente no limiar que a nação moderna poderia se realizar. Cada uma dessas extremidades é abordada em um capítulo específico. O quarto capítulo é uma enunciação mais evidente do problema central da tese.The nation imagined by the literati of 1837 promoted the elimination of any residue of social tension like a guarantee of survival of the nation and as a constituent element of its cartographic boundaries. This elimination was not just to repression, genocide and physical body, but also by level of discourse and symbolic. It was the mission of the State to ensure implementation of the hyphen that joins the "nation."Hyphen designed with silence, forgetfulness and the blood that were considered foreign or harmful. It is precisely here that the discussion is part of this thesis: to stop this joy, this myth, the origin and carry the discourse of the nation at its end, to thereby produce other genealogies and write a story to #counter-hair#. This thesis is developed from three problems: the rational political discourse of national renewal is infected by theological arguments; the intimate relationship between exile and building a sense of nation; and the foundational narratives of violence from armed encounters between the romantic intellectuals and Rugendas, in exile. These three axes are offshoots of the intention to examine the emergence of symptoms in these anti-modern discourses. I call these problems the extremities nation, since only the threshold to the modern nation could accomplish. Each of these extremities discussed in a separate chapter. The fourth chapter is a clearer enunciation of the central problem of the thesis
Toll-Like Receptor-1 and Receptor-2 and Beta-Defensin in Postcholecystectomy Bile Duct Injury
Get PDFPostcholecystectomy bile duct injuries (BDI) produce hepatic cholestasis and cause infection of the biliary tract. The biliary cells participate in secreting cytokines and in expression of immune response receptors. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) conduct signalling and activate the innate and adaptive inflammatory response. The objective was to determine the serum levels of TLR-2 and the expression of TLR-1 and TLR-2 and β-defensin in liver biopsies of postcholecystectomy BDI patients. A transverse, analytical study with 2 groups was done. One group included healthy volunteers (control group) and other included 25 postcholecystectomy BDI patients with complete biliary obstruction. Using the Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique, serum levels of TLR-2 were determined, and with immunofluorescence the morphologic analysis of TLR-1 and TLR-2 and β-defensin in liver biopsies of postcholecystectomy BDI patients was performed. The average TLR-2 serum level in the control group was 0.0 pg/mL and in the BDI group, 0.023±0.0045 pg/mL (P<0.0001, bilateral Mann Whitney U). Immunofluorescence was used to determine the expression in liver biopsies, blood vessels, bile ducts, and hepatic parenchyma where 12 hepatic biopsies were positive for TLR-1 with average of 3213057.74±1071019.25 μm2; and 7 biopsies were positive for β-defensin with an average of 730364.33±210838.02 μm2; and 6 biopsies positive for TLR-2, obtaining an average of 3354364.24±838591.06 μm2. In conclusion, TLR-1 and TLR-2 and β-defensin play an important role in the innate antimicrobial defense of the hepatobiliary system
