11 research outputs found
Clustering of CODEX clusters
No full textContext. The clustering of galaxy clusters links the spatial nonuniformity of dark matter halos to the growth of the primordial spectrum of perturbations. The amplitude of the clustering signal is widely used to estimate the halo mass of astrophysical objects. The advent of cluster mass calibrations enables using clustering in cosmological studies.
Aims. We analyze the autocorrelation function of a large contiguous sample of galaxy clusters, the Constrain Dark Energy with X-ray (CODEX) sample, in which we take particular care of cluster definition. These clusters were X-ray selected using the ROentgen SATellite All-Sky Survey and then identified as galaxy clusters using the code redMaPPer run on the photometry of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We develop methods for precisely accounting for the sample selection effects on the clustering and demonstrate their robustness using numerical simulations.
Methods. Using the clean CODEX sample, which was obtained by applying a redshift-dependent richness selection, we computed the two-point autocorrelation function of galaxy clusters in the 0.1 < z < 0.3 and 0.3 < z < 0.5 redshift bins. We compared the bias in the measured correlation function with values obtained in numerical simulations using a similar cluster mass range.
Results. By fitting a power law, we measured a correlation length r0 = 18.7 ± 1.1 and slope γ = 1.98 ± 0.14 for the correlation function in the full redshift range. By fixing the other cosmological parameters to their nine-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe values, we reproduced the observed shape of the correlation function under the following cosmological conditions: and with estimated additional systematic errors of σΩm0 = 0.02 and σS8 = 0.20. We illustrate the complementarity of clustering constraints by combining them with CODEX cosmological constraints based on the X-ray luminosity function, deriving Ωm0 = 0.25 ± 0.01 and with an estimated additional systematic error of σΩm0 = 0.07 and σσ8 = 0.04. The mass calibration and statistical quality of the mass tracers are the dominant source of uncertainty
Characterisation of the X-ray point source variability in the eROSITA south ecliptic pole field
No full textAims: During the Spectrum Roentgen Gamma (SRG)/ eROSITA all-sky surveys, X-ray sources close to the South Ecliptic Pole (SEP) are observed almost every 4 hours. We aim to identify the sources exhibiting the most significant long-term X-ray variability within 3 degrees of the SEP in the first three surveys, and investigate their properties.
Methods: We determined the variability significance of all sources observed by eROSITA within 3 degrees of the SEP by using thresholds on the Bayesian excess variance (SCATT_LO) and the maximum amplitude deviation (AMPL_SIG). Sources exhibiting a variability significance above were subdivided into likely Galactic and extragalactic sources, by using spectral and photometric information of their optical counterparts. We quantified the X-ray normalised excess variances of all variable sources, and also calculated the periodograms of the brightest ones.
Results: Out of more than X-ray sources detected by eROSITA within 3 degrees of the SEP, we identified 453 that exhibit significant X-ray variability. SCATT_LO is significantly more sensitive to detecting variable sources in this field, but AMPL_SIG helps provide a more complete variability sample. Of those variable sources, 168 were classified as likely extragalactic, and 235 as likely Galactic. The periodograms of most bright and variable extragalactic sources are approximately described by an aliased power law () with an index of . We identified a potential tidal disruption event, and long-term transient sources. The stellar X-ray variability was predominantly caused by bright X-ray flares from coronally active stars.22 pages, 29 figure
The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Catalog of galaxy clusters and groups
No full textThe eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey has been carried out during the PV
phase of the SRG/eROSITA telescope and completed in November 2019. This survey
is designed to provide the first eROSITA-selected sample of galaxy clusters and
groups and to test the predictions for the all-sky survey in the context of
cosmological studies with clusters. In the 140 deg area covered by eFEDS,
542 candidate clusters and groups are detected as extended X-ray sources, down
to a flux of erg/s/cm in the soft band (0.5-2 keV) within
1'. In this work, we provide the catalog of candidate galaxy clusters and
groups in eFEDS. We perform imaging and spectral analysis on the eFEDS clusters
with eROSITA X-ray data, and study the properties of the sample. The clusters
are distributed in the redshift range [0.01, 1.3], with the median redshift at
0.35. We obtain the ICM temperature measurement with c.l. for
1/5 (102/542) of the sample. The average temperature of these clusters is
2 keV. Radial profiles of flux, luminosity, electron density, and gas
mass are measured from the precise modeling of the imaging data. The selection
function, the purity and completeness of the catalog are examined and discussed
in detail. The contamination fraction is in this sample, dominated by
misidentified point sources. The X-ray Luminosity Function of the clusters
agrees well with the results obtained from other recent X-ray surveys. We also
find 19 supercluster candidates in eFEDS, most of which are located at
redshifts between 0.1 and 0.5. The eFEDS cluster and group catalog provides a
benchmark proof-of-concept for the eROSITA All-Sky Survey extended source
detection and characterization. We confirm the excellent performance of eROSITA
for cluster science and expect no significant deviations from our pre-launch
expectations for the final All-Sky Survey.Comment: Submitted to A&A for the Special Issue: The Early Data Release of
eROSITA and Mikhail Pavlinsky ART-XC on the SRG Mission. 25 pages, 13 figure
The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS): Galaxy Clusters and Groups in Disguise
No full textThe eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS), executed during the
performance verification phase of the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG)/eROSITA
telescope, was completed in Nov. 2019. One of the science goals of this survey
is to demonstrate the ability of eROSITA to detect samples of clusters and
groups at the final depth of the eROSITA all-sky survey. Because of the
sizeable point-spread function of eROSITA, high-redshift clusters of galaxies
or compact nearby groups hosting bright active galactic nuclei (AGN) can be
misclassified as point sources by the source detection algorithms. A total of
346 galaxy clusters and groups in the redshift range of 0.1<z<1.3 were
identified based on their red sequence in the point source catalog. We examine
the multiwavelength properties of these clusters and groups to understand the
potential biases in our selection process and the completeness of the
extent-selected sample. The majority of the clusters and groups in the point
source sample are indeed underluminous and compact compared to the
extent-selected sample. Their faint X-ray emission, well below the flux limit
of the extent-selected eFEDS clusters, and their compact X-ray emission are
likely to be the main reason for this misclassification. In the sample, we
confirm that 10% of the sources host AGN in their brightest cluster galaxies
(BCGs) through optical spectroscopy and visual inspection. By studying their
X-ray, optical, infrared, and radio properties, we establish a method for
identifying clusters and groups that host AGN in their BCGs. We successfully
test this method on the current point source catalog through the Sloan Digital
Sky Survey optical spectroscopy and find eight clusters and groups with active
radio-loud AGN that are particularly bright in the infrared. They include
eFEDSJ091437.8+024558, eFEDSJ083520.1+012516, and eFEDSJ092227.1+043339 at
redshifts 0.3-0.4. [ABRIDGED]Comment: 31 pages, 13 figures, 3 tables. Accepted for publication in A&A for
the Special Issue: The Early Data Release of eROSITA and Mikhail Pavlinsky
ART-XC on the SRG Missio
Full-sky photon simulation of clusters and active galactic nuclei in the soft X-rays for eROSITA
No full textInternational audienceThe eROSITA X-ray telescope on board the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma (SRG) mission will measure the position and properties of about 100,000 clusters of galaxies and 3 million active galactic nuclei over the full sky. To study the statistical properties of this ongoing survey, it is key to estimate the selection function accurately. We create a set of full sky light-cones using the MultiDark and UNIT dark matter only N-body simulations. We present a novel method to predict the X-ray emission of galaxy clusters. Given a set of dark matter halo properties (mass, redshift, ellipticity, offset parameter), we construct an X-ray emissivity profile and image for each halo in the light-cone. We follow the eROSITA scanning strategy to produce a list of X-ray photons on the full sky. We predict scaling relations for the model clusters, which are in good agreement with the literature. The predicted number density of clusters as a function of flux also agrees with previous measurements. Finally, we obtain a scatter of 0.21 (0.07, 0.25) for the X-ray luminosity -- mass (temperature -- mass, luminosity -- temperature) model scaling relations. We provide catalogues with the model photons emitted by clusters and active galactic nuclei. These catalogues will aid the eROSITA end to end simulation flow analysis and in particular the source detection process and cataloguing methods
The eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS) - Characterization of morphological properties of galaxy groups and clusters
No full textInternational audienceContext. Morphological parameters are the estimators for the dynamical state of clusters of galaxies. Surveys performed at different wavelengths through their selection effects may be biased toward, different populations of clusters. For example, X-ray surveys are biased to detecting cool-core clusters as opposed to Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) surveys being more biased toward non-cool-core systems. Understanding the underlying population of clusters of galaxies in surveys is of the utmost importance when these samples are to be used in astrophysical and cosmological studies.Aims. We present an in-depth analysis of the X-ray morphological parameters of the galaxy clusters and groups detected in the eROSITA Final Equatorial-Depth Survey (eFEDS). The eFEDS, completed during the performance verification phase of the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma(SRG)/eROSITA telescope, is designed to provide the first eROSITA X-ray selected sample of galaxy clusters and groups.Methods. We studied the eROSITA X-ray imaging data for a sample of 325 clusters and groups that were significantly detected in the eFEDS field. We characterized their dynamical properties by measuring a number of dynamical estimators: concentration, central density, cuspiness, centroid shift, ellipticity, power ratios, photon asymmetry, and the Gini coefficient. The galaxy clusters and groups detected in eFEDS cover a luminosity range of more than three orders of magnitude and a wide redshift range out to 1.2. They provide an ideal sample on which the redshift and luminosity evolution of the morphological parameters can be studied and the underlying dynamical state of the sample can be characterized. Based on these measurements, we constructed a new dynamical indicator, the relaxation score, for all the clusters in the sample.Results. We find no evidence for a bimodality in the distribution of the morphological parameters of our clusters. We instead observe a smooth transition from the cool core to non-cool core and from relaxed to disturbed states, with a preference for skewed distributions or log-normal distributions. A significant evolution in redshift and luminosity is also observed in the morphological parameters we examined after taking the selection effects into account.Conclusions. We determine that in contrast do ROSAT-based cluster samples, our eFEDS-selected cluster sample is not biased toward cool-core clusters, but contains a similar fraction of cool-cores as SZ surveys.Key words: galaxies: clusters: intracluster medium / galaxies: clusters: general / X-rays: galaxies: cluster
CODEX Weak Lensing Mass Catalogue and implications on the mass-richness relation
No full textInternational audienceThe COnstrain Dark Energy with X-ray clusters (CODEX) sample contains the largest flux limited sample of X-ray clusters at , with , and . We find a slope , normalization and using CFHT richness estimates. In comparison to other weak lensing richness-mass relations, we find the normalization of the richness statistically agreeing with the normalization of other scaling relations from a broad redshift range () and with different cluster selection (X-ray, Sunyaev-Zeldovich, and optical)
13
No full text:-'- ."i
falb 3Mfcm
MAGAZINE SECTION.
PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA, 1K1DAV, JUNE IS, 1906.
PAGES 1 TO a.
GIBSON GIRL WEDDED.
AtRS. XAXSIB SBAW, SISTBR'IS.
LAW OF ARTIST. URIOB OF
WAIOORF AS lute.
One «>t the 1*1** Virginia B*aut>ea.-A
Darloa Horse Woman aad rood <st
Excrctsc. riv* MUlloo Dollar gnC.
lir.it t»i*«c a Wedding Present.
A "Gibson OIiT* 1* lite talk of all
England, for ahe b*s married a young
I'saniif that cvtuutry wbo is belr toan
estate of more than sua.....1.1...
Tbe. i-rltlt* t* none other than Mr*.
Waldorf ,\«tor. and a stster-lo-Iaw of
l-hart-*** Dana «lh*on, tbe crtebrated
AlSeri.*an Mtlisl.
Mrs, Astor Is one »f five sister*, all
native* of Virginia and tw-fc-uginB to
a fatnlI■ pumliered auiong tbe I'. 1'.. '*.,
slsudlng blgb lu tbe aristocrat*" of tbe
Soutb. She wss a Miss Nannie Laug-
boror and later tha all* ul lluUty
t-tfaaw, l*rom whom site was dtvurvt-tt.
All of Ha' laa-iK'U-mc *i**ter-> art* re*
markable beauties, paying particular
attention to every detail of fare and
Ill-lire. A Virginia lady wbo knew
tbem In tbelr girlhood days stated that
tbetr rules at living were soroetblng
like tbla: -I.*vskf-i-.t earl) and excrrt-te
IfftaUl rof uu hour ot tWO. Have a
luoeticott nnd exercise attain, thi* tin*,
ikling. I,tt:i.hev.n agslu and tben a
lung, \ I ft-roust tntiupor a<-rvt*sn*iuit#
ride tn tiiitimla. Just fur llh- iiW»a*Ve
or It. 1 ben a hearty swpp**. Um*ii a Isasj
walk In tbe souttwrn t-lltcbi, aud fcen
bsaV"
KI'l.IiMHO WOMAN RIDER
Witb a strong borse Iteneatb ber. and
Ibe i-.it k In full cry, to -sec Nannie
latuia-iinriic rlilltii; tu liuunils waa n
sight for ii.-n aud gotl*. lo the daya
of ber glrlt-01-d, at tb* I*—-,. Run. In
Virginia, -><■■■ wm Illsua atln-uped, and
It is no HtreleliltiK of facts wbeii
one avows Hint men came from far
arJ'-ld Just to see ber, with ber pink
r-bevk* aglow and tier fair hair loos-
* *t- si to the bswasa, iKttiiid tin- sod In
a mailesp altautloa for tl;- brush.
Notblug ilsnnted Ibis young Vtrglntsn
In tbe way of dlteb or feut-e. bill or
liollou-, awl at IU sin* »n» faii-i-d a*
tn* most lotrejild and brilllsnt borae-
womsn tn ber native State.
Two things wuu for Mra. Laiigborns
Sbsw the belr of William Waldorf
Astor: tbe beauty of ber being, wbea
00 Ik•*-•—1■*tkl and l.c-r bubbling ir
repr**aallite A merles dJ*Ui. Young As
tot, when be beheld tier tu ber glury
: - *. gh>>n by Mr. Alitor to bis
flaut-liter-ltilfivv, which later on la to be
reset and worn on ber pi*wituilon at
court. This historic gem tiTh-oxcd to
Charles ■ the Bold,- the Duke of Itor-
gundy, aud fetched SlukUUU at tbe sale
of the DemldutT Ca41«cUoa to l***J3
It waa avxnred by Mr. Astor aome
years ago from a uilflonaln' {•■■■<■ ■■■-,
Sir C Ji-.-j.-i.iin... for m .".!•■' Mr.
Astor also gave ooe of tbe Onest tiara*
|n aU-odou. iu!..■ !i cost raorr Ihan
,• I'm.'---:, as well as tbu title deeds to
Cliveden uutuxion and esute*. wllh
tlie many ti*va*urra be baa added
:>i'*vi. including a maenliu-cut suite
or old (1ilp|Hirnt> funilture, mul aome
wootterful Krvncb china, uriginally
from • ■ .-...'-.!> «, and ouvc the property
ot l.n.!■:■-•» Lii.-i-tne. Tbe value of
thla I.iti.t.- .':ifi probably, exceeds .".'.,-
OU1.0UU
It I* »:ider>ttx-d gbat tfj-e yonng
p-t.-ii- |>lan go make tbelr fMtno ni
Cliveden. In 1SU0 Mr. Astor purvliased
WARSHIPS NOT WANTED.
•FJfiRTISt: BOB" STASIS SBWS
OROERED TO LEAVE SEW
YORK BARROR.
United Mates Ha.tk--ih.p3 and
Cruiser* Obstructions to f-.a*lga-
i...n-Ih..u»and» of Callona of Oil
Released by routed Anchor.
New York Ctty tn IU hurry and nntfa
of i> >.!.- ■ - did not seem to stop for
patriotic rvasona to enjoy tin- night of
a dust-tt l mini Slate* wanihli** an-
ch*>rvd ta ber hart-or. Tbe A111.Ti.-a11
fleet rating majestically at ai-chor in
the North River, attracting the attention 11rtl1.1u--m.l-. of sight scirs.
wss requested to "wove oa." Tbe
stalwart ttstthwhlp* and ai-morcd
cruisers wltb tbelr great li'tiglb anJ In
eoinmaud of 00 less a i>er*ouage than
says Crawford was In good health and
good spirits.
While Mr. Crawford was In Betrwt
American mlaalonarlea attempted to
dissuade him from entering on the
trip, and pointed out to him the great
danger of the undertaking. II* was
firm In his resolve, however, and left
on January Kb.
Before departing the skater left his
lUasrary wltb Dr. Williams, an American dentist, whoa* guest he wa* temporarily. Crawford* Intention wo* to
■true out over the bard-road to Beg-
which is about *00 mile* from
Beirut. '1 in ie - ho lutends going
southeast 300 miles-to Baasorah, at
lb* mouth of th* Euphrates and near
Persian roast. He was undecided
whether h* would travel by land or
see over J.I.* 1.100 mites lo Beloocb*
latao, *
Ills plans Included many excursion*
through Reloochtattan. a Journey
sa th* Oulf to India, and a j-ear
or mora la that mubUt, H* purpose*
to accomplish all this on money be
may earn along the way.
rt.ivm.rs mansion on tue hankr op ttoi TstAatatt.
tlie beantlfnl country trtonse from tbe
Duke of Westminster and paid |l.-
_■-'■■■. tor it >'li,.-I. ii is situated tn
the heart or tlie l-oullng and plcukliig
region ot ibe t'pper Ttmin***,
OFFENDED THE POPULACE.
Arter an)iilrltig It. Astor bad an
opportunity to show nlmseir inure es*
elusive Uisn the link* of W'estniluster.
Tbat potentate and all previous owners
of tb* estate bad allowed tbu comniuu
Oa* of lb* Ptf
caught his breath Just a* Bobby Shaw..
bar divorced husband, had dop* art-,
ersl v.-tr* ago ln Old Vlrclnls- And
tit!* wa* not Strang*. Waldt-rf Astor.
always bre*>tbiiaC In lb* cn-ppreaaed
air of bis fstber*a house, timid, retiring ami atudlous by nature, had not
much opportunity for young gins*
society, and almost never tbat of
Atnenc-i. girl*. To blft Mr*. Nanai*
Boaw wal u ri'veijiii.iii. For seven
Ut-Dliui br wooe*i ber. and at the end
of that time n*> was ilirtr-fourUis
American and four-founl** la love.
tilowloe, be followed l«*r across the
Attanti--.
It ts only fair to joone Astor to aay
that be has never been so nKgreaalvely
British a. bis father, wbo apuru* •'■
nio*t everything Amertesu. or bis
januajag ttrotber. John Jacob, wbo t*
an out-and-out CuglUhman.
EX-I.rslVK WEDDING tssttVlCss,
Tb* -a.-1.1.1,2. whk-h <-cciiiTt*4 at
laondon in May. waa a very <iult*t affair, only 17 Invitations being *'■•»*
out for tbe eeret**.rii-[. Tbe brfclf iMd*
tbr tOTeUest plcUire. suajdiiiiz. aa lt
■ spi-e.tr-tl. In a b*d of lilies snd r<
Dear the cham-el. a work of art. in-
deed, wa* ber we-ldluc rown, tor tt
-*■■• Bja-J-* t*f It** .-..;- 11H|'*T''"**"' ****■
obtsinablr. adorned with rare old isee.
Among tbe many weddlog present*.
tb* mean notabtW-ws* IA* Saucy dis
people to picnic and to vrslk throngb
that [>sn of the property lying along
ths river. Ttie Aiuerlean uiillionatra
threw tbem out and threatened tbrm
wltb tb* uttuoat rts-ora of the taw.
Now thst be lis* Bottle.! tlte estate on
ba* son,, tbe lutiabttant* of C.-okhsra
and Maldeobead on the Thsiue-t-—
■urroundlng hamlet*—are delighted.
for tbey l-elk*ve lliat young Aatiar w|H
at onee give onlere for the t-anci-l-
Utloa, af tu- uxaay strict urtXar* s**aiti-*t
ira-j.x*..n-r made by hi* fattier -<-nk-rs
vrbir-ti turned sll the riverside folk Into bitter eiM-n.l'-i of Ibe American
millionaire.
fireat wall* surmoonted with lin-keo
•flaita to protect tlu* Astor vegetahle
-.'-ir-b-B *|-»tll lovely view* from tbe
public road, and anyttudy daring to
picnic tn ibe Olreden woods, as in
the oldeti -lays, is st once threatened
i.i a keeper with impri-ummeat.
It Is believed thst yonng Mr. Astor.
etui Is very i-opular wllb rowing men.
will abolish tin--,- feudal and dis
testvfat r-t-ifulstl.-as.
Rear Admiral "Figbtlng Bob" Evans
were found to It* tn the way. Dispatches from tbe nietrac-ollM say thai
tb* supervisor of the harbor of New
York called ou Admiral Evans and
served a forma] notice on lilm that
the siiljM wen* tuklug up too iniieh
room la the river, and were seriously
tuierf.-riii-; wltb nsvls-atlon. While It
was admitted on tbe Culled Slat.-
v.■.-.■!- tbnt they were well out Iti Hie
usual channel taken by steamera, ili.-i
could not ancbor further luabure oa
account of tlie shallow lit*** of tbe
water.
There Is probably 00 place In the
World where tbe great wbjte and buff
-Mi" of tbe \iii-i ;■ .hi navy show off
to better advantage ilnin In tbe North
River. Tbe duaeti wsrrloni strung *-
long at ancbor at lutervals of aliout
1'" yarda stretching from tbe foot or
Riverside* Drive at T'.'ml Sir.-.-t lo
(.rant's Tomb at l-'ili Htreet and * ->
yond. v.!;m Prince I.oui* ot Itailen'
burg bad Ills Brltlah anuunxl flyers III
tbe New, York port tbey worn given
i-rtlj. lu the North River and only a
few weeks ago the Paul Jones Frent-b
Itn-t waa In tlie atn-am. Tbe New
York people could not be labospltsblw
to tbeae Q.H* on ner-nont of ibe loter*
italic.mil a*p-r-ct* of things, but when
Ibe American ships srrlve.1. walllutf
tbelr tarn lo gu to tb*> repair docks.
tbey were oi-di*red to move away and
give He- lug Im-si* ami scows ranged
In the ilu'J.'iu River trade a chance to
pa**,
l> - ..- the aliort ■■■•■■ of Itio fleet In
New York tlte ltaitlertbl|> Illinois In
dragging at snebwr autplenly tippe-I
open a Htandard oil pipe Hue laid
cros* the l-c-d of the river. This line
II seems was not charted and no on*
In authority sreined to know Just bower wbeo tt got tbrrc, but u«*vei-ihe.**<**
iiti* ttlsndanl OH Coinpany find Ireu
pumping tl-ousnnd* or gntlona into
New York *'Uy tbrougb It every day
ror year*. Wbeo tbe Illinois fouled Ibe
plli* line Hie orflter* on l-oard Ibe ship
■ ■.nit! '■■■■ Itn-iglne what Hie anchor
bad taken bold of umil the *nrface of
the river l-ecsttM* a shining maaa,
bright with ibe bne* of petroleum.
Before the pipe Hue could 1mi rep.-iin-.l
more than »'.•■*' t ,;:■.: . of gotxl
SHERLOCK HOLMES,
l RE A THIS OF MOST W0SOERFVL
ASO FVXZLtSti OF DBTECT1VB
CRARACTBRS.
Sketch of Ols-courageitwota of Cooan
Do>lc to lire** lata (be field of
Literature Manuscript. HcguUHy
Hcturoed.
Tbe author or The White Company." "Htr Nigel." '■Study In t*Wrlet"
and oilier Sherlock Holme* stori**—
Kir Artliur connn Doyle--was born
Edinburgh, Keotlan.1, on Mar
IS.V1. He con-es of an artl.tic
family, and Is tbe granaaon or
John Doyle- tbe famous political
caricaturist. Whose pictorial
altetrlies appeared for more than
thirty {rears under llio I iltlal* of **H.
" " wiiboot Ulacloauri- of tlw artlst'i
SEW RAU AVTOROUILES
Each Machine Runslndcprivdawity by
It* Own Motor.
The cruse of autolat* to bnlld pal-
are touring cars ror plt-astirr- trip*
has caused railroad corporations to
dabble in ibe novelty or motor vehicle
11.it.-j. nt.iiiuii. Some of the unique
car* that patrols have tieen applied for
are cvrtalnly freak rrodorts.
A car tbat rcsemliles a huge •■
lailtering ram lina i.-.-n completml at
the shops of the I'ulon Pacific railroad, at Omsbs, Neb. It I* a big
steel structure e*|ieelnlly ileslgned
for climbing s-rinle- tajtd run by hi
own i*a*itl.-in' inotur, over stauUard
gauce rail*. On Its trial trip It d*>
vi'luj.i-i u -i-eeil ot forty lollea an hour,
ellmblug. It i" '■ si'l. a grrnb* of sti per
cenL /*
RACED THE STEAM CAR8.
It was given lis first long-dlataut-e
trial 00 April lttb. wben it left Omaha
a* the Bti-rvad *-rctton or train No. 1.
known n* tbe Overlsnd Umlted.
Tbe motor car gained on No. 1 to such
extent that at Freutoot. 40 miles from
omsbs, tbe motor car was held on the
block six uituute*. Owing tc
bravy wind ami meeting trains from
thi* time on, Na 1'* schedule was not
maintained, however, tbe total tlm<
Of Ihe motor ear from Omaha t<
Oratul Island. 11*10 mtlea, waa 1
bc-nr* and IS minute*, with delays
atoomittng t- 40 Minute* on account
of order*, ineotlug trelus, etc. The
s'ttusl nmulng time for tbe l'-:<.
tulle* wss 4 bovra It! mlnulee, or IH
miles per hour. Ttmre was no delay
whatever ou ncniunt of tlie nmior ear,
and tbe ma<*blnrry wss In slun-st <
aunt utotlu-n frotn Omaba to Urabd
ri.ii.il. On ttie return trip April IR
tbe actual running time waa 4 hour*
10 minutes, or .tfUl mile* per hour.
From Elslmni 1o South Orosba. a
distance of "Jl.'i m;i.-. wna covered In
■Hi mtuules, or 41! mile* per Iioiir.
A maxjmnm speed of M mile* per
hour was attained or this trip.
liiitlKi.nl .'Hi' i;iIh Williltattltig
machine's trial irlp expresae-I much
grstlOeatlon. Some of Ibe otBdsI*
•vrn *o far *a lo predict that tbe
|-a*oltt.e motor -will ultimately I*vo-
lutlonlxe Interurtian railroad tr*u»-
l-ortatitjii.
SCHEME OF VE.NT1I.ATION.
ilila maeblue hss several new ar-
raiik'eii.eiiis. the moat (-on*|iii*ut-us of
whleb Is tlie ventilation «>T tbe (ar*.
'i tn- windows are round, similar to
]>ort hole* 011 t-tear*i*blp*. and are air.
water aad dost proof. Tbe car* have
entrant*. In ibe middle luaii-ad of at
tbe end.
Tbe new iiietlto-t of ventilation fairly well avoid* ibe rtoa* and sometime*
foul i.!n.-i-|.!i-i!<- eomlltfons so orten
em*ouutered lit olei-trie ami other ir
portaltoa car*, sulaiciently so a* lo
predlet catmplete aoi-c-eea tn thla dl<
recllon, Tlie vlbrailon and noise ol
Ihe engine were larttely eliminated
and ii..--!i-st;i.iii of Ibe ear w-cked
sptetKtidly ou tht* trial rnn
The ear* will ac-eommotlAte slxly
l>.i-..'i:.-ert ,-srb, with comfort. Ttiey
bare every modern convenience, and
gin A C0KA.N DOTUs.
Identity. Many of these were -*o
fauiotts la tbetr day that tbey were
frr-tuently porchejted at large price*
by tbe Brltlsb Unaenm. John Doyle
tim) tour oons,. -who alao bocam*
artists. Ills eldest son, Chart*-* Doyle.
was th* fstber of tbe tvovetlst. and
another son was Rlebard Iwryle, who
'■.in,.' by hla nickname of "Dicky"
ltoyle tbrougb bis signature of a "!'"
wllb a little bird perched npon It,
whleb msy yet be seen on tbo cover
design of Punch.
f'onan Doyle's education bes-vn
England, where already In bis tenth
year bo inhibited a wonderful pre-
rvx-liy ror telling atorlea. But even at
Ibe early age of six tbe future novelist
and creator of Sherlock Holmes was
snllrlpeled In a story of terrible nd.
venture, written In a bold band on
f.».i». up paper, four words to tbe line,
snd seeompsnled wltb original peit-
11.nl Ink llluatTutloii*.
-There waa a man and a tiger In
It." be say* of this Infantile effort;
forget wblt-b was tbe hero; bnt It
didn't matter much, for tbey became
blended Into one about ibe time wben
tbe tiger met tb* win. I wma a
realist in the age or tbe romanticists.
I described at aome length, both rat-bally and plctorlally. ibe untimely end
or that wayfaring man. But wben the
tiger bad *.t»<-rlK*.l biro, I found my-
aeir ■IlKhtly emrterrnsse-l a* to bow
story was to go on. 'It Is vary
easy to get people Into scrap** and
very hsrd to get tbem out again,* vra*
my sage eonnm-nt on the difficulty;
and 1 bav* often had cause to repeat
ihla prv*cortoua aphorism of my child-
!"*"■!. Upon tbls oecaalob lb* situation wa* beyond me, and my book,
like my man. was engnlfed In my
tiger.**
At Rlonyborst, and also at Felt}.
klreh. In Germany, Doyle's literary
Inclination was shown In the editor,
ship of school msgaslnaa In 1870 lie
returned to Edinburgh end took np
the study of msdlcin* at tbe university there, where be reniatiwd until be
obtained his diploma, five years later.
In IK8U Dr. Hut I- left the unlraralty
to make a acveii-inontbs' trip to tb*
Arctic seas as unqusllfted surgeon on
board a whaler. There was very little
demand for surgery aboard the Hope,
and lie has d-*a-*rlb«d ht* chief occu-
patloo dnrlng tbe voyage as being tra-
ptoyt-U In keeping Ihe captainJa cut
l.ii.ii..... worklug la lb* -boats after
tab. and teaching tbe crew to box.
He utilised bis experlenc* late* In hla
*tory. Tbo Captain or Ihe pDleater.**
Two years later. In IM-O, after g
four-mouths' voyage to th* west coast
of Afrit*, be settled down as a medical practitioner at Ninitl.«e-i. tn England, where he remained until IStsi,
Those were snluoos and trying years.
In wbleh be earoe to regard tbe call*
of tbe firofeasion be bad adopted aa
Interruption* itrtbe real work of hla
life, and found that tha writing of
stories was a very slender prop upon
which to lean for a livelihood. "Fifty
little cylinder* or tMnt*»crlpt,** tt*
says, "did 1 aen,t I*,,,,, .luring eight
year*, which <l,wrlN**l ar*Jtulor orbit
among pul-IMH*r*, aiitT'usuiilljr cam.
hack. Ilk* pai**r boomerangs, to tb*
Place tbat tbey bad started from.**
All this tim* be wan writing anony.
tnouaty, and during the ten yeara of
lti*> literary apprentices-hip, b* sfat**
Ihsi. In spite of anceaslng and untiring literary effort, be never lo any-Vi**
t.-nr earned fifty poumls by bis pen.
Then. In 18K7, spp**red In Bertoo*
Christinas Annual a atory from hi* pen
called "A Study iu" Scarlet." It I* a
aigtiliteaiit point In tbe author's career,
for tn this story Sherlock Holm**
made bl* first *|r|iearance. It wa*
puliilalied later In a liook form, and
went forth aa bU first novel, end immediately began to attract attention.
Under Ibese farming <-|rcum*tsni**a
be undertook the writing of "Mtcah
Clsrk*." It was completed after a
year* reading and live months' writing, and n-i>n**euted tbe moat an>
I1IH011* ami lt.-iM.ruI work tb* author
bad yet in-^.lp7la*a--.l. Bnt It am*
h*ck to bltn-fr-..m pfte publlablng boost-
sfttrr 1 :!i. r, irtifil be began to des>
palr of 11- at-eetitance. "I remember.**
be Bays, "smoking over my dog-eared
msnutcript when It returned for a
whiff uf rotnitry air, snd wondering
Ao Expert Opln/on.
"Wilt alcohol dissolve sugar?"
11 wm. replied -Oalde Sosque: -11
I will dissolve gold, brick bouse*, and
. borse*. and tmpplness. and tore, and
' eTsryUiing els* worth bavlag."
Al'TOHCBILi: rag or t'MON PACIFIC K. B. CO.
Standard oil went skimming down 1h<
Hudson into tbe ocran. Tbere appear*
to be no way In whleb the oil company
can etill.it for fn* isKroteutn iba*
wasted, as there I* no offleinl cbsrl
showing tbe location ot tbe lint; lo the
river Led.
■ devoted ea|N-ela1ly to touring
p:in!i'« tbroiigtiout the West. Tin- car*
j wilt br run **if**>r •«*■■, raiety or in
itin.* In tb" latter ea*e one car can
easily Is? fitted np as a combination
nli-aervalroo dining ear. I. tt.-r on
•■■lulpiiietit* for inn*fonalng tbr care
Into palai-e sleepers will be InsUlled.
Trn rcralag iVnas/a on Roller Skate*
A caravan which recently iniTed
al 'Il»lrut from Bsjedsd reported baring passed near tbe city or Unab
about :.'¥» miles eaal rrom there, aa
American nam*d Arthur Crawford,
who left that p-ii-i *-*Hs- !«-/• --—— •(,
with the Intention of proceeding
through Asia Minor and India on in-
■treea-cu which b» called road
skatvU-a. Tne leader of the caravan
Prealdeat Belierc* to Exereiac.
President nooseTell once r*-th*r
•hocked a mothers' meeting by announcing that a boy who wouldn't fight
was not worth his sail. "He Is ei.beV
a >u-.aiJ ot eons-ntitionsiiy weak,
have taught my boys to take tbelr own
part 1 do not know which I should
the more punish my boy* lor. cruelty
or flinching. Both ara abotnlnsble."
■ a •
JU8T PUBLISHED £1
A POPULAR EDITION OP
THE COMING PEOPLE''
BY CHARLES F. DOLE
Anther of " Tbe American CUixcn;" " Tbe Religion of a lfr***awawa*f C*
■' Tbe Spirit of Dtmoctacy,** etc.
THIS irtTiarkgbly interesting and gtimrjlatiag book b-u'
been everywhere weicomed gg a moat valuable con*
mhuiioo to the thought uf the prxu*cnt day.
THERE 18 IN IT THE INSPIRATION OP
HIGH AND PATRIOTIC IDEAL8
It shedg ■ new light, bright, clear and convincing, in ita
comiiviii *^fnse optimism, upon the conditions that confront the
nation to-day. Everyone who reads it will go forward with A
dearer vision of the future ot ova covhtiy and with renewed
courage and faith, in the cause or the i-sm-i.i:.
Theodore C Williams, late Master of the Havcgley School,
Kew York, in a San Francisco paper, declares that "it giveg the
profoundest thought with a transparent simplicity and charm
that make it universally readable. It «pcaks as a friend to a
friend. It bas the rare eloquence of perfect cast- and ctearnegg.M
Tho London Spectator calls it **a healthy and virile essay.'*
The Bradford (England) Observer, speaking of iu reality
god reasonableness, gays it ib " a very revelation."
These are only a few from hundreds of ecomiunis co**>
rnending the book for its timeliness.
It should be re>ad by all who feel the pressure of
THE TREMENDOUS SOCIAL QUESTIONS
or our time.
Price twenty-five cents (postage included). Remit by
postal money order, express money order or pc*tagc stamps,
to Publishers of
'I COR WW
143 MI STREET
WSTEBTOWN, IASS
The Seventeenth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys: Complete Release of MaNGA, MaStar and APOGEE-2 Data
No full textThis paper documents the seventeenth data release (DR17) from the Sloan Digital Sky Surveys; the fifth and final release from the fourth phase (SDSS-IV). DR17 contains the complete release of the Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey, which reached its goal of surveying over 10,000 nearby galaxies. The complete release of the MaNGA Stellar Library (MaStar) accompanies this data, providing observations of almost 30,000 stars through the MaNGA instrument during bright time. DR17 also contains the complete release of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) survey which publicly releases infra-red spectra of over 650,000 stars. The main sample from the Extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS), as well as the sub-survey Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS) data were fully released in DR16. New single-fiber optical spectroscopy released in DR17 is from the SPectroscipic IDentification of ERosita Survey (SPIDERS) sub-survey and the eBOSS-RM program. Along with the primary data sets, DR17 includes 25 new or updated Value Added Catalogs (VACs). This paper concludes the release of SDSS-IV survey data. SDSS continues into its fifth phase with observations already underway for the Milky Way Mapper (MWM), Local Volume Mapper (LVM) and Black Hole Mapper (BHM) surveys.40 pages, 8 figures, 6 tables. In press at ApJSS (arxiv v2 corrects some minor typos and updates references
