899 research outputs found
SHARE with CHARM
No full textSHARE with CHARM program (SHAREv3) implements the statistical hadronization model description of particle production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Given a set of statistical parameters, SHAREv3 program evaluates yields and therefore also ratios, and furthermore, statistical particle abundance fluctuations. The physical bulk properties of the particle source are evaluated based on all hadrons produced, including the fitted yields. The bulk properties can be prescribed as a fit input complementing and/or replacing the statistical parameters. The modifications and improvements in the SHARE suite of programs are oriented towards recent and forthcoming LHC hadron production results including charm hadrons. This SHAREv3 release incorporates all features seen previously in SHAREv1.x and v2.x and, beyond, we include a complete treatment of charm hadrons and their decays, which further cascade and feed lighter hadron yields. This article is a complete and self-contained manual explaining and introducing both the conventional and the extended capabilities of SHARE with CHARM. We complement the particle list derived from the Particle Data Group tabulation (Beringer, 2012) composed of up, down, strange u,d,s quarks (including resonances) with hadrons containing charm c,c quarks. We provide a table of the charm hadron decays including partial widths. The branching ratios of each charm hadron decay add to unity, which is achieved by including some charm hadron decay channels based on theoretical consideration in the absence of direct experimental information. A very successful interpretation of all available LHC results has been already obtained using this program. © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.SHARE with CHARM program (SHAREv3) implements the statistical hadronization model description of particle production in relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Given a set of statistical parameters, SHAREv3 program evaluates yields and therefore also ratios, and furthermore, statistical particle abundance fluctuations. The physical bulk properties of the particle source are evaluated based on all hadrons produced, including the fitted yields. The bulk properties can be prescribed as a fit input complementing and/or replacing the statistical parameters. The modifications and improvements in the SHARE suite of programs are oriented towards recent and forthcoming LHC hadron production results including charm hadrons. This SHAREv3 release incorporates all features seen previously in SHAREv1.x and v2.x and, beyond, we include a complete treatment of charm hadrons and their decays, which further cascade and feed lighter hadron yields. This article is a complete and self-contained manual explaining and introducing both the conventional and the extended capabilities of SHARE with CHARM. We complement the particle list derived from the Particle Data Group tabulation (Beringer, 2012) composed of up, down, strange u, d, s quarks (including resonances) with hadrons containing charm c, E quarks. We provide a table of the charm hadron decays including partial widths. The branching ratios of each charm hadron decay add to unity, which is achieved by including some charm hadron decay channels based on theoretical consideration in the absence of direct experimental information. A very successful interpretation of all available LHC results has been already obtained using this program.185720562079Kapusta, J., Muller, B., Rafelski, J., (2003) Quark-Gluon Plasma: Theoretical Foundations, , Elsevier ScienceTorrieri, G., Steinke, S., Broniowski, W., Florkowski, W., Letessier, J., Rafelski, J., (2005) Comput. Phys. Commun., 167, p. 229Letessier, J., Rafelski, J., Hadrons and quark-gluon plasma (2002) Camb. Monogr. Part. Phys. Nucl. Phys. 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C, 63, p. 054905Gorenstein, M.I., Kostyuk, A.P., Stoecker, H., Greiner, W., (2001) Phys. Lett. B, 509, p. 277Kostyuk, A.P., Gorenstein, M.I., Stoecker, H., Greiner, W., (2003) Phys. Rev. C, 68, p. 041902Li, J.-W., Du, D.-S., (2008) Phys. Rev. D, 78, p. 074030Kuznetsova, I., Rafelski, J., (2007) Eur. Phys. J. C, 51, p. 113Nelson, R.E., Vogt, R., Frawley, A.D., (2013) Phys. Rev. C, 87, p. 014908. , And private communication with R. VogtTorrieri, G., Jeon, S., Rafelski, J., (2006) Phys. Rev. C, 74, p. 024901Pruneau, C., Gavin, S., Voloshin, S., (2002) Phys. Rev. C, 66, p. 044904http://www.fortran.com/F77_std/rjcnf0001.html, Fortran 77 Standard, (accessed 20.09.13) (or any F77 reference manual)Petran, M., Letessier, J., Petracek, V., Rafelski, J., (2013) Proceedings of Strangeness in Quark Matter, , arxiv:1309.6382 22-27 July 2013, Birmingham, UK. [hep-ph]Torrieri, G., Jeon, S., Letessier, J., Rafelski, J., (2006) Comput. Phys. Commun., 175, p. 635James, F., Roos, M., (1975) Comput. Phys. Commun., 10, p. 343Petran, M., Letessier, J., Petracek, V., Rafelski, J., (2013) Phys. Rev. C, 88, p. 034907Petran, M., Letessier, J., Petracek, V., Rafelski, J., Strangeness in Quark Matter 2013 Proceedings, , arxiv:1310.2551 in press. [hep-ph]Petran, M., Rafelski, J., (2013) Phys. Rev. C, 88, p. 021901. , arxiv:1303.0913 [hep-ph]http://cernlib.web.cern.ch/cernlib/, Homepage of CERNLIB, (accessed 30.09.13)http://rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query%3Dcernlib, CERNLIB rpm package list, (accessed 06.10.13)http://www.gnu.org/software/make/, Homepage of the 'make' utility, (accessed 30.09.13)Agências de fomento estrangeiras apoiaram essa pesquisa, mais informações acesse artig
Immunologic effector cells in head and neck cancer.
No full textFreshly isolated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) often have low or undetectable functional responses. Because impaired ability of these cells to produce cytokines could be responsible for their functional incompetence, spontaneous and in vitro-induced production of interleukin-2 (IL2), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) by TIL, LNL from tumor-free as well as tumor-involved lymph nodes (LN), and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were measured. Although TIL or PBL of patients with HNC produced IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha spontaneously or after in vitro activation, LNL did not produce measurable levels of these cytokines. LNL also produced lower levels of IFN-gamma than PBL. In situ hybridization for cytokine mRNA performed with tumor tissues, and LN of patients with HNC showed that TIL as well as LNL localized in the immediate proximity of the tumor were activated, as evidenced by the expression of mRNA for IL2, IFN-gamma, IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, and both alpha- and beta-chains of the IL2 receptor. In addition, many LNL located next to the tumor expressed mRNA for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta). In contrast, LNL not adjacent to the tumor in involved LN, as well as those in tumor-uninvolved LN, did not express mRNA for cytokines or IL2 receptor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS
Limit on νe→ντ oscillations from the NOMAD experiment
No full textIn the context of a two-flavour approximation we reinterpret the published NOMAD limit on nu(mu) --> nu(tau) oscillations in terms of nu(e) --> nu(tau) oscillations. At 90% C.L. we obtain sin2(2)theta(e tau) < 5.2 X 10(-2) for large Delta m(2), while for sin2(2)theta(e tau) = 1 the confidence region includes Delta m(2) < 11 eV(2)/c(4)
Recherche de matière noire légère et exploration du secteur caché avec les dispositifs à transfert de charges de DAMIC à SNOLAB et DAMIC-M
No full textL'existence dans l’Univers de matière non baryonique électromagnétiquement inerte est étayée par une pléthore d'observations astrophysiques et cosmologiques. Ainsi, la matière noire devrait représenter plus de 80 % de la masse de l'Univers. Un vaste bestiaire de particules candidates a été théorisé, le paradigme des particules massives à interaction faible (WIMP) dominant le paysage. Les efforts expérimentaux des dernières décennies n'ont pas réussi à détecter les WIMP pour des masses entre 10 et 10^4 GeV/c2, motivant ainsi la recherche de matière noire plus légère. Les expériences DAMIC (DArk Matter In CCDs) visent à la détection directe de WIMP légers et de candidats du secteur caché au moyen de dispositifs à transfert de charges (CCD) en silicium épais. Le détecteur DAMIC de SNOLAB ~40 g se trouve sous un mort-terrain rocheux de 2070 m dans la mine de Vale Creighton au Canada. Ses CCD se caractérisent par un bruit de lecture de l’ordre d’un électron, un courant de fuite minimal (~1E-4 e-/pixel/jour) et une excellente résolution spatiale (~15 µm). Le détecteur DAMIC-M, avec une masse de l’ordre de 1 kg, sera hébergé au Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM), à 1700 m sous le pic du Fréjus, en France. Ses capteurs CCD comportent des amplificateurs skipper, qui permettent une résolution d’une fraction d’électron en réalisant mesures non destructives des charges. L'objectif de minimisation du bruit de fond de DAMIC-M est de 0,1 dru (0,1 événement par keV-kg-jour), une amélioration de deux ordres de grandeur par rapport à l'installation de SNOLAB. Ce travail de thèse s'articule autour de deux grands thèmes : la construction du premier modèle de bruit de fond CCD complet dans le cadre de DAMIC à SNOLAB, et les efforts de recherche et développement vers les objectifs scientifiques de DAMIC-M, notamment avec le déploiement de son détecteur prototype, la Low Background Chamber (LBC). Le modèle de bruit de fond de DAMIC à SNOLAB est construit à partir de simulations GEANT4 des contaminations radioactives dans une géométrie virtuelle du détecteur. Les activités sont contraintes à partir des mesure de dosages effectuées sur les différents composants du détecteur. Par ailleurs, une technique d'analyse de coïncidence spatiale unique aux CCD est exploitée pour quantifier les isotopes primordiaux et cosmogéniques distribués sur la surface et dans la masse du CCD. Certaines des mesures effectuées de cette manière surpassent largement les méthodes de dosage les plus courantes. Le modèle de fond est utilisé pour rechercher des WIMP légers à partir d’un ensemble de données correspondant à une exposition de 11 kg-jour. Malgré un excès statistiquement significatif d'événements d’énergie inférieure à 200 eV, cette analyse place la limite d'exclusion la plus forte sur la section efficace de diffusion WIMP-nucléon indépendante du spin avec un détecteur cible en silicium pour masses < 9 GeV/c2. DAMIC-M est sur le point de franchir des étapes technologiques importantes vers ses objectifs scientifiques. Le déploiement de CCD skipper avec une électronique développée au LPNHE abaissera les seuils de détection à moins d’une dizaine d’eV, permettant simultanément une caractérisation plus précise du détecteur. Des cryostats de tests sont mis en place pour effectuer des évaluations systématiques des CCD et concevoir un processus de sélection pour DAMIC-M. Au LPNHE, un cryostat a également été utilisé pour la mise en service de l'instrumentation de l'expérience prototype LBC au LSM. La LBC à été mise en service fin 2021. Le bruit électronique (~10 e-) et le courant de fuite (~1E-3 e-/pixel/jour) élevés mesurés par rapport aux détecteurs de SNOLAB, mettent en évidence deux revers potentiels pour DAMIC -M. Malgré tout le premier ensemble de données scientifiques acquis avec les CCD skipper de la LBC (~ 20 g) permettent de définir des limites d'exclusion de classe mondiale sur la section efficace de diffusion de la matière noire sur les électrons.The existence of electromagnetically inert non-baryonic matter in the universe is supported by a plethora of astrophysical and cosmological observations. Dark matter is expected to account for more than 80% of the mass of the universe. A vast bestiary of particle candidates have been theorized, with the Weakly Interacting Massive Particle (WIMP) paradigm dominating the landscape thanks to its desirable features. Experimental efforts of the last decades have been unsuccessful in detecting WIMPs with weak-scale masses (10-10^4 GeV/c2), thus motivating the search for lighter dark matter. The DAMIC (DArk Matter In CCDs) experiments aim for direct detection of light WIMPs and hidden sector candidates by means of thick silicon Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs). DAMIC at SNOLAB ~40 g detector sits beneath a 2070 m rock overburden in the Vale Creighton Mine in Canada. Its CCDs are characterized by electron-order readout noise, minimal leakage current (~1E-4 e-/pixel/day) and exquisite spatial resolution (~15 µm). The DAMIC-M kg-scale detector will be hosted in the cleanroom facilities of the Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane (LSM), 1700 m below the Fréjus peak, in France. Its CCDs additionally feature skipper readout amplifiers, which enable sub-electron resolution by means of repeated non-destructive charge measurements. DAMIC-M background goal is 0.1 dru (0.1 events per keV-kg-day), which represents a two orders of magnitude leap relative to SNOLAB apparatus. This thesis work delves into two major themes: the construction of the first comprehensive CCD background model in the context of DAMIC at SNOLAB, and the research and development efforts towards DAMIC-M science goals, particularly with the deployment of its prototype detector, the Low Background Chamber (LBC). The DAMIC at SNOLAB background model is constructed by performing GEANT4 simulations of radioactive contaminants in a virtual detector geometry. Activities are constrained by means of different assay methods. Notably, the spatial coincidence analysis technique unique to Charge-Coupled Devices is leveraged to quantify notorious primordial and cosmogenic isotopes distributed over CCD surface and bulk. Some of the measurements conducted in this fashion vastly outperform more common assay methods. The background model is used to search for light WIMPs in a 11 kg-day exposure dataset. Despite a conspicuous, statistically-significant excess of events below 200 eV, this analysis places the strongest exclusion limit on the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent scattering cross section with a silicon target detector for masses < 9 GeV/c2. DAMIC-M is set to achieve important technological milestones on the way to its science goals. The deployment of skipper CCDs with custom electronics will lower detection thresholds down to ~10 eV, simultaneously enabling higher-precision detector characterization. Cryogenic test chambers are set up across institutions to conduct systematic CCD testing and design a selection process in view of DAMIC-M CCD production. A protocol is defined to establish detector grade and characterize detector performance. The test chamber constructed at LPNHE is additionally used to commission instrumentation for the LBC prototype experiment at LSM. The Low Background Chamber is commissioned for operations in late 2021. High electronic noise (~10 e-) and leakage current (~1E-3 e-/pixel/day) are measured with respect to SNOLAB detectors, highlighting two potential setbacks for DAMIC-M. Despite this, the first science dataset acquired with both LBC skipper CCDs (~20 g) is used to set world-class exclusion limits on the dark matter-electron scattering cross section
Multiplicity dependence of mean transverse momentum in e+ e- annihilations at LEP energies
No full textA strong increase of the mean transverse momentum 〈pt〉 with the number of charged particles nch is observed in e+e- annihilations into hadrons at LEP energies. The effect resembles correlations observed in hadron-hadron interactions. In e+e- annihilations the 〈pt〉 and nch correlations can be accounted for by gluon radiation.0SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe
Recherche de matière noire légère avec les expériences DAMIC à SNOLAB et DAMIC-M : investigations de bruit de fonds radioactifs et sur les caméras CCD Skipper en silicium
No full textLe programme DAMIC (Dark Matter in CCDs) utilise le silicium massif des CCDs scientifiques pour chercher des signaux d’ionisation produits par les interactions de matière noire, dont la nature est encore inconnue. En raison des faibles bruit et courant de fuite, de la petite dimension des pixels CCD et de la masse du noyau de silicium, DAMIC est sensible aux signaux d’ionisation des noyaux ou des électrons en recul à la suite de la diffusion de particules de matière noire WIMPs ou du secteur caché. Le thème de ma thèse est de faire avancer la recherche de matière noire en étudiant les fonds radioactifs qui en limitent la sensibilité et en améliorant la résolution des CCDs à l’aide de la technologie Skipper. Je présente une technique pour rejeter ces fonds dans le détecteur DAMIC à SNOLAB en identifiant les séquences de désintégration spatialement corrélées. Je discute d’une mesure expérimentale de l’activation cosmogénique du silicium obtenue via l’irradiation des CCDs. Je décris la construction d’un modèle de fond radioactif pour un détecteur de matière noire CCD, qui a révélé l’existence d’une région de collecte de charges partielle. Je propose des étapes optimales pour la fabrication et la manipulation des matériaux des futurs détecteurs. Enfin, je décris les résultats du déploiement de nouveaux CCDs Skipper qui ont une résolution sub-électron grâce à des mesures multiples et non-destructives de la charge des pixels. DAMIC-M, une expérience de CCDs Skipper et d’ordre d’un kg, est en cours de développement. Je décris la construction de bancs de test pour caractériser les performances des CCDs de DAMIC-M, pour lesquels une résolution de 0,07 e- a déjà été démontrée.The DAMIC (Dark Matter in CCDs) program employs the bulk silicon of scientific CCDs to search for ionization signals produced by interactions of particle dark matter, the nature of which is still unknown. By virtue of the low noise, low leakage current, and small pixel size of DAMIC CCDs, as well as the relatively low mass of the silicon nucleus, DAMIC is sensitive to ionization signals from recoiling nuclei or electrons following the scattering of WIMP or hidden-sector dark matter particles. The theme of this thesis is to advance next-generation CCD dark matter searches by investigating radioactive backgrounds that limit sensitivity and by improving the resolution of CCDs using Skipper technology. We present a technique to distinguish and reject background events in the DAMIC at SNOLAB detector by identifying spatially-correlated decay sequences over long periods. We also discuss a direct experimental measurement of the cosmogenic activation of silicon obtained via CCD irradiation. We review the construction of a radioactive background model for a CCD dark matter detector, which revealed the existence of a partial charge collection region in DAMIC CCDs. We propose steps for optimal material selection, fabrication, and handling of future detectors. Finally, we outline results from the deployment of novel Skipper CCDs that reach sub-electron resolution by performing non-destructive, multiple measurements of pixel charge. DAMIC-M, a kg-size Skipper CCD experiment, is being developed. We review the construction of automated test chambers to characterize DAMIC-M CCDs, for which a resolution of 0.07 e- has already been demonstrated
Updated results from the ν<sub>τ</sub> appearance search in NOMAD
No full textUpdated results from the appearance searches for nu(mu) → nu(tau) and nu(e) → nu(tau) oscillations in the full NOMAD data sample are reported. The increased data and the use of more refined kinematic schemes for the nu(tau) CC selection allow a significant improvement of the overall sensitivity. The "blind analysis" of both the deep-inelastic and the low multiplicity samples yields no evidence for an oscillation signal. In the two-family oscillation scenario, this sets a 90% C.L. region in the sin(2)2 theta(mu tau) - Delta m(2) plane which includes sin(2)2 theta(mu tau) lt 4.4 X 10(-4) at large Delta m(2) and Delta m(2) lt 0.8 eV(2)/c(4) at sin(2)2 theta(mu tau) = 1. The corresponding contour in the nu(e) → nu(tau) oscillation hypothesis results in sin(2)2 theta(e tau) lt 2.2 X 10(-2) at large Delta m(2) and Delta m(2) lt 6.5 eV(2)/c(4) at sin(2)2 theta(e tau) = 1
A Study of the reaction e+ e- ---> mu+ mu- around the Z0 pole
No full textMeasurements of the cross section and forward-backward asymmetry for the reaction e+e-→μ+μ- using the DELPHI detector at LEP are presented. The data come from a scan around the Z0 peak at seven centre of mass energies, giving a sample of 3858 events in the polar angle region 22° < θ < 158°. From a fit to the cross section for 43° < θ < 137°, a polar angle region for which the absolute efficiency has been determined, the square root of the product of the Z0→e+e- and Z0→μ+μ- partial widths is determined to be (ΓeΓμ)1/2 = 85.0 ± 0.9 (stat.) ± 0.8 (syst.) MeV. From this measurement of the partial width, the value of the effective weak mixing angle is determined to be sin2(θ̄w) = 0.2267 ± 0.0037. The ratio of the hadronic to muon pair partial widths is found to be Γh/Γμ = 19.89 ± 0.40 (stat.) ± 0.19 (syst.). The forward-backward asymmetry at the resonance peak energy ECMS = 91.22 GeV is found to be AFB = 0.028 ± 0.020 (stat.) ± 0.005 (syst.). From a combined fit to the cross section and forward-backward asymmetry data, the products of the electron and muon vector and axial-vector coupling constants are determined to be VeVμ = 0.0024 ± 0.0015 (stat.) ± 0.0004 (syst.) and AeAμ = 0.253 ± 0.003 (stat.) ± 0.003 (syst.). These results are in good agreement with the expectations of the minimal standard model
Trauma Of Pancreas: Predictor's Factors Of Morbidity And Mortality Related To Trauma Index [trauma Do Pâncreas: Fatores Preditivos De Morbidade E Mortalidade Relacionados A índices De Trauma]
No full textContext - Although relatively uncommon, traumatic pancreatic injury is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Objective - To define the predictors' factors of increase in the morbidity and mortality in patients with pancreatic trauma. Method - In this casuistic 131 patients were studied, since January 1994 through December 2007, with theirs epidemiological, physiological and anatomic parameters compared and the analysis of the predictive values for the occurrence of bad evolution, with an appropriate statistical study. Results - Penetrating trauma occurred in 64% and blunt trauma in 36%, and 91.6% was male. The mean age was 29,8 years. The global morbidity in this series was 64.9% with 29% prevalence of pancreas related complications, such as pancreatic fistula and bleeding occurrence. The overall mortality was 27.5% and occurred by hemorrhagic shock and multiple organs and system failed. Conclusions - Higher morbidity and mortality was related with complex injuries of the pancreas (grade IV and V), but morbidity and mortality in the group of injuries grade I and II are not minimal in patients with changed values of revised trauma score and high values of injury severity score and abdominal trauma index. Systolic blood pressure lower 90 mm Hg, changed values of revised trauma score index, values of injury severity score higher 15 and values of abdominal trauma index higher 25 are predictive factors of morbidity. Changed values of revised trauma score, values of injury severity score or abdominal trauma index higher 25, systolic blood pressure are predictive factors of mortality in patients with pancreatic trauma. Low values of TRISS are predictive of higher morbidity and mortality, but high values of TRISS are not predictives of satisfactory evolution.464270278Akhrass, R., Yaffe, M.B., Brandt, C.P., Reigle, M., Fallon, W.F., Malangoni, M.A., Pancreatic trauma: A ten year multi-intitutional experience (1997) Am Surg, 63, pp. 598-604Asensio, J.A., Demetriades, D., Hanpeter, D.E., Gambaro, E., Chahwan, S., Management of pancreatic injuries (1999) Curr Probl Surg, 36, pp. 325-419Asensio, J.A., Petrone, P., Roldan, G., Pak, R., Salim, A., Pancreatic and duodenal injuries. 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(1997) Rev Col Bras Cir, 24, pp. 255-263De Campos, T., Cerqueira, C., Kuryura, L., Parreira, J.G., Soldá, S., Perlingeiro, J.A., Assef, J.C., Rasslan, S., Morbimortality indicators in severe acute pancreatitis. JOP (2008), 9, pp. 690-697Degiannis, E., Glapa, M., Loukogeorgakis, S.P., Smith, M.D., Management of pancreatic trauma (2008) Injury, 39, pp. 21-29Feliciano, D.V., Martin, T.D., Cruse, P.A., Graham, J.M., Burch, J.M., Mattox, K.L., Bitondo, C.G., Jordan Jr, G.L., Management of combined pancreatoduodenal injuries (1987) Ann Surg, 205, pp. 673-680Huerta, S., Bui, T., Porral, D., Lush, S., Cinat, M., Predictors of morbidity and mortality in patients with traumatic duodenal injuries (2005) Am Surg, 71, pp. 763-767Hwang, S.Y., Choi, Y.C., Prognostic determinant in patients with traumatic pancreatic injuries (2008) J Korean Med Sci, 23, pp. 126-130Jones, W.G., Reilly, D.M., Barie, P.S., Pancreatic injuries. 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Trophic interaction of invertebrate zooplankton on either side of the Charlie Gibbs Fracture Zone/Subpolar Front of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
No full textTrophic relationships and vertical distribution patterns of dominant mesozooplankton (2-20 mm) and macrozooplankton (>20 mm) invertebrates (Euphausiacea, Copepoda, Decapoda, Amphipoda, Thecosomata and Lophogastrida) were investigated within the epi- and meso-pelagic zone (0-200 and 200-800 m depth), north (54 degrees N) and south (49 degrees N) of the Subpolar Front (SPF) on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Dietary relationships were explored using stable isotope ratios of nitrogen and carbon, and fatty acid trophic markers (FATM). Individuals from the southern stations (similar to 49 degrees N) had higher concentrations of the dinoflagellate FATM (22:6(n-3)), and individuals from northern stations had higher concentration in Calanus sp. and storage FATMs (20:1(n-9) and 22:1(n-9)). Energy pathways on either side of the SPF showed retention of delta C-13 differences (as measured in POM) in bathypelagic species. Observations of FATM levels and abundance patterns are consistent with present theories pertaining to primary production patterns at the base of the food chain, which states that the peak of the production is higher in the northern sector than in the south. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved
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