45 research outputs found
DIALEKTIKA FEMINIS INDONESIA TERHADAP UNDANG-UNDANG POLIGAMI: Nalar Kritis KH Husein Muhammad Terhadap Kompilasi Hukum Islam dalam Perspektif Tafsir Ahkam
No full textThis study aims to trace Husein Muhammad’s reason thinking, Indonesian feminist Kyai in the case of licensing polygamy according to the Compilation of Islamic Law. Husein Muhammad is one of the pesantren kiai who is intense in gender issues. The idea offered by Husein Muhammad is reinterpretation of gender-biased legal issues in the hope that it can be used as a guide and guide in dealing with particular problems at the present time. This study seeks to unravel the views of KH. Husein Muhammad on gender justice in polygamy permits. This research is a qualitative research literature (library research). The technique used in analyzing the data in this study, using descriptive-analytical method, to describe in general the thoughts of Husein Muhammad. The data for this research are books written by Husein Muhammad and interviews with him. This study concludes that Husein Muhammad's method of thinking in rejecting the rules for licensing polygamy according to the rules of the Compilation of Islamic Law is based on the concepts of selection (intiqo-iy) and exploration (ijtihad). These two concepts are oriented towards the concept of protecting and providing a sense of justice for women which can be integrated into Indonesian positive law.
Keywords: Feminist kyai, Critical reasoning, Polygamy laws
Daftar Pustaka
Al Amin, Habibi. "Guardians Concept in Qur'an Perspective." Shakhsiyah Burhaniyah: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Islam 6.1 (2021): 95-114.
Al Amin, Habibi. "Penciptaan Adam; Mendialogkan TafsiR Marah Labid dengan Teori Keadilan Gender." An-Nuha: Jurnal Kajian Islam, Pendidikan, Budaya Dan Sosial 1.1 (2014): 17-44.
Al Amin, Habibi. "Tafsir Sufi Lata’ if al-Isyarat." SUHUF 9.1 (2016): 59-77.
Al-Husaini, Taqiyuddin Abi Bakar Muhammad, Kifayatul Akhyar Fi Halli Ghayatil Ikhtishar, Indonesia: Haramain Jaya Indonesia, 2005.
Al-Kasani, Alauddin Abi Bakar bin Mas’ud, Bada’i Sana’i Fi Tartibi Syara’i, Beirut: Darul Kutub, 2003.
Al-Maliki, Alwi Abbas Ibanah al-Ahkam, Beirut: Darul Fikr, 1996.
Al-Qozwaini, Abdullah Muhammad bin Yazid, Sunan Ibnu Majah, Beirut: Darul Fikr, tt.
Al-Syairazi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ali, Al-Muhadzdhab, Beirut: Darul Kutub, 1995.
Al-Syarkhasi, Syamsuddin Abu Bakr Muhammad, Al-Mabsuth, Beirut: Darul Makrifah, tt.
Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah, Terj. Agus Effendi dan Bahruddin Fananny, Zakat Kajian Berbagai Madzhab, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2008.
_________________, Terj. Abdul Hayyie al-Kattani, dkk, Fiqih Islam Wa Adillatuhu, Jakarta: Gema Insani, 2011.
An-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria Muhyiddin bin Syaraf, Al-Majmu’, Beirut: Darul Fikr, tt.
Arikunto, Suharsimi, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2006.
As’at, Kamran dkk, Fiqh Ibadah, Jakarta: Amzah, 2009.
Ash-Sajastany, Abi Dawud Sulaiman Ibn Ash’as, Sunan Abi Dawud, Beirut: Darul Fikr, 1994.
Ash-Shiddieqy, M. Hasbi, Pedoman Zakat, Semarang: Pustaka Rizki Putra, 2009.
Ash-Syaukani, Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad Nailul Author, Beirut: Darul Fikr, 1983.
Taufiqurrahman, Zaky Fajar, and Habibi Al Amin. "Desain Pembelajaran Literasi Kitab Kuning Melalui Metode Sorogan dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Agama Islam." Syntax Literate; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6.2 (2021): 1467-1474.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melacak metode berpikir Husein Muhammad, Kyai feminis Indonesia dalam kasus perizinan poligami menurut Kompilasi hukum Islam. Husein Muhammad merupakan salah satu kiai pesantren yang intens dalam isu gender. gagasan yang ditawarkan oleh Husein Muhammad adalah penafsiran ulang (reinterpretasi) terhadap persoalan hukum yang bias gender dengan harapan bisa dijadikan petunjuk dan pedoman dalam menghadapi permasalahan partikular pada masa sekarang. Penelitian ini berusaha mengurai pandangan KH. Husein Muhammad tentang keadilan gender dalam izin poligami. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif kepustakaan (library research). Adapun teknik yang digunakan dalam menganalisa data dalam penelitian ini, menggunakan metode deskriptif-analisis, untuk memaparkan secara umum pemikiran Husein Muhammad. Data penelitian ini adalah buku-buku karangan Husein Muhammad dan wawancara dengannya. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa metode berpikir Husein Muhammad dalam menolak aturan perizinan poligami menurut aturan Kompilasi hukum Islam adalah mendasarkan pada konsep seleksi (intiqo-iy) dan eksplorasi (ijtihad). Dua konsep ini berorientasi pada konsep melindungi dan memberikan rasa adil bagi kaum perempuan yang dapat diintegrasikan dalam hukum positif indonesia.
Kata kunci: kyai feminis, Nalar kritis, Undang-undang poligami.
Daftar Pustaka
Al Amin, Habibi. "Guardians Concept in Qur'an Perspective." Shakhsiyah Burhaniyah: Jurnal Penelitian Hukum Islam 6.1 (2021): 95-114.
Al Amin, Habibi. "Penciptaan Adam; Mendialogkan TafsiR Marah Labid dengan Teori Keadilan Gender." An-Nuha: Jurnal Kajian Islam, Pendidikan, Budaya Dan Sosial 1.1 (2014): 17-44.
Al Amin, Habibi. "Tafsir Sufi Lata’ if al-Isyarat." SUHUF 9.1 (2016): 59-77.
Al-Husaini, Taqiyuddin Abi Bakar Muhammad, Kifayatul Akhyar Fi Halli Ghayatil Ikhtishar, Indonesia: Haramain Jaya Indonesia, 2005.
Al-Kasani, Alauddin Abi Bakar bin Mas’ud, Bada’i Sana’i Fi Tartibi Syara’i, Beirut: Darul Kutub, 2003.
Al-Maliki, Alwi Abbas Ibanah al-Ahkam, Beirut: Darul Fikr, 1996.
Al-Qozwaini, Abdullah Muhammad bin Yazid, Sunan Ibnu Majah, Beirut: Darul Fikr, tt.
Al-Syairazi, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Ali, Al-Muhadzdhab, Beirut: Darul Kutub, 1995.
Al-Syarkhasi, Syamsuddin Abu Bakr Muhammad, Al-Mabsuth, Beirut: Darul Makrifah, tt.
Al-Zuhaili, Wahbah, Terj. Agus Effendi dan Bahruddin Fananny, Zakat Kajian Berbagai Madzhab, Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya, 2008.
_________________, Terj. Abdul Hayyie al-Kattani, dkk, Fiqih Islam Wa Adillatuhu, Jakarta: Gema Insani, 2011.
An-Nawawi, Abu Zakaria Muhyiddin bin Syaraf, Al-Majmu’, Beirut: Darul Fikr, tt.
Arikunto, Suharsimi, Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek, Jakarta: Rineka Cipta, 2006.
As’at, Kamran dkk, Fiqh Ibadah, Jakarta: Amzah, 2009.
Ash-Sajastany, Abi Dawud Sulaiman Ibn Ash’as, Sunan Abi Dawud, Beirut: Darul Fikr, 1994.
Ash-Shiddieqy, M. Hasbi, Pedoman Zakat, Semarang: Pustaka Rizki Putra, 2009.
Ash-Syaukani, Muhammad bin Ali bin Muhammad Nailul Author, Beirut: Darul Fikr, 1983.
Taufiqurrahman, Zaky Fajar, and Habibi Al Amin. "Desain Pembelajaran Literasi Kitab Kuning Melalui Metode Sorogan dalam Meningkatkan Pemahaman Agama Islam." Syntax Literate; Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia 6.2 (2021): 1467-1474.
 
“Speeches” of Sigismund II’s Courier, Mikhail Garaburda, Addressed to the Crimean Qalga Muhammad Giray (1559)
No full textThe author of the article for the first time publishes completely the “speeches” of Mikhail Garaburda – the courier of the Polish king and the Great Lithuanian prince Sigismund II – addressed to Qalga of the Crimean Khanate Muhammad Giray, which were intercepted in 1559 by the voivode D.Adashev and presented by Ivan the Terrible to the Lithuanian side in 1562. Both the embassy of Mikhail Garaburda in the Crimea and the Dnieper-Crimean campaign of D.Adashev took place in 1559. The Ambassadorial book of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania speaks about Sigismund’s charter and the “speeches” of his courier. It is noteworthy that Sigismund’s charter and M.Garaburda’s “speeches” were used by the Russian side only in the course of the negotiations in 1562, that is, three years after they had been delivered to Moscow
Indeks Szeged dan Indeks Padmakar-Ivan pada Graf Nilpoten pada Gelanggang Bilangan Bulat Modulo Orde Prima Berpangkat
No full textRecently, graphs have started to be used to represent a finite ring. Nikmehr and Khojasteh in the article defined the nilpotent graph of a ring . Denoted , is a graph with the set of vertices being all the elements in the ring Two vertices and are adjacent if and only if is nilpotent elements in the ring . Topological index is a field that discusses graph structure based on the degree of each vertex of a graph and the distance between vertices. In this study, the author will gives the general formula of the Szeged index and Padmakar-Ivan index of the nilpotent graph graph of the modulo ring with prime power order. The result of this research is a general formula for the topological indices of nilpotent graphs of the integer modulo ring, called the Szeged index and the Padmakar-Ivan index.Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, graf mulai digunakan untuk merepresentasikan suatu gelanggang hingga. Nikmehr and Khojasteh dalam artikel mendefinisikan graf nipolten dari gelanggang R, disimbolkan TR, adalah graf dengan himpunan simpul adalah semua unsur di gelanggang R. Dua simpul x dan y berbeda bertetangga jika dan hanya jika xy merupakan unsur nilpoten pada gelangggang R. Indeks topologi adalah salah satu bidang yang membahas mengenai struktur graf berdasarkan pada jarak dan derajat dari setiap simpul, dalam penelitian ini penulis akan membahas perumuman indeks Szeged dan Index Padmakar-Ivan dari graf nilpoten dari gelanggang modulo dengan orde prima berpangkat. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah rumus umum untuk indeks topologi graf nilpoten dari gelanggang modulo yaitu indeks Szeged dan indeks Padmakar-Iva
EVALUASI KESESUAIAN LAHAN UNTUK TANAMAN KOPI (Coffea Canephora) DI PUNGGUR KECIL KECAMATAN SUNGAI KAKAP KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA KALIMANTAN BARAT
No full textEvaluasi lahan adalah penilaian sumber daya lahan untuk tujuan tertentu dengan menggunakan suatu pendekatan atau cara yang sudah teruji. Petani kopi di Kubu Raya masih menghadapi sejumlah persoalan, salah satunya yakni produktivitas kopi segar hanya sekitar tiga ton per hektar terlebih lagi karakteristik pada lahan lokasi penelitian masih belum diketahui. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah memberikan data informasi mengenai sifat fisik dan kimia tanah yang dapat memberikan solusi pertumbuhan dan produktivitas tanaman kopi. Penelitian dilakukan di Punggur Kecil Kecamatan Sungai Kakap Kabupaten Kubu Raya Kalimantan Barat dengan tahapan pengumpulan data dan informasi, survei pendahuluan, survei dan pengambilan sampel tanah di lapangan, analisis lapangan analisis laboratorium serta pengolahan data dan penyajian hasil. Kegiatan evaluasi lahan ini dilakukan dengan luasan 60 hektar dengan jumlah 12 titik pengamatan dengan setiap titik pengamatan mewakili 5 hektar lahan penelitian. Hasil penilaian kesesuaian lahan aktual untuk tanaman kopi menunjukkan bahwa pada lahan penelitian memiliki faktor pembatas S3-nr,wa. Faktor pembatas S3-nr,wa dengan faktor pembatas kelembaban, kejenuhan, pH H2O dan K-dd. Usaha perbaikan yang dapat dilakukan adalah pengolahan lahan berkelanjutan dilakukan untuk mengatasi faktor kedalaman gambut dan rekomendasi ameliorant untuk mengatasi pH, kematangan gambut dan kejenuhan basa. Jika dikaitkan dengan fakta yang ada di lapangan kelas kesesuaian lahan potensialnya bisa mencapai kelas sesuai (S3)
MEMINIMALISIR HUMAN ERROR UNTUK KESELAMATAN KERJA SAAT MELAKSANAKAN BONGKAR MUATAN BATU BARA DI MV. ENERGY MIDAS
No full textABSTRACT
MUHAMAD IVAN PRASETYO, 2019, NIT: 52155660 N, “Minimize Human
Error For Work Safety When Out Loading and Unloading Coal In The
MV. Energy Midas”, Minithesis Nautical Department, Diploma IV
Programme Merchant Marine Politecnic Of Semarang, Lecturer I: Capt.
Dodik Widiarbowo, M.T, M.Mar and Lecturer II: Capt. Tri Kismantoro,
MM, M.Mar.
With many work accidents caused by human error due to lack of
awareness in using safety equipment while working, the formulation of the
problem taken by the author is how the loading and unloading is related to work
safety and what causes human error in loading and unloading activities. This study
aims to determine the causes of human error and the lack of awareness of the crew
of the use of personal protective equipment and better understand and understand
how the ship's crew are accustomed to using work safety equipment when
carrying out work on the boat so as to minimize the occurrence of workplace
accidents. To answer the formulation of the problem, the authors use two theories,
namely the theory of work safety tools and theories on how to improve work
safety.
This research was carried out on the MV ship. Energy Midas when
practicing the screen, the source of data obtained directly from the ship, research
by observation and interviews with various sources such as skipper, chief officer
and bosun. By paying attention to the problems that have been described
beforehand, the writer can conclude the causes of human error and lack of
awareness of the crew on the importance of the use of Personal Protective
Equipment, among others, the low discipline of the crew in complying with work
safety regulations, understanding the crew work safety equipment, work safety
equipment available in the ship and used by the crew to work are damaged and
unfit for use, and crew members who have just risen or are working on the ship
are lacking through familiarization or introduction to the environment on board
the ship. right.
As well as ways to familiarize the crew to always use the Personal
Protective Equipment, among others, to increase the discipline of the crew in
obeying work safety regulations, especially in using safety equipment, by way of
the On Board crew on board the company must provide education about work
safety systems, increasing discipline of ship crews, the ship should run the
Standard Operating Procedure properly, After carrying out the work the ship must
ABSTRAK
MUHAMAD IVAN PRASETYO, 2019, NIT: 52155660 N, “Meminimalisir
Human Error Untuk Keselamatan Kerja Saat Melaksanakan Bongkar
Muatan Di MV. Energy Midas”, Skripsi Program Studi Nautika Diploma
IV, Politeknik Ilmu Pelayaran Semarang, Pebimbing I: Capt. Dodik
Widiarbowo, M.T, M.Mar dan Capt. Tri Kismantoro, MM, M.Mar.
Dengan banyak kejadian kecelakaan kerja yang dikarenakan oleh
kesalahan manusia akibat kurang kesadaran dalam menggunakan alat keselamatan
saat bekerja, maka rumusan masalah yang diambil oleh penulis adalah bagaimana
pelaksanaan bongkar muatan terkait dengan keselamatan kerja dan apa penyebab
terjadinya human error dalam kegiatan bongkar muatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan
untuk mengetahui penyebab terjadinya human error dan kurangnya kesadaran
anak buah kapal terhadap penggunakan personal protective equipment dan lebih
memahami dan mengerti tentang cara agar anak buah kapal terbiasa menggunakan
alat keselamatan kerja saat melaksanakan suatu perkerjaan di atas kapal sehingga
dapat meminimalisir terjadinya kecelakaan kerja. Guna menjawab rumusan
masalah tersebut, maka penulis menggunakan dua teori yaitu teori mengenai alat
keselamatan kerja dan teori tentang cara meningkatkan keselamatan kerja.
Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di kapal MV. Energy Midas saat praktek layar,
sumber data yang diperoleh langsung dari kapal, penelitian dengan cara observasi
dan wawancara dengan berbagai narasumber seperti Nakhoda, Chief officer dan
bosun. Dengan memperhatikan permasalahan yang telah diuraikan terlebih
dahulu, maka penulis dapat menyimpulkan penyebab terjadinya human error dan
kurangnya kesadaran anak buah kapal terhadap pentingnnya penggunaan
Personal Protective Equipment antara lain rendahnya kedisiplinan anak buah
kapal dalam mentaati peraturan keselamatan kerja, pemahaman anak buah kapal
yang kurang tentang peranan alat–alat keselamatan kerja, peralatan keselamatan
kerja yang tersedia dikapal dan yang digunakan oleh anak buah kapal untuk
bekerja sudah rusak dan tidak layak pakai, dan anak buah kapal yang baru naik
atau kerja di kapal kurang melalui tahap familiarisasi atau pengenalan terhadap
lingkungan di kapal dengan benar.
Serta cara untuk membiasakan anak buah kapal agar selalu menggunakan
Personal Protective Equipment antara lain meningkatkan kedisiplinan anak buah
kapal dalam mentaati peraturan keselamatan kerja terutama dalam menggunakan
alat–alat keselamatan kerja, dengan cara Sebelum anak buah kapal On Board
(naik kapal) pihak perusahaan harus memberikan edukasi-edukasi tentang sistem
keselamatan kerja, meningkatkan kedisiplinan anak buah kapal, pihak kapal
seharusnya menjalankan dengan baik Standard Operating Procedure, Setelah
melaksanakan pekerjaan pihak kapal harus membuat evaluasi didalam safety
meetin
Implementasi Pemerintahan Digital di Jawa Barat: Analisis Inovasi dan Tantangan dalam Penerapan SPBE di Tingkat Daerah (Studi Kasus Aplikasi Garut Sadar)
No full textPenerapan Sistem Pemerintahan Berbasis Elektronik (SPBE) menjadi salah satu upaya pemerintah daerah dalam meningkatkan kualitas tata kelola pemerintahan yang efektif, transparan, dan akuntabel. Di Provinsi Jawa Barat, implementasi pemerintahan digital terus dikembangkan melalui berbagai inovasi layanan publik berbasis teknologi informasi, salah satunya melalui aplikasi Garut Sadar yang diinisiasi oleh Pemerintah Kabupaten Garut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk inovasi serta tantangan yang dihadapi dalam penerapan SPBE di tingkat daerah dengan studi kasus aplikasi Garut Sadar. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi pustaka, analisis dokumen kebijakan, serta penelusuran informasi sekunder yang relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi Garut Sadar merupakan inovasi pelayanan publik yang berorientasi pada peningkatan partisipasi masyarakat dan kemudahan akses layanan pemerintahan. Namun demikian, implementasinya masih menghadapi sejumlah tantangan, antara lain keterbatasan sumber daya manusia, kesenjangan literasi digital masyarakat, serta integrasi sistem yang belum optimal antar perangkat daerah. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan penguatan kapasitas aparatur, peningkatan sosialisasi kepada masyarakat, serta pengembangan sistem yang lebih terintegrasi agar penerapan SPBE di Kabupaten Garut dapat berjalan secara berkelanjutan dan optimal.
 
Princely “Yurts” of Kazan Khanate »
No full textThe article considers the contents of the letter addressed by Nogai biy Urus (1576) to the Tsar Ivan IV. The letter refers to the lands that paid to the Nogais some “compensation” before they ended under the power of Moscow. According to the author of the present article, this text refers to a division of the Kazan Khanate in the number of administrative units with unequal status: the core of the Khanate – the “yurt of Bulgar tsar” (that is, apparently, actual Kazan, the khan’s domain), and two princely yurts – the Arsk principality and lands of the principality, which belonged to princes Ali-Bey and Altyn-Bey before the arrival of Ulugh-Muhammad. Most likely, these lands were situated south of Bolghar at the left bank of the Volga, on the territory of modern Ulyanovsk region and, possibly, partly at the right bank, near Tetyushi. The Arsk land enjoyed a special independent (or semi-independent) position during the Bulgar time (Arsaniya land). This division of the Kazan Khanate into three parts is reflected not only in the analyzed text, but also elsewhere, particularly, in the Russian chronicles
The Concept of Color Metaphor In Sundanese: A Semantic Cognitive Study
No full textThis paper is a qualitative descriptive study that aims to describe the concept of color in Sundanese. In this study, the authors used the free-to-speak listening method without involving the participants. To support data collection, the author involves intuitive knowledge. In the method of analysis, the writer uses referential methods and semantic methods to describe and compare the relationship between metaphorical expressions as the source and the intended meaning of the target. The data taken are fragments of song lyrics, fragments of sentences from short stories, and proverbs. As a result, the authors found the colors hideung, beureum, bodas, konéng, héjo and blue in the concept of color as a Sundanese metaphor.Keywords: Metaphors, cognitive semantics, Sundanese language, conceptual metaphors
The Elements of Secularization in The Universal Declaration of Human Rights
No full textAbstract: Human Rights is a concept proposed by the West for supporting the justice and the welfare of human life, both in the realm of security, health, etc. In this case, the Western’s experience after two great wars has made them focus a lot on the formulation of human rights. This is evident from several declarations on human rights that were initiated by countries in Europe, one of which is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). However, within the UDHR, there are many doctrines that originate from the Western’s worldview, such as Secularization, Liberalization, etc. If it is examined this path, it is inseparable from one of the world's great dark organizations called Freemasonary, which gave the doctrinal stigma in the formulation of the UDHR. As a political movement that provides breakthroughs in new ideas, Freemasonry is a thought or philosophical movement that deserves to be studied, because of its closed attitude but has a fundamental influence on several facts that occur, one of which is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights itself. In this paper the author will examine the history of the human rights declaration, starting from the influential figures in it to the content of the declaration which is full of typical Western doctrines above. Then the author will include an Islamic view that clearly has a different worldview of the concept in western human rights itself
Author Correction: A multi-country test of brief reappraisal interventions on emotions during the COVID-19 pandemic.
No full textCorrection to: Nature Human Behaviour https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-021-01173-x, published online 2 August 2021.In the version of this article initially published, the following authors were omitted from the author list and the Author contributionssection for “investigation” and “writing and editing”: Nandor Hajdu (Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest,Hungary), Jordane Boudesseul (Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigación Científica, Universidad de Lima, Lima, Perú), RafałMuda (Faculty of Economics, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland) and Sandersan Onie (Black Dog Institute, UNSWSydney, Sydney, Australia & Emotional Health for All Foundation, Jakarta, Indonesia). In addition, Saeideh FatahModares’ name wasoriginally misspelled as Saiedeh FatahModarres in the author list. Further, affiliations have been corrected for Maria Terskova (NationalResearch University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia), Susana Ruiz Fernandez (FOM University of Applied Sciences,Essen; Leibniz-Institut fur Wissensmedien, Tubingen, and LEAD Research Network, Eberhard Karls University, Tubingen, Germany),Hendrik Godbersen (FOM University of Applied Sciences, Essen, Germany), Gulnaz Anjum (Department of Psychology, Simon FraserUniversity, Burnaby, Canada, and Department of Economics & Social Sciences, Institute of Business Administration, Karachi, Pakistan).<br/
