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Species with potential arising from surfaces with orbifold points of order 2, part I: one choice of weights
No full textWe present a definition of mutations of species with potential that can be applied to the species realizations of any skew-symmetrizable matrix B over cyclic Galois extensions E / F whose base field F has a primitive [E : F]th root of unity. After providing an example of a globally unfoldable skew-symmetrizable matrix whose species realizations do not admit non-degenerate potentials, we present a construction that associates a species with potential to each tagged triangulation of a surface with marked points and orbifold points of order 2. Then we prove that for any two tagged triangulations related by a flip, the associated species with potential are related by the corresponding mutation (up to a possible change of sign at a cycle), thus showing that these species with potential are non-degenerate. In the absence of orbifold points, the constructions and results specialize to previous work by Labardini-Fragoso (Proc Lond Math Soc 98(3):797–839, 2009. arXiv:0803.1328; Sel Math New Ser 22(1):145–189, 2016. doi:10.1007/s00029-015-0188-8. arXiv:1206.1798). The species constructed here for each triangulation τ is a species realization of one of the several matrices that Felikson–Shapiro–Tumarkin have associated to τ in (Adv Math 231(5):2953–3002, 2012. arXiv:1111.3449), namely, the one that in their setting arises from choosing the number 12 for every orbifold point
Lavellodrilus notosetosus Fragoso & Rojas, 2016, sp. nov.
No full textLavellodrilus notosetosus sp. nov. (Figures 1, 2, 3) Localities and material. Mexico, Chiapas, Chajul village, municipality of Marques de Comillas: 1) Type locality (holotype and paratypes), in front of town and crossing the river Lacantun, 2 km NW inside Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, tropical rain forest over alluvial soils at 20–40 cm depth, 16°07’24”N, 90°56’24”W, 180 m asl, five non-clitellated semi-adults 12/28/1982, and one juvenil 12/29/1982, C. Fragoso; three juveniles, 06/07/1982, P. Lavelle; six juveniles and one non-clitellated semi-adult 06/05/1982, P. Lavelle; three juveniles 07/11/1982, C. Fragoso; one juvenile 11/14/1981, P. Lavelle and C. Fragoso; 2) 3 km SW from town, very near to the river Lacantun in a recently deforested parcel over alluvial soils, within soil. 16°06’15”N, 90°57’00”W, 200 m asl, two juveniles 12/12/1984, C. Fragoso; 3) 2 km SE from town, disturbed tropical rain forest with seedlings of cocoa over ferrallitic soils at 30–40 cm depth. 16°06’42”N, 90°54’48”W, 200 m asl, one juvenile 08/28/1984, C. Fragoso. Holotype. Fragmented non-clitellated semi-adult with genital marks (GM), penial (PS) and genital setae (GS) collected in locality 1, 12/28/1982: IEOL 3109–1. Paratypes. All are dissected non-clitellated worms from locality 1: two entire semi-adults with GM, PS and GS, 12/28/1982: IEOL 3109–2, IEOL–3108; three fragmented semi-adults with GM, PS and GS, 12/28/1982: IEOL 3123; 06/05/1982: IEOL 3117; 06/07/1982: IEOL 3111; one fragmented juvenile with poorly developed GM, PS and GS, 07/11/1982: IEOL 3110–2; one fragmented semi-adult lacking the first 15 segments, with GM and PS, 12/28/1982: IEOL 3108–2; two entire juveniles without GM, PS and GS, 12/29/1982: IEOL–3127; 08/28/ 1982: IEOL 3120. Description. External. Length at least 135 mm in a fragmented and non-clitellated individual, holotype 111 mm (fragmented). Width, between segments 25–30: 1.22–1.55 mm (mean= 1.36, n= 9; Holotype 1.33 mm). Number of segments 201–271 (mean= 249, n= 4). Anterior segments almost square (Fig. 1 A,F); after segment 20 they become more rectangular; in the posterior region of some individuals, segments are narrow and apparently regenerated. Pigment absent. Prostomium prolobous or slightly epilobous, retracted in the majority of individuals. Secondary furrows one presetal in 3 and 4; one presetal and one postsetal in 5; two/three presetal and two/three postsetal in 6–22; behind segment 22, several presetal and postsetal annulations. Setae eight per segment, visible from 2; widely paired throughout, ab always ventral, cd lateral in the first segments and gradually moving to dorsum from 13, after segment 20 completely dorsal (Fig. 1 E). Size of setae cd gradually increasing in 2–6, and then decreasing; in segments 5, 6,11,12,13 with internal replacements; from segment 40 backwards, setae d larger than c (Fig. 1 E). Setal formula (averages, n=6) (aa:ab:bc:cd:dd): 10: 2.6:1:4.2:1.7:8.6 and 1.2 dd =1/2 C; 30: 6.1:1:12.5:2.5:4.8 and 3.3 dd =1/2 C; ten segments before anus: 6.7:1:11.4:2.1:4.9 and 3.1 dd =1/2 C. Setae ab of segment 12 modified as genital setae (Fig. 2 A), within follicles attached to lateral parietes and with several extra setae (Fig. 3 A). They are slightly curved, length 1.26–1.35 mm, with ornamentation covering 63% of distal surface and consisting of quincuaxial crevices that become smaller towards distal region; apex pointed (Fig. 2 B). Thin and large immature paired penial setae (a and b) in 17 and 19. In the holotype, the largest recovered complete seta of 17 b measured 1.83 mm length and 9.6 µm width; the setae was not straight, with a curvature of nearly 180° in the last distal third (Fig. 2 C). Due to its immature stage, ornamentation was not fully developed, limited to the last distal third and characterized by smooth undulations that become scarce serrations near to the slightly arrowshaped apex (Fig. 2 D). Mature penial setae probably spiral-shaped in the distal end. Setae a and b of 18 not visible. Clitellum not developed in any of the examined individuals. Dorsal pores present all along the body, first functional open pore in 13/14 (N= 11 ind.). Spermathecal pores paired and mesial in 7/8 and 8/9, within ovoid papilla located in AA (Fig. 1 A,F). Female pores in 14, presetal, mesial and median to a (Fig. 1 B). Two pairs of mesial prostatic pores in 17 and 19, joined by seminal grooves which in segment 18 run in AB (Fig. 1 A,C). Male pores not seen, probably within seminal grooves and opening somewhere in 18. Genital marks unpaired, mid-ventral intersegmental papillae located in 19/20 (extending in AA), 20/21 (BB), 21/22 (AA or BB) and 22/23 (mesial); relative size: 20/21≈21/22>19/20>22/23 (Fig. 1 A,C,F). Two further genital marks: an irregularly butterfly-like swelling in segment 12 (Fig. 1 A,D,F), incipient in several individuals, better differentiated in holotype and some paratypes, and a semicircular smooth mesial papilla in 16/17, with a straight posterior end (Fig. 1 A,C,F). Internal. Septum 5/6 very thin and membranous; septa 12/13 and 13/14 slightly muscular, 6/7–11/12 muscular; septa 6/7–13/14 funnel-shaped and imbricated (Fig. 3 A), those of 6/7–11/12 joined by 4–6 dorsal and lateral connective tissue fibers. Insertions of septa 6/7–13/14 not corresponding with external intersegments, being attached slightly anteriorly (Fig. 3 A). One small cylindrical gizzard in 5, completely occluded by septum 6/7. The thin nature of septum 5/6 often gives the erroneous impression that gizzard occurs in 6. Gizzard dimensions (length, width, and wall thickness): 0.59–0.88 mm, 0.32–0.58 mm, and 46–126 µm. Esophagus in 7–12 tubular, without dilatations or internal lamellae and with a pebbly internal wall. In 13–18 esophagus vascularized, with a thick wall and/or internal lamellae and with intra-parietal ventral paired vessels; in this region some segments enlarged (varying according to individuals) in some cases resembling lateral pouches. Intestine starting in 19/20 (7 ind.) (Fig. 3 A), 18/19 (2 ind.), 17/18 (1 ind.). Dorsal typhlosole starting in 20, 21 or 22, laminar, small, reaching maximal size after 2–3 segments, ending in 98, 103, 125, 127, with a gradual decrease in size some segments before its end. Dorso-lateral typhlosoles covering ten to thirteen segments of region 20–34, at both sides of main typhlosole. Single dorsal vessel visible throughout. Supra-esophageal vessel clearly visible in segments 11–14; in some individuals visible also in segments 9 and 10. Lateral hearts in 9 and 10; latero-esophageal hearts in 11, 12 and 13. Ventral vessel present. Extra parietal lateral-ventral vessels observed in one individual, in segments 16–22, anastomosing with body wall; in another individual, a pair of infra-parietal esophageal vessels observed in segments 9 and 10. Holoic without vesicles. The exonefric, apparently stomate holonephridia are septal from 5/6 to 19/20 (in the anterior face of the respective septum) and parietal from segment 20 backwards (Fig. 3 A). Nephrostomes and nephropores not seen; in anterior segments nephropores probably located in mid- BC, presetal, and close to the intersegment (Fig. 3 A). Holandric. Testes and male funnels in 10 and 11, not completely developed; funnels without iridescence. Undulate male gonoduct double, superficial and running over the body wall of segments 13–16 in AB; in 17 curved mesially, entering body wall in 17/18. Two pairs of sub-esophageal immature seminal vesicles in 11 and 12. Two pairs of immature and slightly coiled tubular prostates in 17 and 19 (Fig. 3 B), largest in 17; glandular part at least 3–4 times larger than the muscular region. Penial setae follicles fixed to lateral walls and extending two, three segments backwards (Fig. 3 B). Paired ovaries and female funnels in 13 (observed only in the holotype). Ovaries fixed to floor, flat and with a distal row of developing eggs. Two pairs of not fully developed spermathecae in 8 and 9, the posterior one being larger; diverticulum lateral, emerging from the anterior part of the duct and at least half the size of ampulla (Fig. 3 C). The larger, still immature spermatheca sized 1.26 mm (Paratype IEOL 3111) (Fig. 3 D). Etymology. The name of the species refers to the dorsal position of setae cd in the majority of segments. Remarks. Lavellodrilus notosetous sp.nov. is clearly separated from the other species of the genus by the following characters: beginning of intestine (18, 19, 20 vs 14 or 15), position of setae cd after segment 25 (dorsal v s lateral), location of last heart (13 vs 12), position of genital setae (12 vs absent or in 8 and/or 9) and type of penial setae. This species has previously been referred to as “Gen. n. 3 (Fragoso & Lavelle 1987, Fragoso 1992) and Lavellodrilus sp. nov. 9 (Fragoso 2001, 2007). Fragoso and Lavelle (1987) classified it as a geophagous hydrophilic species that inhabits alluvial soils within tropical rain forests, below 20 cm of soil depth and close to small streams. The species was recognized as new several years ago; however we delayed the publication hoping to obtain mature, clitellated adults. At first it was considered as a new, different genus; later on we realized that it presented the mesial pores and several other common characters that deserve its inclusion within Lavellodrilus. After more than 30 years, and considering that no new material was collected or received, we decided to publish it as a new species.Published as part of Fragoso, Carlos & Rojas, Patricia, 2016, Lavellodrilus notosetosus sp. nov. (Annelida, Crassiclitellata, Acanthodrilidae): a new Mexican earthworm with uncommon characters, revealed by a preliminary revision of subfamily Acanthodrilinae, pp. 101-138 in Zootaxa 4154 (2) on pages 104-106, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4154.2.1, http://zenodo.org/record/25715
Ramiellona microscolecina Fragoso & Rojas, 2014, sp. nov.
No full textRamiellona microscolecina sp. nov. Figures 5, 6 Localities. Mexico. (1) Type locality: Chiapas, Chajul, 3 km southwest of town, in sandy soils of a small island, margins of the Lacantun river. Riparian vegetation, within soil at 0–20 cm depth. 16 °06’17.22”N, 90 ° 57 ’06.73”W, 151 m a.s.l.. 3 J- 1 A- 10 CA (five posterior amputees), 11 / 15 / 1981, C. Fragoso and P. Lavelle; 3 A- 5 CA, 12 / 30 / 1982, C. Fragoso; 1 CA, 01/01/ 1983, C. Fragoso; 1 CA, 02/03/ 1984, C. Fragoso; 6 J, 05/ 11 / 1984, C. Fragoso; 7 J- 2 A- 3 CA (two posterior amputees), 10 / 26 / 1984, J. Ramirez; 1 J- 1 A- 9 CA (one and three posterior amputees, respectively) and one cocoon, 12 / 14 / 1984, C. Fragoso; 2 A- 1 CA (posterior amputee), 12 / 29 / 1985, C. Fragoso. (2) Chiapas, Frontera Corozal, at the margins of the Usumacinta river, close to the wharf, riparian vegetation. 16 ° 49 ′25.36”N, 90 ° 53 ′11.01″W, 122 m a.s.l.. 1 J, 11 /02/ 1991, A. Cartas and J. Bueno. (3) Chiapas, Flor de Cacao, in the region of Marques de Comillas, margins of the Salinas (Chixoy) river, close to the wharf; riparian vegetation. 16 °07’28.66”N, 90 ° 26 ’58.39”W, 129 m a.s.l.. 2 A, 10 / 31 / 1991, A. Cartas; 7 J- 1 A, 05/ 21 / 1992, J. Bueno. (4) Tabasco, Tenosique, Hwy 203, 10 km before town of Tenosique and 1.3 km from Usumacinta river. Pastures of Cynodon plectostachyus over clay soils, within soil at 0–20 cm depth. 17 ° 26 ’17.1”N, 91 ° 30 ’17.6”W, 30 m a.s.l.. 3 J- 1 A, 11 / 13 / 1981, C. Fragoso and P. Lavelle. Holotype. One clitellate adult collected in locality 1, 11 / 15 / 1981: IEOL 3356. Paratypes. Dissected: Five clitellate adults collected in locality 1, 11 / 15 / 1981: IEOL 4252, 4248; 12 / 30 / 1982: IEOL 2165; 01/01/ 1983: IEOL 4244; 12 / 14 / 1984: IEOL 4210; one posterior amputee adult from locality 4, IEOL 2171. Further 15 individuals, only externally characterized: Locality 1, 11 / 15 / 1981: IEOL 3701, 2170, 4251, 4246; 12 / 30 / 1982: 4245, 2160; 01/01/ 1983: 2405; 02/03/ 1984 IEOL 3702; 10 / 26 / 1984: IEOL 4215, 3700; 12 / 14 / 1984: IEOL 4213, 4212, 4208, 4210; locality 3, 10 / 31 / 1991: IEOL 2166. Description. External. Length of relaxed specimens 167–230 mm (mean= 209 mm, n= 13; holotype 216 mm), contracted 94–152 mm (mean= 126 mm, n= 4). Width postclitellar 3.6–5.3 mm (mean=4.3, n= 18; holotype 4.7 mm). Segments 169–210 (mean= 193, n= 15; holotype 201). Pigment absent. Prostomium prolobous. Peristomium with several longitudinal grooves, also present in second and third segment. Secondary annulations in preclitellar segments: one postsetal furrow in 5, 6 and 7; one presetal and one postsetal in segments 8–12 or, less common, two presetal and two postsetal furrows in some of segments 10–12 (Fig. 5 A); behind clitellum generally absent or one presetal and one postsetal. Setae eight per segment, visible from segments 4–6, closely paired in anterior region and widely paired in posterior region. Setal formula (average, n= 8) (aa:ab:bc:cd:dd): 10: 6.1: 1:7.8:0.6:34.3 and 0.8 dd= 1 / 2 U; 30: 4.4: 1:3.7:1.2: 23 and 0.8 dd= 1 / 2 U; ten segments before anus: 1.2: 1: 1: 1:4.6 and 1.2 dd = 1 / 2 U. Genital setae absent. Conspicuous and robust paired dimorphic penial setae (a and b) in 17. Seta a 2.1–2.4 mm long before distal curvature, 105–108 µm wide, almost straight in the main axis, slightly curved at base and with a 90 ° curvature (or stronger) at the distal end (Fig. 6 A); apex with irregularly distributed thorns, thinner than main axis (Fig. 6 B); seta b slightly smaller and thicker than seta a, 2.0–2.2 mm long before ental curvature, 122–135 µm wide, also almost straight in the main axis, with a slight curvature at base and a 90 ° curvature in the spoon-like apex that ends like a hook (Fig. 6 C); ornamentation limited to the last distal third and characterized by abundant irregular serrations, the apex with scarce and more conspicuous thorns (Fig. 6 D). Setae a and b of 18 visible in c. 20 % of checked material; in two individuals slightly larger than somatic setae. Clitellum dark orange, 1 /n 13, 14–18 (9 ind.), 14–18 (7 ind.), saddle-shaped in 15–18, reaching setae b (Fig. 5 A); in fully mature individuals borders almost joined mid-ventrally, partially occluding the genital zone; in other individuals furrows and setae cd easily recognized. Large dorsal pores present all along the body, first functional pore in 12 / 13 (16 ind.); in some individuals a closed pore also present in 11 / 12. Female pores very small and difficult to observe, in 14, presetal in A or slightly median to A. One pair of prostatic pores in 17 just at the base of seta b; each pore apparently connected to male pores in the equator of 18 by an oblique groove which runs through the clitellum and outside B. Spermathecal pores paired in 8 / 9 and centered in AB, small or, less common, medium sized. Genital marks mid-ventral and unpaired, as intersegmental ovoidal-rectangular papillae commonly extending in BB (but in some individuals from outside B to outside B) located in 10 / 11 (present in all individuals except the one from Tabasco) and in 18 / 19 (Fig. 5 A); due to the swelling of clitellum and the folding of genital zone, this last mark sometimes appears as paired. Other marks not present in all individuals include smaller midventral ovoid papillae in 11 / 12, 15 / 16, 16 / 17, 17 / 18, 20 / 21, 21 / 22 and swellings in segments 19 and 20; the adult from Tabasco with elliptical and narrow mid-ventral papillae from AB to AB in 11 / 12, 12/ 13 and 13 / 14. Internal. Septa 5 / 6, 12/ 13 and 13 / 14 very thin and membranous, 11 / 12 slightly muscular, 6 / 7–10 / 11 muscular; septa 6 / 7–11 / 12 funnel shaped, imbricated and joined by up to 16 dorsal and lateral connective-muscular tissue fibers arranged in three or four pairs both dorsally and laterally, the latter fixed to walls of the same or posterior segments. One large gizzard in 5, extending 2–3 segments backwards. Extramural calciferous glands absent. The inner wall of the esophagus in 7, 8 and 9 (rarely 10) with developed lamellae which occlude almost half of the lumen; in 10 and 11 (rarely 12) lamellae less developed, larger in the dorsal part and highly innervated in 11; in 12 and 13 esophagus with only small grooves. Intestine begins in 14 / 15. Intestinal typhlosole starting in 15 or 16, laminar and small, increasing abruptly in size in 22 (3 ind.), 23 (1) or 24 (3) with free edge divided into three deep ridges (trifid), ending abruptly in 146, 148, 150, 152, 153. In the region of segments 23–29 (until 32 in one ind.) typhlosole with lateral folds, dorso-ventrally oriented. Smaller dorso-lateral typhlosoles in the region of segments 22–29, (24–32 in one ind.), at both sides of main typhlosole. Intestinal caeca present as 4–5 pairs of dorsal pouches on the intestine of segments 23–26 (2 ind.), 24–27 (3) or 25–29 (2); some segments with apparently more than two caeca, due to the invasion of posterior caeca. Single dorsal vessel visible throughout; in the region of segments 15–26 two pairs of lateral commissures per segment dorsally visible. Supra-esophageal vessel visible in 7–12. Lateral hearts in 7, 8, 9 and 10; lateroesophageal hearts in 11 and 12. Ventral vessel present. Segment 6 with two larger latero-ventral vessels originating just at the union of the esophagus to gizzard (5 / 6) running forward under the gizzard. Paired infra-esophageal vessels in segments 8–12, joining supra-esophageal vessel in 8–11 through lateral esophageal commissures which apparently connect with their respective muscular septa. Extra-parietal ventral vessels on each side of segments 13, 14 and 15, running laterally of male gonoduct; those of 13 running towards lateral walls, then turning to the septum where each of them divides into two small branches; one of them entering the septum, the other one continuing to the posterior segment. Paired clusters of tufted microphridia in the ventral wall of segments 3–5. In 8–13 between 6 and 12 septal nephridia observed on the anterior face of the corresponding septa, present on both sides of the esophagus, oriented in dorsal-ventral direction. Parietal, closed meronephridia extending backwards from 13 (1 ind.) or 14 (3), 6–10 meronephridia per segment (3–5 on each side). The mid-ventral nephridium of last segments larger and with a small nephrostome in the preceding segment. Holandric. Testes of 10 and 11 bushy and joined to male funnels by abundant coagulum, located mid-ventrally on the anterior face of the corresponding septum. Male funnels iridescent and plicated, placed at both sides of midventral line of the posterior face of septum; testes and male funnels in 11 larger than those in 10. Male gonoducts double from segment 11, running along body wall of segments 12–16 between B and C, muscular from segments 14, 15; disappearing in 16 under penial retractor muscles, entering body wall in 17 where they turn towards B, and opening in the equator of 18. Two pairs of acinous seminal vesicles in 9 and 12, respectively fixed to septa 9 / 10 and 11 / 12; the anterior pair smaller than the posterior one which covers most of the esophagus. One pair of tubular prostates in 17, strongly coiled, fixed to intestine and septa by connective tissue, extending 2–5 segments backwards; the glandular part 2–3 times wider and 4–5 times longer than the muscular duct. Follicles of penial setae a and b joined and forming a muscle pouch; on its free side, this pouch fixed by one muscular stripe to the lateral wall of 17; its base fixed by 2–3 fibers to the mid-ventral line of 16 / 17. Undeveloped extra setae (two per follicle) present. One pair of medium-sized bushy ovaries on the floor of 13, at both sides of mid-ventral line, with numerous eggs in rows; female funnels one pair in 13; no ovisacs present. One pair of similar-sized spermathecae discharging in 8 / 9, ampulla and duct in segment 9, diverticle in 8, sessile, discoidal and attached to the ventral body wall, with several dozens of small seminal chambers (Fig. 5 B); duct wider and shorter than elongate ampulla (Fig. 5 C); ampulla often twisted in its medial region. Dimensions (n= 2): 4.5, 4.9 mm length, 2, 2.4 mm width. Etymology. The name of the species is related to the loss of the anterior spermathecae and the last prostatesthe microscolecin condition. Remarks. Ramiellona microscolecina sp. nov. is unique in the genus by the microscolecin condition. It also belongs to the group of holandric species with last hearts in 12 and with the spermathecae characterized by a discoidal cabbage shape-like diverticle situated in the segment anterior to that of the ampulla (R. strigosa, R. eiseni and R. tojolabana sp. nov.). This new species is very similar to R. strigosa setosa (see below), but differs in the different number of spermathecae and prostates. This species has previously been referred to as " Ramiellona sp. nov. 1 " (Fragoso & Lavelle 1987, Fragoso 1992), " Ramiellona sp. nov. 27 " (Fragoso 1993), " Ramiellona sp. nov. 12 " (Fragoso 2001), and " Ramiellona sp. nov. 14 " (Fragoso 2007; Fragoso & Brown 2007).Published as part of Fragoso, Carlos & Rojas, Patricia, 2014, New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala, pp. 549-572 in Zootaxa 3753 (6) on pages 556-559, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/22429
FIGURE 1. Sphallopterus batesi Fragoso, 1982 in Description of the male of Sphallopterus batesi Fragoso, 1982 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycini), with biogeographical considerations
No full textFIGURE 1. Sphallopterus batesi Fragoso, 1982, dorsal (A), ventral (B) and lateral (C) views of the male. Scale bar: 11.0 mmPublished as part of Taboada-Verona, Carlos, Torrez, Antonio Rodriguez & Arana, Marcelo D., 2018, Description of the male of Sphallopterus batesi Fragoso, 1982 (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycini), with biogeographical considerations, pp. 262-266 in Zootaxa 4370 (3) on page 263, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4370.3.3, http://zenodo.org/record/114562
Diplotrema chajulensis Fragoso & Rojas 2018, sp. nov.
No full textDiplotrema chajulensis sp. nov. (FigurES 1, 2) Localities and material. MExico, ChiapaS, Chajul villagE, municipality of MarquES dE ComillaS, in front of town and croSSing thE rivEr Lacantun, 2 km NW inSidE MontES AzulES BioSphErE RESErvE, tropical rain forESt ovEr alluvial SoilS at 10–30 cm dEpth, 16°07'24"N, 90°56'24"W, 180 m aSl, thrEE non-clitEllatEd adultS 07/12/1982, C. FragoSo; onE juvEnilE, 12/17/1984, C. FragoSo (Fig. 6). Holotype. EntirE non-clitEllatEd adult in rEgEnEration with gEnital markS (GM) and pEnial SEtaE (PS) collEctEd 07/12/1982: IEOL 3101. Paratypes. Two EntirE SEmi-adultS with PS and/or GM, 07/12/1982: IEOL 4433, IEOL 4432; onE juvEnilE with incipiEnt PS, 12/17/1982: IEOL 3182. ……continued on the next page Description. External. LEngth 20–27.7 mm (avEragE 23.2, n=4), holotypE 20 mm (laSt 29 SEgmEntS in rEgEnEration); onE paratypE alSo in rEgEnEration (laSt 20 SEgmEntS). Width, middlE body: 0.66–1 mm (avEragE= 0.95, n= 4); holotypE 1 mm. NumbEr of SEgmEntS 73–78 (avEragE= 75, n= 4); holotypE 75 SEgmEntS. FurrowS numErouS, bEforE and aftEr clitEllum; oftEn intErruptEd. REgEnErating SEgmEntS 3.5 timES widEr than long; middlE body non-rEgEnEratEd SEgmEntS 2 timES widEr than long (Fig. 1A). PigmEnt abSEnt. ProStomium cloSEd EpilobouS. SEtaE Eight pEr SEgmEnt, viSiblE from 2; cloSEly pairEd throughout (Fig. 1A). SEtal formula (avEragES, n=4) (aa:ab:bc:cd:dd) at 10: 3.5:1:3.8:0.8:12.2 and 1.15 dd =1/2 C; at 30: 5:1:6.1:1:15.8 and 1.15 dd =1/2 C; tEn SEgmEntS bEforE anuS (only non-rEgEnErating individualS): 3.8:1:3.2:1:6.5 and 1.6 dd =1/2 C. Thin (width 17 µm) and vEry long (1.86, 2.1 mm) pairEd pEnial SEtaE (a and b) in 17 and 19 (Fig. 2A,B); all with Similar ShapE, color (orangE) (Fig. 1C), and dimEnSionS. PEnial SEtaE ExtErnally not viSiblE. PEnial SEtaE with a hair appEarancE duE to itS limitEd width and largE lEngth (Fig. 2A,B). No Strong curvaturES wErE obSErvEd until thE diStal part, whErE thE apEx iS Spiral-ShapEd (Fig. 2A–C). Faint ornamEntation limitEd to diStal part, juSt bEforE thE SpiralEd apEx; it conSiStS of two oppoSitE rowS of longitudinal tiny thornS (Fig. 2D). GEnital SEtaE abSEnt. ClitEllum not dEvElopEd in any of thE thrEE ExaminEd SEmi-adultS. DorSal porES prESEnt, firSt porE in 10/11 (2 ind.) or 11/12 (1 ind.). SpErmathEcal porES pairEd in AB, in 7/8 and 8/9. FEmalE porES not obSErvEd. Two pairS of proStatic porES in 17 and 19, joinEd by SEminal groovES which run in AB (Fig. 1A,B). MalE porES not SEEn, probably within SEminal groovES and, aS dEducEd from malE gonoduct, in thE Equator of 18. GEnital markS incipiEnt, and only obSErvEd in two individualS; in thE holotypE two pairEd and mESial circular papillaE in thE Equator of 18 with a Smooth innEr SurfacE (Fig. 1A,B); in paratypE IEOL-4433 a SwElling in 16, poStSEtal and ExtEnding in AB -AB. Internal. SEpta 5/6 and 13/14 thin and mEmbranouS; SEpta 6/7–11/12 Slightly muScular; all SEpta aS opEn funnElS, ExtEnding only onE SEgmEnt backwardS. OnE largE gizzard in 5. Gizzard dimEnSionS (lEngth by width): 0.35 by 0.59 mm, 0.48 by 0.54 mm, and 0.38 by 0.49 mm). ESophaguS in 7–12 tubular, without dilatationS or intErnal lamEllaE; in SomE of thESE SEgmEntS, ESophagEal wallS thickEnEd and with a clEar ExtErnal vaScularization. IntEStinE Starting in 12/13 (holotypE and 2 paratypES.), 13/14 (paratypE 4432). DorSal typhloSolE Starting in 14 or 15, laminar, Small, rEaching maximal SizE aftEr 3–5 SEgmEntS. SinglE dorSal vESSEl viSiblE throughout. Supra-ESophagEal vESSEl viSiblE in SEgmEntS 10–12; in onE individual viSiblE alSo in SEgmEnt 9. LatEral hEartS in 9; latEro-ESophagEal hEartS in 10, 11 and 12; laSt two of grEatEr SizE. VEntral vESSEl prESEnt. Infra-ESophagEal vESSElS obSErvEd in thE holotypE in SEgmEntS 7–12; alSo viSiblE in onE paratypE in 9–12. Holoic without vESiclES. ThE ExonEphric, apparEntly StomatE holonEphridia arE SEptal bEforE SEgmEnt 10 and pariEtal from SEgmEnt 11 backwardS. NEphroStomES and nEphroporES not SEEn. Holandric. IridiScEnt malE funnElS in 10 and 11, largEr in 11; tEStES not SEEn. MalE gonoduct doublE, almoSt Straight and running ovEr thE body wall of SEgmEntS 13–18 in or Slightly outSidE B, EntEring body wall in 17/18 or thE Equator of 18. Two pairS of acinouS, iridEScEnt and dorSo-latEral SEminal vESiclES in 11 and 12, projEcting from 10/11 and 11/12, rESpEctivEly. Two pairS of coilEd tubular proStatES in 17 and 19 (Fig. 1C), ExtEnding 1–2 SEgmEntS backwardS; glandular part 4 timES largEr than thE muScular rEgion. PEnial folliclES of a and b vEry largE, clEarly SEparatEd, fixEd to dorSal mid-linE and ExtEnding fivE SEgmEntS backwardS (thoSE of 17 ExtEnding to 22 and thoSE of 19 to 22, 24) (Fig. 1C). PairEd ovariES and fEmalE funnElS in 13 (both obSErvEd only in thE holotypE). OvariES Small, ovulES not clEarly SEEn; fEmalE funnElS in thE floor, mESial and cloSE to 13/14. Two pairS of SpErmathEcaE in 8 and 9, inSErting in 7/8 and 8/9, rESpEctivEly; ampulla joining duct at right anglE, divErticulum joining duct along thE SamE axiS (Fig. 1D,E). Ovoidal ampulla almoSt thE SamE lEngth aS divErticulum; in SomE individualS width of ampulla and divErticulum almoSt Equal. In ParatypE IEOL 4433 iridiScEncE obSErvEd in diStal part of divErticulum (Fig. 1E). Total lEngth of SpErmathEca 0.43 mm (holotypE), 0.46 mm (paratypE IEOL 4433; Fig. 1E) and 0.54 mm (paratypE IEOL 4432; Fig. 1D). Etymology. ThE namE of thE SpEciES rEfErS to thE MExican typE locality whErE all individualS wErE found. Chajul mEanS "SacrEd jEwEl" in GuatEmalan Ixil languagE or "EnlightEn with pinE" in GuatEmalan K'ichE' languagE (Sazo 2010). Remarks. D. chajulensis sp.nov. bElongS to thE group of SpEciES with ampulla orthogonal to duct, and divErticulum joining duct orthogonally [D. jenniferae (Righi, 1994) (REynoldS & Righi 1994)] or along thE SamE axiS [D. murchiei JamES, 1990 and D. oxcutzcabensis (Pickford, 1938), TablE 1]. From all of thEm, thE nEw SpEciES iS SEparatEd by itS SmallEr SizE (20–28 mm lEngth and 0.7–1 mm width vs. 40–75 and 2–3.2 mm), itS firSt dorSal porE (10/11 vs. 4/5, 8/9, 9/10) and thE poSition of SEminal vESiclES (11 and 12 vs. 9 and 11 or 12) (SEE TablE 1). It iS alSo Similar to D. zilchi (Graff, 1957) by Sharing a Similar SizE, a firSt intEStinal SEgmEnt in 13 and SEminal vESiclES in 11 and 12 (TablE 1), but diffErS by thE ShapE of thE SpErmathEca. From all thE nEotropical SpEciES it iS clEarly SEparatEd by thE Spiral-ShapEd apEx of thE pEnial SEtaE; only thE Cuban D. ulrici (MichaElSEn 1923) prESEntS Similar hair typE pEnial SEtaE, diffEring by an undulatEd diStal part.Published as part of Fragoso, Carlos & Rojas, Patricia, 2018, New Diplotrema and Lavellodrilus earthworm species from southern Mexico (Annelida, Crassiclitellata, Acanthodrilidae), pp. 414-430 in Zootaxa 4496 (1) on pages 415-420, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4496.1.31, http://zenodo.org/record/144693
Ramiellona tojolabala Fragoso & Rojas, 2014, sp. nov.
No full textRamiellona tojolabala sp. nov. Figures 1, 2 Localities and material. Mexico, Chiapas, National Park Lagunas de Montebello: (1) Type locality: 3.5 km after the entrance to the park, towards Tziscao. In the forests at right hand of the entrance to “Lago de Montebello”, 100 m away from the lake shore. Slightly disturbed pine-oak forest over a N-faced slope; within soil at 0–20 cm depth. 16 °06’ 16 ”N, 91 º 42 ’ 13 ”W, 1490 m a.s.l.. 19 J- 23 A- 15 CA (with 2, 9, and 4 posterior amputees, respectively), 11 / 19 / 1981, C. Fragoso and P. Lavelle. 6 J- 4 A- 3 CA, 11 / 27 / 1997, C. Fragoso and J. Bueno. (2) 2 km after the entrance to the Park, towards Tziscao 300 m by a rural road. Ecotone cloud forest - pine oak forest with abundant bromeliads, within soil at 0–20 cm depth. 16 ° 4 ’ 38 ”N, 91 ° 43 ’ 10 ”W, 1540 m a.s.l., 8 J- 1 A, 11 / 27 / 1997, C. Fragoso and J. Bueno. (3) km 6 on route to Tziscao, 4 km after “Cinco lagos”. Well preserved cloud forest and adjacent recently cleared forest, within soil at 0–20 cm depth. 16 ° 7 ’ 2 ”N, 91 ° 40 ’ 8 ”W, 1500 m a.s.l., 2 A- 4 CA, 11 / 28 / 1997, C. Fragoso and J. Bueno. Holotype. One clitellate adult collected 11 / 27 / 1997 in locality (1), IEOL 4238. Paratypes. Five clitellate adults collected in locality (1), 11 / 19 / 1981: IEOL 2149, 2150, 2151, 2155, and in locality (3), IEOL 3336, dissected. Further 20 individuals, characterized only externally: localities (1), 11 / 19 / 1981: IEOL 2154, 3360, 4229, 4230, 4231, 4232, 4233, 4234, 4235, 4236, 4237; 11 / 27 / 1997: IEOL 4219, 4220, 4239, 4243; (2), IEOL 3320; (3), IEOL 4240, 4241, 4242, 4243. Description. External. Length 50–120 mm (mean=78.9 mm, n= 19; holotype 103 mm); width (postclitellar) 1.6–2.5 mm (mean=2.11, n= 23; holotype 1.8 mm). Segments 128–239 (mean= 189, n= 14; holotype 213). Pigment absent. Prostomium prolobous, invaginated in the majority of individuals. Peristomium with several longitudinal annulations; in several individuals these grooves also present in the second segment. Secondary furrows: one postsetal in 7 and 8; in 9–13 one presetal and one postsetal; behind clitellum generally absent. Setae eight per segment, visible from segment 2, closely paired in the anterior region and quincuaxial in the posterior region. Setal formula in anterior region (average, n= 5) (aa:ab:bc:cd:dd): 10: 2.9: 1:7.3:0.6:34.9; 30: 4: 1:4.2:1.2:39.1. In all individuals the first seta that shifts is seta c, then seta d and finally seta b; setae a never move and thus row A is recognized throughout. The quincuaxial arrangement occurs always in the second half of the body, after segment 100 (average beginning after 65 % of segments, range 55–80 %, n= 12). Spermathecal setae present in some individuals (c. 50 %), on one or both sides of 6 and 7 (one ind.), 7 (14 ind.) or 7 and 8 (one ind.), sometimes surrounded by swellings (Fig. 1 A). Spermathecal setae slightly curved, without ornamentation, measuring 0.73– 0.93 mm, apex slightly arrow-shaped (Fig. 2 C,D). Penial setae very conspicuous, robust, paired (a and b) in 17 and 19, semicircular (Fig. 2 A); those of 17 always slightly smaller (length 0.93–1.12 mm, width 70 µm) than those of 19 (1.02–1.31 mm, 100 µm). Apex with a slight undulation, ending in an acute tip; ornamentation limited to undulation, consisting in several irregular rows of small, apex oriented thorns (Fig. 2 B). Setae a and b of 18 visible. Clitellum dark to light orange, dorsally in 13–19 (one ind.), 1 / 2 13 –19 (8 ind.), 14–19 (6 ind.) or 14 – 1 / 2 20 (one ind.); ventrally in 13–19 (one ind.), 1 / 2 13 –19 (7 ind.), 14–19 (7 ind.) or 1 / 4 13 – 1 / 4 20 (one ind.); saddle shaped in the region of the genital zone (17–19) and (in some individuals) in 15–16, reaching setae b; in some individuals fused with swellings of segments 14–16. Intersegmental furrows of clitellum recognizable in some individuals (Fig. 1 A). Large dorsal pores present all along the body, first pore in 12 / 13 (n= 20). Spermathecal pores paired in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, very large, centered in AB (Fig. 1 A), the posterior edge of each pore with iridescence. Due to their size, in some individuals the pores appear to be in segments 8 and 9, but when looking inside the pore the duct is clearly in the respective intersegment. Female pores in 14, presetal and slightly median to a, within an ovoidtriangular papilla extending in BB (Fig. 1 A). Two pairs of prostatic pores in 17 and 19 just at the base of seta b, joined by square bracket-shaped seminal grooves, which run outside B (Fig. 1 A). In some individuals the seminal groove is more bracket-like, whereas in others it curves slightly in 18 towards seta b. Male pores in 17 / 18, within the seminal groove, outside B; in fully clitellate individuals pores difficult to see. Genital marks unpaired (Fig. 1 A) as mid-ventral, intersegmental papillae located in some intersegments of region 16 / 17–23 / 24; shape ovoidrectangular, extending into AA, BB or (more commonly) from outside B to outside B. Papillae in 20 / 21 and 21 / 22 mostly present (16 ind.). Holotype with papillae in 19 / 20–22 / 23. Papillae largest in 2 nd or 3 rd position, smallest generally in the last position. In some clitellate adults papillae of 17 / 18, 18 / 19 difficult to recognize, seeming more like swellings. Internal. Septa 5 / 6 and 12 / 13 very thin and membranous; 11 / 12 slightly muscular; 6 / 7–10 / 11 muscular; septa 6 / 7–10 / 11 funnel-shaped and imbricated, those of 8 / 9–10 / 11 joined by 4–8 dorsal and lateral connective tissue fibers. One large gizzard in 5, extending up to 7–8. Extramural calciferous glands present in 7–12 (n= 6), as dorsolateral sacs that open into the esophagus through a medium-sized conduct (Fig. 1 C); internally each sac with large, numerous lamellae with free margins. Size of sacs: 7 ≤ 8 ≥ 9 > 10 > 11 > 12. Intestine begins in 14 / 15 or 15 / 16. Intestinal typhlosole starting in 15 or 16, as a small fold increasing in size in 21, 22, lamina-shaped in 23 or 24 with free edge divided into three deep ridges (i.e. typhlosole trifid), continuing with same shape until abrupt end in 123, 124, 126. In 24–28 with up to 13 lateral folds, straight or slightly oblique in posterior direction. Smaller dorsolateral typhlosoles covering 6–7 segments in the region of 21–28, at both sides of main typhlosole. Intestinal caeca present as one or two paired dorsal pouches of the intestine in 21–24. Single dorsal vessel visible throughout. Supra-esophageal vessel visible in 8–12. Lateral hearts in 7, 8, 9 and 10; latero-esophageal hearts in 11 and 12. Ventral vessel present. Extra parietal ventral vessels in each side of 13, 14, 15 and 16, running outside male gonoduct joined in 13 to paired infra-esophageal vessels, which run anteriorly until 7; vessels in 7 and 8 joined to lateral commissures before anastomosing with anterior septum and fusing with the ventral vessel. Paired clusters of tufted micronephridia along a longitudinal row in 2–4; septal meronephridia observed in the anterior face of septa 7 / 8–12 / 13 (four, two on each side). Parietal, closed meronephridia from 14 backwards; in some individuals four on each side (eight per segment) from 28–39; from 40 on only three nephridia observed on each side. Median ventral nephridium of last segments larger and with a small nephrostome into the preceding segment. Holandric. Testes of 10 and 11 bushy and very large, joined to the male funnels by abundant coagulum and located mid-ventrally on the anterior septum. Male funnels iridescent and plicated, placed at both sides of the midventral line of the posterior septum; funnels of 11 larger than those of 10. Male gonoducts double, running along body wall in BC of 13–17, muscular in region 15–16, entering body wall in 17 / 18 just below the muscular duct of the prostate, towards mid-ventral line. Two pairs of seminal vesicles in 9 and 12, respectively fixed to septa 9 / 10 and 11 / 12; the anterior pair slightly smaller and in some individuals flat; the posterior pair larger and acinous. Two pairs of tubular prostates of similar size in 17 and 19, strongly coiled and fixed to intestine and septa by connective tissue, extending 1–4 segments backwards; muscular duct narrower and shorter (1 / 4) than glandular part. Penial setae a and b of both 17 and 19, in separate follicles that join to form an ovoidal muscle pouch; these pouches fixed by muscular stripes to lateral walls (one fiber) and to the floor (one or two fibers per pouch). Further retractor muscles in 16 / 17 and 18 / 19, extending from mid-ventral line to dorso-lateral walls; mid-ventral floor in segments 16–18 thicker. In each follicle, one undeveloped extra seta present. Ovaries one pair, large, on the floor of 13, with bushy coral shape and numerous eggs not in rows; female funnels one pair in 13, at both sides of mid-ventral line. Two pairs of similar-sized spermathecae discharging in 7 / 8 and 8 / 9, ampulla and duct in the respective posterior segment, diverticulum in the anterior one; diverticulum sessile, discoidal, tightened to the parietes and with the overall appearance of a cabbage; duct wider and shorter than the elongated ampulla, which narrows in the middle part (Fig. 1 B). Length of spermathecae 2 mm. Spermathecal setae embedded in ovoidal pouches of muscular tissue fixed to lateral parietes by muscular stripes. Two follicles within pouches, no extra setae observed. Etymology. The name of the species is dedicated to the Tojolabal people who inhabit the region of Montebello lakes and other nearby zones, in the highlands of the state of Chiapas. Remarks. R. tojolabala belongs to the group of species with last hearts in 12 and quincuaxial setae. Being holandric it is separated from the metandric R. guatemalana, R. balantina, R. tecumumami, R. americana, R. lavellei and R. vulcanica; by having two pairs of seminal vesicles it is separated from R. irpex (one pair), although both species share the dorsal calciferous glands in segments 7–11. The quincuaxial arrangement of setae separates it from the other holandric species of the genus like R. sauerlandti, R. stadelmanni, R. strigosa, R, eiseni and R. microscolecina, sharing with the last three species the shape of spermathecae. From the quincuaxial R. lasiura it is also separated because, after the revision of one paratype (see further on), this last species turned out to be metandric as was assumed by Gates (1962). This species has previously been referred to as " Ramiellona sp. nov. 28 " (Fragoso 1993), " Ramiellona sp. nov. 13 " (Fragoso 2001), and " Ramiellona sp. nov. 14 " (Fragoso 2007; Fragoso & Brown 2007).Published as part of Fragoso, Carlos & Rojas, Patricia, 2014, New species and records of the earthworm genus Ramiellona (Annelida, Oligochaeta, Acanthodrilidae) from southern Mexico and Guatemala, pp. 549-572 in Zootaxa 3753 (6) on pages 550-553, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.6.3, http://zenodo.org/record/22429
Lacandodrilus paludosus Fragoso & Rojas 2023, sp. nov.
No full textLacandodrilus paludosus Fragoso & Rojas sp. nov. Figures (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,7) Localities and material. Mexico, Chiapas, Chajul village, municipality of Marques de Comillas, 1 km south of town, close to the water tank. A patch of small palms (Bactris balanoidea and B. trichofila) within a tropical rain forest over semi-inundated gley soils at 30–40 cm depth, 16°06'24"N, 90°55'24"W, 190 m asl (Figure 8), one clitellate adult, three non-clitellate adults, two juveniles 12/30/1982, C. Fragoso. Holotype. Fragmented clitellate adult: IEOL 3190. Paratypes. Three entire semi-adults with some internal genitalia: IEOL 2312, 6565, 6567; two juveniles: IEOL 6566, 6568. Description. External. Dimensions: Length 50, 50, 58 mm (average= 53, n=3), holotype 28 mm (fragmented, only anterior half; Fig 1A). Width, middle body: 0.46, 0.50, 0.64, 0.64 mm (average= 0.56, n= 4); holotype = 0.48 mm. Number of segments: 208, 225, 248 (average= 227, n= 3). Furrows: One pre- and one post-setal along all the body; in some individuals up to two pre- and two post-setal in some segments. Pigment: Absent. Prostomium; Prolobic. Setae: Eight per segment, present from segment 2 (Fig. 1A); closely paired throughout. Setae of preclitellar segments, conspicuous and with replacements. Setae a and b of preclitellar segments measuring 130–150 µm length, almost straight, slightly bent distally and with a slight nodulus close to its basal end; apex smooth and without ornamentations (Fig 2A, 2B). Setae a,b of segments 11 and 12 larger, but with the same shape of anterior ones; replacement setae measuring 64, 93 µm (Fig. 2A, 2B); seta c (112 µm) and d smaller than seta a and b. After clitellum all setae similar (slightly curved and without ornamentations) measuring 105 –117 microns. Setal formula (averages, n=6, relative to ab; d’d’ absolute) (aa:ab:bc:cd:dd) at 10: 3.7:1:4.7:0.9:9.2 and 0.54 d’d’ =1/2C (= cd dorsal); at 30: 5.7:1:5.3:1:14.2 and 0.7 d’d’ =1/2C (= cd slightly dorsal); ten segments before anus (only entire individuals): 2.9:1:2.4:1:14.4 and 1.2 d’d’ =1/2C (= cd ventral). Clitellum: Annular, from ½ 12 – ½ 16, very thin (Fig. 1A). Dorsal pores: absent. Spermathecal pores: not visible. Female pores: In 14, presetal in AB. Male pores: In two aclitellate individuals (Paratypes IEOL 6565, 6567; Fig 1C, 1D) it was observed from the outside, a thin band running throughout segment 11 in BC, which is assumed that corresponds to the gonoduct from male funnels of 10. In these two individuals and in the clitellate holotype (3190) (Figs 1B, 1C, 1D) a more thick, clearly visible and slightly undulating band of cream color was also observed extending throughout segments 12 – ¾ 13, in BC, which corresponds to male gonoducts from the male funnels of 10 and 11, that run together. If male pores are located at the end of this duct, then they are in segment 13, postsetal and in BC. Genital marks: None, only setae ab of segment 15 enclosed within small and barely visible protuberances (seen only in the clitellate holotype). Nephridial pores: not visible. Lateral bands: In all non clitellated individuals (paratypes IEOL 2312, 6565, 6566, 6567, 6568) lateral bands were observed in BC close to C, from segments 2 or 3 to segments 14, 16 or 20; in one individual they enclosed CD and were observed in more posterior segments. They are seen as depressions of external cuticle, and probably correspond to longitudinal muscle layers. Internal (Fig. 3A, B). Septa: All thin and membranous. Septal glands: In segments 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 (in 10 incipient) a kind of paired glands were observed in dorsolateral walls, attached to corresponding posterior septum (Fig. 3B, 4A, 4B). They were profusely mixed with lateral vascular commissures. Gizzard, Caeca and Typhlosole: Absent. Esophagus: Moniliform, with the same structure along all the body; even that no distinction in the transition to intestine was observed, in one individual and from segment 11 backwards there was an increase in length of the digestive tract in each segment (Fig. 3B). Dorsal vessel: Single, visible throughout (Fig. 3B, 4, 5); in one individual size increases from segment 14 backwards.Vascular commissures: Long and contorted vessels are observed in segments 5 ?, 6–11; they are embedded with septal glands (Fig. 5A). Ventral vessel: Present. Nephridia: Ventral holonephridia observed from segment 11 backwards. They are covered by a granular peritoneal layer that gives them an ovoid, flat appearance (Fig. 5B, C, D); this ovoid portion is free, floating in the coelom, and not attached to septa. Nephridia gradually increase in size and from segment 15 they attain its maximal size. They are exonephric (Fig. 5C) (opening in ab) and probably open (stomate), even though nephrostomes were not seen. Testicles and male funnels: Holandric. Iridescent male funnels in 10 and 11; those of 11 bigger than those of 10 (Fig 3B, 6A); testes not seen. Both funnels are enclosed by seminal vesicles. Male gonoduct: A gonoduct that comes from male funnels of s. 10 enters the body wall in 11, very close to 10/11; a second gonoduct coming from s. 11 funnels, enters the body wall in 12, very close to 11/12. Both male conducts run intraparietal over segments 11, 12 and 3/4 of segment 13 (deduced from the external observed, undulating cream band) (Fig. 1 B, C, D). Accordingly, the male pore would be in 13, postsetal and in BC. Seminal vesicles: In the clitellate holotype (IEOL 3190) and one semiadult paratype (IEOL 6565), there is one pair of sausage-shaped vesicles in segment 11; these vesicles contain male funnels, project in posterior direction from segment 12 until segments 18 or 20 and run dorso-lateral of the digestive tract, completely covering it (Fig 3A). In segment 10 there is another pair of vesicles that also contain male funnels, that run in anterior direction before they turn over 180° and which, apparently, are limited to the following segment 11. In a semiadult, we observed dense seminal coagulum in segments 11 and 12 that could be incipient seminal vesicles; they completely covered the esophagus. Genital glands: Two pairs of lobulate, rosette-shaped glands lie internally on the ventral body wall of segments 13 and 14 (Fig 3, 6), the anterior being the larger one. They are composed of several short lobules almost fixed to the ventral wall; they could be the equivalent of prostatic glands found in other crassiclitellate worms. We were unable to see any intraparietal connection with male gonoduct. They are superficially like the septal glands present in the anterior segments. No tubular, atrium-like glands were present. Ovaries and female funnels: Large ovaries in segment 13 projecting from the ventral portion of 12/13 at AB row level, and extending over the entire segment (Fig 6B, 7A). No strings of oocytes or mature ovules were observed. In one individual the ovaries presented a large neck with a kind of developing eggs in the distal part. Female funnels on the ventral wall of segment 13 very close to 13/14, in AB, and with a duct opening in segment 14 before seta ab. Ovisacs: Apparently the septum 13/14 is modified as dorsolateral paired sacs that contain the corresponding seminal vesicles of 11, and that extends backwards until segments 18 or 20 (Fig. 3A). No oocytes were observed within the posterior end of these membranous sacs. Spermathecae: One pair of spermathecae without diverticulum in segment 10 (Fig. 3A, 7B) opening ventrally in 9/10, at AB. In the holotype the left spermatheca was empty. Conversely, the right spermatheca presented iridescence near the union with duct (Fig 7B) and was completely covered by the seminal vesicles and fixed to male funnels. The duct of this spermatheca turned out 180° to connect with a sausage-shaped ampulla. Width and length of ampulla was twofold and shorter than, respectively, width and length of duct. Total length of spermathecae was 580 µm (probably more, as the duct was not complete), 370 µm of this corresponding to ampulla, and 210 µm to duct. Etymology: The name refers to the swampy habitat of the species. Ecology: This species, considered as gen.nov.sp.nov.4 by Fragoso & Lavelle (1987), inhabited only the swampy gley soils of tropical rain forest at the Lacandon region. It was found at 40 cm depth in flooded, sandy soils, characterized by its acidity (pH=4.5), and low values of organic matter (0.9%), Ca (2.32 meq/ 100g) and Mg (0.72 meq/ 100g), and with an increase of clay in deep strata. The site was dominated by the palms Bactris balanoidea and Bactris trichofila. All the individuals were found in a single sample in the month of December. Abundance and biomass at the entire forest were very low, less than one individual by square meter (Fragoso & Lavelle 1987); however, if only samples taken in gley soils are considered, the average abundance is higher (1.6 ind/m2).Published as part of Fragoso, Carlos & Rojas, Patricia, 2023, A new semiaquatic worm (Annelida, Oligochaeta) from southeastern Mexican tropical rain forests, pp. 136-156 in Zootaxa 5255 (1) on pages 139-147, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5255.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/774459
Evidence for the decay B0→J/ψω and measurement of the relative branching fractions of meson decays to J/ψη and J/ψη′
No full textFirst evidence of the B 0 → J / ψ ω decay is found and the B s 0 → J / ψ η and B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ decays are studied using a dataset corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 1.0 fb -1 collected by the LHCb experiment in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV. The branching fractions of these decays are measured relative to that of the B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0 decay:frac(B (B 0 → J / ψ ω), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 0.89 ± 0.19 (stat) - 0.13 + 0.07 (syst),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 14.0 ± 1.2 (stat) - 1.5 + 1.1 (syst) - 1.0 + 1.1 (frac(f d, f s)),frac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B 0 → J / ψ ρ 0)) = 12.7 ± 1.1 (stat) - 1.3 + 0.5 (syst) - 0.9 + 1.0 (frac(f d, f s)), where the last uncertainty is due to the knowledge of f d / f s, the ratio of b-quark hadronization factors that accounts for the different production rate of B 0 and B s 0 mesons. The ratio of the branching fractions of B s 0 → J / ψ η ′ and B s 0 → J / ψ η decays is measured to befrac(B (B s 0 → J / ψ η ′), B (B s 0 → J / ψ η)) = 0.90 ± 0.09 (stat) - 0.02 + 0.06 (syst)
Algo más acerca de Lázaro e Ibiza y algún que otro contemporáneo, sobre la base principal de varias cartas a Pau de González Fragoso
No full textBasically, judgments uttered by Dr. R. González Fragoso criticizing Prof B. Lázaro’s expertise in mycology, collected from his letters to Dr. C. Pau conserved at the Botanic Institute of Barcelona.Fundamentalmente, juicios emitidos por el Dr. R. González Fragoso acerca del Prof. B. Lázaro como inatendible micólogo, espigados en las cartas del primero al Dr. C. Pau conservadas en el Institut Botànic de Barcelona
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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