177,327 research outputs found
Coda vocalizations recorded in breeding areas are almost entirely produced by mature female sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)
No full textWe investigated the use and function of coda communication by sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus L., 1758 (=Physeter Catodon L., 1758)) Codas are stereotyped patterns of clicks often made by sperm whales in social contexts. We used the pulsed structure of coda clicks recorded from socializing female/immature groups to estimate the bodylength distribution of the animals producing the codas. Ninety-five percent of the 10653 codas that we measured were produced by whales measuring from 9 to 11 m. This size range corresponds to the length of mature females. We compared these data to a length distribution calculated from photographic measurements of individuals from the same groups encountered during the same studies. There were more whales shorter than 8.5 m (10.0%)and longer than 12.5 m (2.7%) in the photographic length distribution than in that of the coda producers (0.30% and 0.08% respectively). Since males leave their natal group when they are shorter than 9 m and return to breeding areas when they measure 13 m or more, our data shows that the codas were produced almost entirely by mature females. We suggest that coda communication serves several functions, including social bonding.Publisher PD
CODAS
No full textCODAS, a Customer Oriented Data System, is a user-oriented data retrieval and display system. The command language of the system provides the user with an easy means for specifying data retrieval and display requests. Data is displayed as tables and graphs produced in a format ready for publication. In this paper the statements of the request language and the general system design are described.</jats:p
Information theoretic syllable structure and its relation to the c-center effect
No full textEstablished phonological theories postulate uniform syllable constituent structures. From a traditional hierarchical point of
view, syllables are right branching implying a close connection between the nucleus and the coda. Articulatory Phonology in contrast suggests a stronger cohesion between onsets and nuclei than between nuclei and codas. This claim is empirically supported by the c-center effect which initially has been observed for onsets only. Nevertheless, recent studies revealed that this effect does not occur in all complex onsets and can also be observed in codas. To account for this structure non-uniformity, we propose an information theoretic approach to measure connection strengths between syllable constituents in terms of their pointwise mutual information. It turned out that the derived constituent structures correspond well to the empirical c-center findings on American English and German data. The results are discussed from a Usage-based Phonology perspective considering c-centers to be a frequency effect
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Part of our world : mental health outcomes and the role of culture in adult Icelandic CODAs (Children of Deaf Adults)
No full textChildren of Deaf Adults (CODAs) navigate both Deaf and hearing cultures, which may create unique identity challenges and vulnerability to mental health difficulties. This study examined cultural identity, depressive and anxiety symptoms, and the association between acculturation and mental well-being among Icelandic CODAs. Participants comprised 72 individuals, 27 CODAs and 45 comparisons who completed standardized self-report measures online on depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), anxiety symptoms (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7), and acculturation (Deaf Acculturation Scale-58). Group differences were analyzed using multivariate and univariate analyses of variance and correlation. Most CODAs were classified as Hearing acculturated (69.2%), though non-Hearing acculturation (30.8%) was higher in CODAs than in the comparison group. CODAs endorsed higher depressive symptoms than the comparison group (p = .005), while no difference was found for anxiety (p = .099). Deaf acculturation was positively correlated with depressive symptoms (r= 0.294), while Hearing acculturation was negatively associated with depressive symptoms (r = -0.413) and anxiety (r = -0.337). These findings suggest that acculturation to Hearing culture may serve as a protective factor against depressive and anxiety symptoms in CODAs. The results highlight the importance of culturally sensitive mental health interventions, and suggest a broader societal acceptance and awareness of Deaf culture could improve mental health for CODAs. Further research should adopt a mixed methods approach to better understand the mechanisms behind mental health outcomes of CODAs.
Key words: Children of Deaf Adults, CODAs, Deaf culture, mental health, depression, anxiety, acculturation
Todas as codas são frágeis em português europeu?
No full textO presente artigo resume a descrição autossegmental da Coda em Português e apresenta dados de variação linguística das consoantes em Coda no Português Europeu (PE) que permitem problematizar a ideia de que todas as codas são igualmente frágeis. As codas em PE padrão são apenas as seguintes: /l/, /R/ e /S/, uma vez que neste dialecto não existem realizações que justifiquem a consideração de uma coda nasal. Faremos uma descrição de dados já analisados e de outros entretanto recolhidos. Por fim, dizemos qual parece ser o impacto da variação linguística encontrada na mudança linguística.</p
Intérpretes codas: construção de identidades
No full textDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos da Tradução, Florianópolis, 2015.Atualmente a comunidade surda começa a usufruir de serviços realizados por profissionais tradutores/intérpretes de língua de sinais com formação específica, resultado do reconhecimento legal e de inúmeras lutas da classe. No entanto, a realidade nem sempre foi dessa forma. Antes do reconhecimento profissional dos intérpretes de LIBRAS e dos grandes avanços da tecnologia, a comunidade surda se utilizava de intérpretes e mediadores linguísticos, mesmo que sem uma formação, já que, por ter uma língua própria e diferente da utilizada pela maioria da sociedade, precisa do intérprete por conta da necessidade de interação social, familiar, cultural, política, e de acesso aos serviços públicos. Sendo assim, dentro do contexto familiar de alguns surdos, fazem-se presentes os filhos de pais surdos conhecidos na comunidade surda como  Codas , que por muitas vezes passam despercebidos, mas têm uma experiência singular por conta de suas condições de compartilhar a cultura surda, assim como os desafios enfrentados pelos surdos devido a barreiras linguísticas, ao mesmo tempo em que participam das experiências que envolvem os ouvintes. A partir de contribuições teóricas pós-modernas, em que o sujeito se compõe por identidades fragmentadas, a pesquisa buscou compreender como se estabelece o perfil profissional desse sujeito enquanto tradutor/intérprete de LIBRAS, pressupondo que tais motivações trazem desdobramentos para o perfil profissional. Para atingir tais objetivos, realizou-se uma pesquisa com uma abordagem qualitativa, usando instrumentos de entrevistas semiestruturadas com complementação pela realização de grupo focal com sujeitos profissionais tradutores/intérpretes Codas. Configurou-se um cenário em que os intérpretes Codas entrevistados apresentaram motivações específicas para o seu exercício profissional, intrinsecamente relacionadas às suas singularidades oriundas do contexto familiar.Abstract : The deaf community has begunto take advantage of services providedby professional translators / interpreters of sign language with specific training. This training is the result of legal recognition and numerous class struggles. However, the reality has not always been that way. Before the recognition of professional interpreters, Libras and major advances in technology, the deaf community used interpreters and linguistic mediators who had not had training but who recognized that sign language wasdifferent from that used by most society, and interpreted because of the need for family, cultural, political, social interaction and access to public services. Within the family context of some deaf people are the children of deaf parents, known in the deaf community as codas. They often go unnoticed, but havea unique experience of sharing deaf culture as well as the challenges faced by deaf because of language barriers, while also sharing the experiences that involve hearing people. Usingpostmodern theoretical contributions, in which the subject is composed of fragmented identities, this research sought to understand how the professional profile of this subject as a Libras translator / interpreteris created, assuming that such motivations canaid the development of the professional profile of interpreters. To achieve these objectives, Icarried out a survey usinga qualitative approach, using semi-structured interviews, conducting focus groups with subjects who wereprofessional translators / interpreters and alsocodas. Coda interpreters interviewed had specific reasons for theirprofessional practice, intrinsically linked their singularities arising in the family context
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
No full textWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Renal ischemic preconditioning improves recovery of kidney function and decreases alpha-smooth muscle actin expression in a rat model
No full textPURPOSE:
We determined the role of ischemic preconditioning on renal function and histology in a rat model.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A total of 34 Sprague-Dawley rats (Janvier Laboratories, Le Genet-St-Isle, France) were divided into 6 groups, including sham operation, ischemic preconditioning alone (5 minutes of bilateral ischemia followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion for 3 cycles), ischemia alone (60 minutes of bilateral renal pedicle clamping), ischemic preconditioning before bilateral ischemia, ischemic preconditioning before ischemia in left nephrectomized rats and ischemic preconditioning of the left kidney alone before 60 minutes of bilateral warm ischemia to assess the effect of left kidney preconditioning on the contralateral kidney. Serum creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were recorded at days 0, 1, 3, 11 and 15. Kidneys were harvested at day 15 for histological study and alpha-smooth muscle actin typing.
RESULTS:
At days 1 and 3 serum creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were significantly lower in the ischemic preconditioning group compared to levels in the ischemia alone group. At days 11 and 15 creatinine and malondialdehyde levels were similar in all groups and comparable to levels at day 0. At day 15 ischemic preconditioning kidneys showed significantly decreased fibrosis and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression than ischemia alone kidneys.
CONCLUSIONS:
Ischemic preconditioning improves the ability of rat kidney to tolerate subsequent ischemic injury in the first 3 days after reperfusion. Moreover, fibrosis and alpha-smooth muscle actin expression are decreased in ischemic preconditioning kidneys 15 days after reperfusion, suggesting a potential interest of ischemic preconditioning in surgical situations that expose kidneys to prolonged warm ischemia
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
No full textBoth spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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