396 research outputs found
Effectiveness of written and graphic tobacco warning labels
No full textFragebogen und Stimulusmaterial der Studie Effektivität von schriftlichen und graphischen Warnhinweisen auf Zigarettenschachteln.
Petersen, L.-E., & Lieder, F. (2006). Die Effektivität von schriftlichen und graphischen Warnhinweisen auf Zigarettenschachteln. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie, 37(4), 245-258
Strategy Selection as Rational Metareasoning
No full textThis repository contains the code of the models and experiments used in the manuscript "Strategy Selection as Rational Metareasoning" currently under review at Psychological Review. The data is available upon request.
You can cite this manuscript as follows:
Lieder, F., and Griffiths, T.L. (in revision). Strategy selection as rational metareasoning
That's 'é' not 'þ' '?' or '☐': a user-driven context-aware approach to erroneous metadata in digital libraries
No full textIn this paper we present a novel system for user-driven integration of name variants when interacting with web-based information systems. The growth and diversity of online information means that many users experience disambiguation and collocation errors in their information searching. We approach these issues via a client-side JavaScript browser extension that can reorganise web content and also integrate remote data sources. The system is illustrated through three worked examples using existing digital libraries
Developing and Validating a Model-Based Method for Measuring People’s Subjective Planning Costs
No full textBei der Planung müssen Menschen den Nutzen zusätzlicher Erwägungen gegen
ihre Kosten abwägen. Menschen, die dazu neigen, nicht zu planen,
erzielen in der Regel schlechtere Ergebnisse in verschiedenen Bereichen
des Lebens, die sich auf ihr Wohlbefinden auswirken, einschließlich
Gesundheit, Finanzen und Bildung. Es gibt mehrere Fragebögen, um zu
messen wie sehr Menschen dazu neigen die Zukunft zu planen (z. B., die
Fragebögen zur Erfassung der Planungsneigung: Lynch et al., 2010,
der Berücksichtigung zukünftiger
Konsequenzen: Strathman et al., 1994, und der
Zukunftsorientierung: Steinberg et al., 2009). Diese Maße können jedoch als
subjektiv angesehen werden und könnten durch soziale Erwünschtheit oder
Reaktivitätseffekten verfälscht werden, wie z. B. dem Wunsch der
Menschen, im Einklang mit gesellschaftlichen Werten zu antworten, um
"gut" zu erscheinen.
In dieser Dissertation entwickelte ich ein objektives,
verhaltensbasiertes, mathematisches Verfahren zur Messung individueller
Unterschiede darin, wie Menschen planen. Anstatt eine Person zu bitten,
selbst zu berichten, wie sehr sie dazu neigt, zukünftige Konsequenzen in
Betracht zu ziehen, schätzt meine Methode die subjektiven Planungskosten
einer Person mithilfe einer Kombination aus einer Planungsaufgabe und
einem rationalen kognitiven Prozessmodelll (Lieder and Griffiths, 2020).
Außerdem stelle ich eine Studie vor, die Fragebogenmessungen mit dieser
Methode kombiniert. In dieser Studie untersuche ich, ob und wie
individuelle Unterschiede in den subjektiven Planungskosten die Symptome
psychiatrischer Störungen vorhersagen können, und wie sehr mein
verhaltensbasiertes Maß der subjektive Planungskosten mit dem Erleben
der Person korreliert ist.
Die Grundlage meiner Methode zur Messung individueller Unterschiede in
der Planung ist ein kognitives Prozessmodell das die Planungsstrategien
von Personen mit unterschiedlichen Planungskosten vorhersagt . In einer
Situation, in der es unwahrscheinlich ist, dass sich lohnen würde zu
planen, oder in der planen besonders schwierig ist, könnte es sinnvoll
sein, überhaupt nicht zu planen. Hier untersuche ich, wie
Planungsstrategien, die suboptimal wirken, in Wirklichkeit optimal sein
können, wenn man die subjektiven Planungskosten berücksichtigt, die ein
Individuum empfindet. Insbesondere untersuche ich, wie erhöhte Kosten
för vorausschauendes Planen zu suboptimaler Entscheidungen führen
können, indem ich ein Prozessverfolgungsparadigma verwende (das
Mouselab-MDP-Paradigma Callaway et al., 2017). Zu diesem Zweck
erweitere ich ein bestehendes ressourcenrationales Planungsmodell um
subjektive Planungskosten, die durch eine Kostenfunktion mit mehreren
Parametern erfasst werden. Ich zeige, dass dieses Modell menschliches
Planen besser erklärt als einfachere Modelle und alternative
Erklärungen. Dieses Modell liefert eine mechanistische Erklärung dafür,
warum manche Menschen sich auf bestimmte Formen scheinbar suboptimaler
Planung verlassen.
Darüber hinaus wende ich Bayesian Inverse Reinforcement Learning an, um
die Parameter dieser Planungskostenfunktion zu schätzen. In einem
Experiment, in dem die Planungskosten von Personen manipuliert werden,
zeige ich, dass individuelle Unterschiede in den Kosten des
vorausschauenden Planens für etwa 70% der Versuchspersonen
zuverlässig erfasst werden können. Dieser Parameter könnte ein
nützliches Maß dafür sein, wie sehr eine Person dazu neigt in die
Zukunft zu planen (z. B. langfristige versus kurzfristige Planung).
Ich präsentiere die Ergebnisse einer Studie, die untersucht, ob
individuelle Unterschiede in den subjektiven Planungskosten mit den
Symptomen psychiatrischer Störungen sowie mit anderen Fragebögen wie
Lebenszufriedenheit, Bedauern und Planungsverhalten zusammenhängen
könnten. Ich finde keine prädiktive Beziehung zwischen den geschätzten
kognitiven Kosten und den Selbstauskünften der Versuchspersonen. In
explorativen Analysen finde ich jedoch mehrere kleinere Korrelationen
zwischen den geschätzten Planungskosten und einzelnen Fragebögen. Diese
explorative Arbeit erweitert die bestehende Literatur über die Struktur
individueller Unterschiede im Planen zwischen verschiedenen psychischen
Störungen.
Abschließend skizziere und diskutiere ich die möglichen Grenzen der
Methode und künftige Studien, die erforderlich sind, bevor diese Methode
in einem größeren, realistischeren Rahmen angewendet werden kann.When planning, people have to trade off between the costs and benefits
of additional deliberation. People who tend not to plan may have worse
outcomes in various domains which impact well-being such as health,
finances, and academics. Several self-report measures exist to quantify
people's tendency to plan into the future (e.g., the Propensity to Plan
Scale: Lynch et al., 2010, the Consideration of Future
Consequences Scale: Strathman et al., 1994, and the Future
Orientation Scale: Steinberg et al., 2009). However, these measures can be
seen as subjective and might be influenced by social-desirability bias
or demand characteristics such as people wanting to answer in alignment
with societal values to appear "good".
In this dissertation, I present a computational method for objectively
quantifying individual differences in planning via subjective planning
costs. Instead of asking a person to self report how much they tend to
consider future outcomes, I quantify people's subjective planning costs
using a combination of a planning task and a resource-rational
computational model (Lieder and Griffiths, 2020). Furthermore, I present a
study pairing questionnaire measures with this method. In this study, I
investigate whether and how individual differences in subjective
planning costs can predict symptoms of psychiatric disorders, as well as
if subjective planning costs can predict people's scores on self-report
measures for similar constructs.
The foundation of my method for quantifying individual differences in
planning is a computational model for measuring subjective planning
costs. In a situation where planning is unlikely to pay off, or where
planning is particularly hard, it might make sense not to plan at all.
Here I investigate how planning which looks suboptimal, may, in fact, be
optimal with respect to the subjective planning costs experienced by an
individual. In particular, I investigate how costs such as a planning
depth cost (i.e., cost for looking into the future) might lead to
suboptimal planning using a process-tracing paradigm (the Mouselab-MDP
paradigm Callaway et al., 2017). To do so, I extend an existing
resource-rational model of planning to include subjective planning costs
captured by a cost function with multiple parameters. I show that this
model explains human planning better than simpler candidate models and
other alternative models. This model provides a mechanistic account for
why some people might engage in particular forms of seemingly suboptimal
planning.
Furthermore, I introduce the application of Bayesian Inverse
Reinforcement Learning to infer these cost weights for individuals. I
show, in an experiment where people's planning costs are manipulated,
that individual differences in a planning depth cost weight can be
reliably recovered for around 70% of people. The planning depth cost
weight could be useful as a measure of a person's propensity to plan
into the future (e.g., far-sighted versus short-sighted planning).
I present the results from a study investigating whether individual
differences in subjective planning costs might be related to symptoms of
psychiatric disorders as well as other self-report measures, such as
life satisfaction, regrets, and planning behaviors. I find no predictive
relationship between inferred cognitive cost weights and self-report
measure scores. However, I do find, in exploratory analyses, several
smaller correlations between cognitive cost weights and self-report
measure scores. This exploratory work expands on the existing literature
on the structure of planning differences across different mental
disorders.
Finally, I outline and discuss the possible limitations of the method,
and future studies needed before these methods could be applied to a
larger-scale, more real-world setting
How do individual differences in a planning task relate to psychometric measures and real-world planning?
No full textWe have developed a method for measuring people’s average planning depth cost (Felso & Lieder, 2022) in an online planning task. This measure may be useful for developing future planning interventions. However, little is known about how this measure may relate to real-world planning. In fact, little is known about how behavior in the task in general may relate to real-world planning. Therefore, in this study we will investigate how, if at all, our planning depth cost measure relates to real-world planning and outcomes as well as psychometric measures and a measure of cognitive processing style
How do individual differences in a planning task relate to psychometric measures and real-world planning?
No full textWe have developed a method for measuring people’s planning costs (Felso & Lieder, 2023) in an online planning task. These planning costs may be useful for developing future planning interventions. However, little is known about how these planning costs may relate to real-world planning. In fact, little is known about how behavior in the task in general may relate to real-world planning. Therefore, in this study we will investigate how, if at all, parameters from our planning cost model relate to real-world planning and outcomes as well as psychometric measures and a measure of cognitive processing style
Temporal Variability and Stability in Infant-Directed Sung Speech: Evidence for Language-specific Patterns.
No full textIn this paper, sung speech is used as a methodological tool to explore temporal variability in the timing of word-internal consonants and vowels. It is hypothesized that temporal variability/stability becomes clearer under the varying rhythmical conditions induced by song. This is explored crosslinguistically in German – a language that exhibits a potential vocalic quantity distinction – and the non-quantity languages French and Russian. Songs by non-professional singers, i.e. parents that sang to their infants aged 2 to 13 months in a non-laboratory setting, were recorded and analyzed. Vowel and consonant durations at syllable contacts of trochaic word types with ¦CVCV or ¦CVːCV structure were measured under varying rhythmical conditions. Evidence is provided that in German non-professional singing, the two syllable structures can be differentiated by two distinct temporal variability patterns: vocalic variability (and consonantal stability) was found to be dominant in ¦CVːCV structures whereas consonantal variability (and vocalic stability) was characteristic for ¦CVCV structures. In French and Russian, however, only vocalic variability seemed to apply. Additionally, findings suggest that the different temporal patterns found in German were also supported by the stability pattern at the tonal level. These results point to subtle (supra) segmental timing mechanisms in sung speech that affect temporal targets according to the specific prosodic nature of the language in question
The role of attention in moral learning from the consequences of past decisions.
No full textIf moral learning from the consequences of past decisions was perfect, then people would quickly unlearn all of the biases that negatively affect their moral decision-making. This does not seem to be the case (Maier, Cheung, Bartos, & Lieder, 2023). Therefore, the purpose of this experiment is to identify bottlenecks and biases in moral learning from the consequences of past decisions. We hope that identifying these biases and bottlenecks will enable us to design a reflection script that helps people to overcome them.
Many biases in moral learning might be a downstream consequence of biases in how people evaluate the outcomes of their decisions. One of these key bottlenecks is that people don’t pay attention to others’ wellbeing, but they do pay attention to their own wellbeing. In a previous study, we found that giving people feedback on the positive impact of their donations can increase charitable contributions (Spiteri & Lieder, 2024). The broad question of this experiment is: “What are the biases in people’s evaluations of their decision outcomes acting as the biggest obstacles to them learning to become more altruistic?
Moral Reflection, Learning from Outcomes (Exp. 5.1)
No full textMany biases in moral learning might be a downstream consequence of biases in how people evaluate the outcomes of their decisions. One of these key bottlenecks is that people don’t pay attention to others’ wellbeing, but they do pay attention to their own wellbeing. In a previous study, we found that giving people feedback on the positive impact of their donations can increase charitable contributions (Spiteri & Lieder, 2024). In the proposed experiment, we intend to induce an attentional bias without inducing any demand characteristics, priming, or social cues for which outcomes are more important
Rechtmäßiges Alternativverhalten im Organhaftungsrecht
No full textDurch das »Schloss Eller«-Urteil (BGH v. 10.7.2018–IIZR 24/1) hat der BGH den in Haftung genommenen Vorstandsmitgliedern bei Verletzung von Kompetenz- oder Verfahrensregeln den Einwand rechtmäßigen Alternativverhaltens als Verteidigungsmittel eröffnet. Grund genug also, diese Entscheidung zu untersuchen und den durch sie noch offengelassenen Fragen auf den Grund zu gehen.Nachdem die Zulässigkeit des Einwands als Verteidigungsmittel durch diese Entscheidung nunmehr anerkannt ist, gibt dies insbesondere Anlass zur Untersuchung der dadurch eröffneten prozessrechtlichen Fragestellungen. Ein wesentlicher Schwerpunkt der Arbeit ist daher die Untersuchung der prozessualen Rahmenbedingungen und der für die Beratungspraxis relevanten Frage nach der erfolgreichen Beweisführung eines eingewandten rechtmäßigen Alternativverhaltens. Der Autor gelangt zu dem Ergebnis, dass der Entscheidung des BGH zu folgen ist, der Erfolg des Einwands im Prozess jedoch stark von den Einzelheiten des Sachverhalts abhängen dürfte, jedoch keinesfalls stets ausgeschlossen ist. »Lawful Alternative Conduct in Directors' and Officers' Liability Law«: Using the example of disregarded consent requirements, the study examines the question of whether and in what form the objection of lawful alternative conduct is admissible in directors' and officers' liability in the case of violations of the internal procedural and competence order of stock corporations. In addition, it is examined under which procedural framework the objection of lawful alternative conduct falls, which ways of providing evidence come into consideration and which are promising
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