209 research outputs found
Analysis of immune-related loci identifies 48 new susceptibility variants for multiple sclerosis
No full textUsing the ImmunoChip custom genotyping array, we analyzed 14,498 subjects with multiple sclerosis and 24,091 healthy controls for 161,311 autosomal variants and identified 135 potentially associated regions (P < 1.0 × 10−4). In a replication phase, we combined these data with previous genome-wide association study (GWAS) data from an independent 14,802 subjects with multiple sclerosis and 26,703 healthy controls. In these 80,094 individuals of European ancestry, we identified 48 new susceptibility variants (P < 5.0 × 10−8), 3 of which we found after conditioning on previously identified variants. Thus, there are now 110 established multiple sclerosis risk variants at 103 discrete loci outside of the major histocompatibility complex. With high-resolution Bayesian fine mapping, we identified five regions where one variant accounted for more than 50% of the posterior probability of association. This study enhances the catalog of multiple sclerosis risk variants and illustrates the value of fine mapping in the resolution of GWAS signals
Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis
No full textMultiple sclerosis is a common disease of the central nervous system in which the interplay between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes typically results in intermittent neurological disturbance followed by progressive accumulation of disability. Epidemiological studies have shown that genetic factors are primarily responsible for the substantially increased frequency of the disease seen in the relatives of affected individuals, and systematic attempts to identify linkage in multiplex families have confirmed that variation within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exerts the greatest individual effect on risk. Modestly powered genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have enabled more than 20 additional risk loci to be identified and have shown that multiple variants exerting modest individual effects have a key role in disease susceptibility. Most of the genetic architecture underlying susceptibility to the disease remains to be defined and is anticipated to require the analysis of sample sizes that are beyond the numbers currently available to individual research groups. In a collaborative GWAS involving 9,772 cases of European descent collected by 23 research groups working in 15 different countries, we have replicated almost all of the previously suggested associations and identified at least a further 29 novel susceptibility loci. Within the MHC we have refined the identity of the HLA-DRB1 risk alleles and confirmed that variation in the HLA-A gene underlies the independent protective effect attributable to the class I region. Immunologically relevant genes are significantly overrepresented among those mapping close to the identified loci and particularly implicate T-helper-cell differentiation in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
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The Genetic Association of Variants in CD6, TNFRSF1A and IRF8 to Multiple Sclerosis: A Multicenter Case-Control Study
No full textBACKGROUND:
In the recently published meta-analysis of multiple sclerosis genome-wide association studies De Jager et al. identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms associated to MS: rs17824933 (CD6), rs1800693 (TNFRSF1A) and rs17445836 (61.5 kb from IRF8). To refine our understanding of these associations we sought to replicate these findings in a large more extensive independent sample set of 11 populations of European origin.
PRINCIPAL FINDINGS:
We calculated individual and combined associations using a meta-analysis method by Kazeem and Farral (2005). We confirmed the association of rs1800693 in TNFRSF1A (p 4.19 × 10-7, OR 1.12, 7,665 cases, 8,051 controls) and rs17445836 near IRF8 (p 5.35 × 10-10, OR 0.84, 6,895 cases, 7,580 controls and 596 case-parent trios) The SNP rs17824933 in CD6 also showed nominally significant evidence for association (p 2.19 × 10-5, OR 1.11, 8,047 cases, 9,174 controls, 604 case-parent trios).
CONCLUSIONS:
Variants in TNFRSF1A and in the vicinity of IRF8 were confirmed to be associated in these independent cohorts, which supports the role of these loci in etiology of multiple sclerosis. The variant in CD6 reached genome-wide significance after combining the data with the original meta-analysis. Fine mapping is required to identify the predisposing variants in the loci and future functional studies will refine their molecular role in MS pathogenesis
Cannabinoids for the control of experimental multiple sclerosis
No full textPhDThere have been numerous studies reporting that cannabinoids, both exogenous
and endogenous, have a potential beneficial function during incidences of
neurological damage. Using gene knockout mice and cannabinoid-selective agents,
this study demonstrates the diverse actions of cannabinoids with a particular focus
on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple
sclerosis. The results presented here report on the action of stimulators of
cannabinoid receptors in the nervous system (CNS) on; immune function, as a
mechanism of suppressing autoimmune attack of the central nervous system, as
agents to suppress neurodegenerative events leading to disease progression and as
agents that can control signs of disease that occur as the consequences of
autoimmune neurodegeneration such as spasticity. Tetrahydrocannabinol the
psychoactive component in cannabis and the CB1 cannabinoid receptor appears to
be central to many of the therapeutic actions of cannabis but also to the side-effect
potential of cannabinoid drugs. This study reports on methods to avoid
psychoactive side-effects of conventional brain-penetrant CB1 receptor agonists
whilst exploiting the therapeutic potential of the cannabinoid system in order to
control spasticity. This was achieved by targeting mechanisms of endocannabinoid
degradation, particularly using fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Furthermore,
this study also reports the development of novel cannabinoid compounds that are
excluded from the brain and inhibit spasticity and also demonstrates the
mechanism of exclusion of CNS-excluded cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists. This
study provides further evidence for the efficacy of cannabinoid compounds during
an ongoing CNS disease and also their efficacy for treating the consequences of
CNS autoimmune disease, which hopefully, will give additional impetus for further
clinical investigations of cannabinoid agents in not only multiple sclerosis but also
other neurodegenerative diseases of the CNS
Regulatory T cell proliferative potential as novel marker to investigate immune tolerance and clinical progression in Multiple Sclerosis
No full textIn autoimmune disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) one of the determining alteration is the breakdown of self-antigen immune-tolerance. Peripheral immune tolerance is maintained, at least in part, by Regulatory T cells (Treg). Several studies have shown that either defects in the frequency or the suppressive capacity of Treg cells can contribute to the development of break of self-tolerance, and that in animal models of autoimmunity, adoptive transfer of Treg cells was able to stop disease process. Treg cells are known to be anergic in vitro to T cell receptor-induced (TCR) stimulation and this state correlates with their in vitro suppressive capacity. It has been reported that there are differences in the number of Treg cells in MS patients when compared with healthy controls. However there is also extensive evidence indicating a defect in the suppressive function of Treg cells from MS patients. In previous studies we showed that Treg cells produce an higher amount of leptin when compared with effector T cells and that leptin acts as a negative signal for the proliferation of Treg cells. In vitro leptin neutralization results in Treg cells proliferation. Although in last few years several studies have been performed to understand the molecular mechanism leading to autoimmune disorders development, there are no surrogate markers to predict the clinical progression of autoimmune diseases and the clinical response to the classical therapeutic regimes
Brain–specific proteins in Multiple Sclerosis
No full textBrain–specific proteins (BSP) are each relatively specific for particular cell–types within the nervous system. The BSP studied were glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S100B for the astrocyte, ferritin for microglia and
neurofilaments (Nf) for the axon. BSP are released into the extracellular fluid (ECF) following cellular destruction and during phases of high cellular activity such as astrocytic or microglial activation. ECF BSP equilibrate
with those in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). This allows us to quantify BSP from the CSF and estimate the overall average of axonal damage (CSF Nf), astrocytic and microglia activation (respectively CSF S100B, CSF ferritin)
and astrogliosis (CSF GFAP).
New enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assays (ELISA) have been developed for measuring Nf and GFAP in the CSF. Previously established ELISAs have been used to measure S100B and ferritin.
It has been shown that spinal cord atrophy in a mouse model of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was paralleled by a decrease of Nf indicating loss of axons, and an increase in GFAP indicating astrogliosis. These findings have been confirmed and extended in a human post–mortem study where
BSP levels were quantified in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions of different age and activity. S100B and Nf were associated with acute lesions, ferritin was elevated in all lesion types, while GFAP was increased in both acute and
chronic lesions.
CSF BSP levels were then quantified in a cross–sectional study of MS patients with the aim of distinguishing clinical subgroups, such as relapsing remitting (RR), primary progressive (PP) and secondary progressive (SP)
disease. In addition an attempt was made to relate CSF BSP levels to grades of disability using clinical scales including Kurtzke’s EDSS, an ambulation index (AI) and the 9–hole PEG test (9HPT). It was shown that CSF S100B was higher in RR MS while CSF ferritin was elevated in PP
MS patients. The S100B:ferritin ratio emphasised the distinction between the MS subtypes. CSF GFAP was higher in poorly ambulating (AI) and severely disabled (EDSS) patients. CSF GFAP correlated with the EDSS in SP MS patients. This suggests that gliosis is an important feature in SP MS.
CSF Nf levels were quantified in a longitudinal study at baseline and at 3–year follow–up. It was shown that more SP/PP than RR MS patients experienced an increase in CSF Nf levels over this time, suggesting cumulative axonal damage in this subgroup. RR MS patients who had elevated
CSF Nf levels at baseline had a worse clinical course, suggesting that initial high CSF Nf levels in RR MS patients are a poor prognostic sign. CSF Nf
levels at follow–up correlated with the EDSS, AI and 9HPT suggesting that axonal pathology in MS is a dynamic process possibly balancing features of de- and regenerative activities
Inosina previne a resposta inflamatória e nociceptiva induzida pelo modelo experimental de esclerose múltipla
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Florianópolis, 2015.A Esclerose Múltipla (EM) é uma doença autoimune mediada por linfócitos T e caracterizada por inflamação e degeneração do sistema nervoso central (SNC). As terapias atualmente disponíveis possuem ações parcialmente efetivas e inúmeras reações adversas. A inosina tem demonstrado importante ação imunomoduladora, neuroprotetora e anti-hiperalgésica. Neste sentido, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inosina no desenvolvimento e progressão da encefalomielite autoimune experimental (EAE), o modelo experimental de EM. Métodos: Foram utilizados camundongos C57BL/6 fêmeas com 6 a 12 semanas. A EAE foi induzida pela inoculação de emulsão contendo glicoproteína de mielina do oligodendrócitos (MOG 35-55) suplementada com 500 µg de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mt) H37Ra em ambos os flancos traseiros nos dias 0 e 7. Em adição, cada animal recebeu 300 ng de Bordetella toxina Pertussis em 100 µL de solução salina por via intraperitoneal (i.p.) no dia 0 e no dia 2 pós-imunização (p.i.). Os animais foram tratados pela via i.p., 2x dia, com inosina (1 ou 10 mg/kg) ou solução salina (0,9% NaCl, 10 mL/kg). O tratamento, juntamente com a avaliação do peso corporal e dos sinais clínicos, ocorreu diariamente por 40 dias. Entre o 1º e 14º dia p.i. os animais foram submetidos a diferentes testes comportamentais a fim de avaliar a hiperalgesia mecânica e térmica ao frio, comportamento tipo-ansioso e depressivo e sinais tipo-fadiga. No 40º dia p.i., os animais foram eutanaziados; a medula espinhal foi coletada para a avaliação histológica do processo inflamatório e desmielinizante, imuno-histoquímica para atividade astrocitária e western blot para a expressão dos receptores A1 e A2A, proteína cinase ERK1 e p-ERK1; os linfonodos foram coletados para análise da citocina IL-17 por ELISA. Resultados: A indução da EAE foi evidenciada pela presença de sinais clínicos, a partir do 12° dia p.i. no grupo EAE + veículo. A inosina (1 e 10 mg/kg) retardou o surgimento dos escores clínicos e inibiu a progressão da doença, com destaque para a dose de 1 mg/kg. Além disso, a inosina na dose de 1 mg/kg inibiu a hiperalgesia mecânica e térmica ao frio, e a dose de 10 mg/kg inibiu apenas a hiperalgesia térmica evidenciadas durante a fase pré-motora da doença. Ainda observou-se que a EAE induziu comportamentos do tipo-ansioso no teste do labirinto em cruz elevado (LCE) e sinais tipo-fadiga no teste de nado forçado com sobrecarga durante a fase pré-motora da doença, os quais não foram revertidos pelo tratamento com inosina (1 mg/kg). Não observou-se comportamento tipo-depressivo nos animais EAE, poréma inosina (1 mg/kg) demonstrou efeito ansiolítico no teste de suspensão pela cauda (TSC). Além disso, verificou-se no teste do LCE ausência de alterações locomotoras no período avaliado. A análise histológica demonstrou que a inosina (1 e 10 mg/kg) bloqueou a neuroinflamação e a desmielinização, sendo a dose de 1mg/kg efetiva em inibir ainda a ativação astrocitária na medula espinhal após indução da EAE. Nos órgãos linfoides periféricos, a inosina (1 e 10 mg/kg) reduziu os níveis de IL-17 exacerbada pela EAE. Ademais, a EAE aumentou a expressão do A2AR na medula espinhal e a inosina (1 e 10 mg/kg) inibiu esse efeito. Em contrapartida, a indução da EAE culminou com a diminuição significativa na expressão de A1R no SNC, a qual não foi modulada pelo tratamento com inosina. A EAE não alterou a expressão da ERK1, porém aumentou, de maneira significativa, a expressão de p-ERK1 na medula espinhal no 40° dia p.i. Entretanto, o tratamento com inosina (1 e 10 mg/kg) não modulou a fosforilação de ERK1 no SNC. Conclusões: Os resultados do presente trabalho demonstram que a inosina, com destaque para a dose de 1 mg/kg, retardou e reduziu os sinais clínicos motores, bem como a hiperalgesia induzidos pela EAE. O efeito da inosina na dose de 1mg/kg ocorreu, em parte, pela inibição da neuroinflamação e desmielinização, bem como por redução da atividade astrocitária, do nível de IL-17 em tecido linfoide periférico e expressão do A2AR no SNC.Abstract : Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a T cells-autoimmune, inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Currently available therapies have partially effective actions and numerous side reactions. Inosine showed immunomodulatory, neuroprotective and anti-hyperalgesic action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the inosine effect in the development and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a MS experimental model. Methods: Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in female C57BL/6 mice (6?10 weeks of age) by immunization with MOG 35-55 peptide supplemented with 500 µg of Mycobacterium tuberculosis extract H37Ra into the flanks on days 0 and 7. All animals were also injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) on days 0 and 2 with 300 ng of Pertussis toxin. During 40 days, the animals received inosine (1 or 10 mg/kg) or saline solution (0,9% NaCl, 10 mL/kg). The weight and clinical signs were evaluated daily. Among 1 and 14 days post immunization (p.i.) animals were subjected to different behavioral tests to evaluate the mechanical and cold thermal hyperalgesia, anxious and depressive-like behavior and fatigue-like signs. Forty days p.i., the animals were euthanized; the spinal cord was collected for inflammatory and demyelinating histological evaluation, astrocyte activity immunohistochemistry and expression of A1 and A2A receptors, protein kinase ERK1 and p-ERK1 by western blot; lymph nodes were collected for IL-17 cytokine analysis by ELISA assay. Results: In this present study, we report that EAE induction has been evidenced by clinical signs appeared on day 12 p.i. on EAE + vehicle group. Inosine (1 and 10 mg/kg) delayed the scores onset as well as the disease progression and weight loss, particularly at 1 mg/kg dose. Furthermore, inosine 1 mg/kg inhibited mechanical and cold thermal hyperalgesia, 10 mg/kg dose inhibited only thermal allodynia evidenced during the pre-motor stage of the disease. It was also found that EAE induced anxious-like behavior on the elevated plus maze test (ECL) and fatigue-like sign in the weight load swimming test (WLST) on the pre-motor stage, which were not reversed by treatment with inosine (1mg/kg). It was not observed depressive-like behavior in EAE + vehicle group, however, inosine (1 mg/kg) showed anxiolytic effect in the tail suspension test (TST). In addition, it was found in the EPM test lack of locomotor changes on the evaluated period. Histological analysis showed that inosine (1 and 10 mg/kg) blocked neuroinflammation anddemyelination in the spinal cord after EAE induction, and 1mg/kg inosine also inhibited astrocytic activity. In the secondary lymphoid tissue, inosine (1 and 10 mg/kg) inhibited the IL-17 levels exacerbated by EAE. Furthermore, EAE increased A2AR expression in the spinal cord and inosine (1 and 10 mg/kg) inhibit this up-regulation. On the order hand, EAE immunization induced down-regulation of A1R in the CNS, which was not modulated by inosine treatment. EAE did not alter the ERK1 expression, but increased p-ERK1 expression in the spinal cord at day 40 p.i. Treatment with inosine (1 and 10 mg/kg) did not modulate the ERK1 phosphorylation in the CNS. Conclusions: These results indicate that inosine, with emphasis on the 1mg/kg dose, delayed and reduced EAE clinical symptoms and hyperalgesia. The inosine effect is mediated, in part, by reducing neuroinflammation and demyelination, as well as reduction of astrocytic activity, IL-17 levels and A2ARs expression
Association of smoking behavior with an odorant receptor allele telomeric to the human major histocompatibility complex
No full textSmoking behavior has been associated in two independent European cohorts with the most common Caucasian human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype (A1-B8-DR3). We aimed to test whether polymorphic members of the two odorant receptor (OR) clusters within the extended HLA complex might be responsible for the observed association, by genotyping a cohort of Hungarian women in which the mentioned association had been found. One hundred and eighty HLA haplotypes from Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain families were analyzed in silico to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within OR genes that are in linkage disequilibrium with the A1-B8-DR3 haplotype, as well as with two other haplotypes indirectly linked to smoking behavior. A nonsynonymous SNP within the OR12D3 gene (rs3749971T) was found to be linked to the A1-B8-DR3 haplotype. This polymorphism leads to a 97Thr → Ile exchange that affects a putative ligand binding region of the OR12D3 protein. Smoking was found to be associated in the Hungarian cohort with the rs3749971T allele (p = 1.05 × 10−2), with higher significance than with A1-B8-DR3 (p = 2.38 × 10−2). Our results link smoking to a distinct OR allele, and demonstrate that the rs3749971T polymorphism is associated with the HLA haplotype–dependent differential recognition of cigarette smoke components, at least among Caucasian women
Fitness Ranking of Individual Mutants Drives Patterns of Epistatic Interactions in HIV-1
No full textThis is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Multiple Sclerosis in Children
No full textHow to Cite This Article: Inaloo S, Haghbin S. Multiple Sclerosis in Children. Iran J Child Neurol. 2013 Spring;7(2):1-10. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most important immune-mediated demyelinated disease of human which is typically the disease of young adults. A total of 4% to 5% of MS population are pediatric. Pediatric MS is defined as the appearance of MS before the age of sixteen. About 80% of the pediatric cases and nearly all adolescent onset patients present with attacks typical to adult MS. Approximately 97% to 99% of the affected children have relapsing-remitting MS, while 85% to 95% of the adults experience such condition. MS in children is associated with more frequent and severe relapses. Treatment is the same as adults. We aimed to review the epidemiology, etiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment of MS in children. References1. Lublin F. History of modern multiple sclerosis therapy. J Neurol 2005 Sep;252(Suppl 3):iii3-iii9. Review.2. Murray TJ. 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