4,709 research outputs found
Produção de biodiesel por processo não catalítico com etanol supercrítico a partir do óleo de tungue (Vernicia fordii) bruto e in situ
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Química, Florianópolis, 2015.O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento de biodiesel produzido a partir da transesterificação não catalítica do óleo de tungue bruto e in situ sob condições supercríticas do etanol, bem como verificar a influência das condições operacionais sobre o perfil dos ésteres etílicos de ácidos graxos (FAEE). Para executar as reações de transesterificação com etanol supercrítico foi desenvolvida uma unidade experimental multipropósito com reator batelada (500 ml) e sistema de aquisição e monitoramento da pressão, temperatura e tempo de reação. O planejamento fatorial 23 completo com ponto central foi empregado com o intuito de avaliar a influência das condições operacionais. Quando foi utilizado o óleo bruto, avaliou-se o efeito da razão molar de óleo/álcool (1/18 e 1/42), temperatura (290 oC e 330 oC) e tempo de reação (5 min e 55 min), e quando o óleo in situ (semente) foi a matéria-prima, foram avaliados a razão da massa por volume (1/10 e 1/30), temperatura (270 oC e 310 oC) e granulometria (8-10 mesh e inteira). A caracterização e quantificação dos FAEE foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector de ionização em chama (GC-FID). Foram determinadas as curvas analíticas para os ésteres etílicos dos ácidos: láurico, mirístico, palmítico, palmitoleico, esteárico, oleico, linoleico, linolênico e araquidônico. As condições operacionais exerceram grande influência sobre o rendimento do biodiesel de tungue. A transesterificação a partir do óleo bruto propiciou rendimentos de até 95,7% na condição de ponto central (1/30, 310 oC e 30 min) e a análise de variância ao nível de 95% indicou que o tempo de reação não exerce influência significativa na faixa investigada. Em relação ao perfil de FAEE, o teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade indicou diferenças significativas entre as médias. Ésteres etílicos de ácidos graxos saturados são influenciados positivamente pelo acréscimo da temperatura e tempo de reação, aumentando seus teores, enquanto que, os teores de insaturados decrescem. A transesterificação in situ do óleo de tungue proporcionou atingir rendimentos de até 94,0%. As análises estatísticas indicaram que a granulometria investigada não exerce influência sobre o rendimento e perfil de FAEE. A biomassa residual de tungue, obtida após o processo de transesterificação in situ, possui elevado valor energético, com poder calorífico superior de 8.124 kcal/kg.Abstract : The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield of biodiesel produced from non-catalytic transesterification of raw crude tung oil and in situ oil, under supercritical conditions of ethanol, as well to determine the influence of the operating conditions on the profile of ethyl esters of fatty acids (FAEE). To perform the transesterification reactions with supercritical ethanol it developed a multipurpose experimental unit with batch reactor (500 ml) and system of the acquisition and monitoring of pressure, temperature and reaction time. A 23 factorial design with central point was applied in order to evaluate the influence of operating conditions. When the crude oil was used as raw material were evaluated the molar ratio of oil/alcohol (1/18 and 1/42), temperature (290 oC and 330 oC) and reaction time (5 min and 55 min). When used in situ oil was evaluated the mass/volume ratio (1/10 and 1/30), temperature (270 ºC to 310 ºC) and particle size (8-10 mesh and whole). The characterization and quantification of esters were performed by gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector employing the method of internal standardization with methyl heptadecanoate. Were determined the analytical curves for the ethyl esters of fatty acids: lauric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic and arachidonic. Operational conditions have exerted great influence on the yield of biodiesel of tung. The transesterification from crude oil afforded yields of up to 95.7% in the central point of condition (1/30, 310 ºC and 30 min) and the analysis of variance at 95% indicated that the reaction time had no influence significantly in the investigated range. Regarding the profile of FAEE, the Tukey test at 5% probability indicated significant differences between means. Ethyl esters of saturated acids are positively influenced by increased temperature and reaction time, while the content of the unsaturated decrease. The in situ transesterification of tung oil afforded achieve yields of up to 94.0%. Statistical analysis indicated that the particle size investigated had no influence on yield and FAEE profile. The residual biomass tung originated from the process of the in situ transesterification possesses high energetic value, with superior calorific power of 8,124 kcal/kg
Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese : a new thesis on the emergence of Chinese language and civilization in the late Neolithic age
No full textThis study is a much expanded version of the paper I read at the XXXII International Congress for Asian and North African Studies on August 28, 1986 in Hamburg (Germany). Contents 1. Recent developments in the field of historical linguistics 2. Monosyllabic structure of Chinese words and Indo-European stems 3. Tonal accents of Middle Chinese 4. Preliminaries on the comparison of consonants and vowels 5. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of entering tone 6. Middle Chinese tones and final consonants of IE stems 7. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of rising tone 8. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of vanishing tone 9. Some IE stems corresponding to Chinese words of level tone 10. Reconstruction of Middle Chinese vocalism according to Yün-ching 11. Old Chinese vocalism 12. Vocalic correspondences between Chinese and IE 13. Initials of Old Chinese 14. Initial consonant clusters in Old Chinese as seen from IE-stems 15. Proximity of Chinese to Germanic 16. Relation of Old Chinese to neighboring languages 17. Emergence of Chinese Empire and language in the middle of the third millennium B.C. Appendix * Abbrevations * Bibliography * Rhyme Tables of Early Middle Chinese (600) * Rhyme Tables of Early Mandarin (1300) * Word Index o English o Pinyin In 1786, just over two hundred years ago, comparative historical linguistics was born, when Sir William Jones (1746-1794) discovered the relationship between Old-Indian Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. Since then, the emerging Indo-European philology has thrown much light on the early history of mankind in Eurasia. During the past two hundred years, many suggestions were also made in regard to relationships of Indo-European to other languages such as Semitic, Altaic, Austronesian, Korean etc., but Indo-Europeanists commonly rejected such attempts for want of convincing evidence. As to Chinese, Joseph Edkins was the first to advance the thesis of its proximity to Indo-European. In his work China's Place in Philology. An Attempt to show that the Language of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin (1871) he presented a number of Chinese words similar to those of Indo-European. In his time, Edkins' thesis seemed bold and extravagant. But today, more than a hundred years later, we are in a much better position to carry out a comprehensive and well-founded comparative study. Since the end of the nineteenth century, many Sinologists have been engaged in reconstruction of the mediaeval and archaic readings of Chinese characters. Among them, Karlgren (1889-1978) was the most successful, and in 1940 he published a comprehensive phonological and etymological dictionary entitled Grammata Serica. In the meantime, the Indo-Europeanists Alois Walde (1869-1924) and Julius Pokorny (1887-1970) were devoting themselves to the compilation of a useful etymological dictionary. The result was the Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch by Pokorny (1959) which provides a solid basis for our lexical comparisons. Soon thereafter, some Sinologists made use of the two dictionaries by Karlgren and Pokorny to compare Chinese and Indo-European words. In 1967, an unaffiliated German scholar, Jan Ulenbrook, published an article "Einige Übereinstirnrnungen zwischen dem Chinesischen und dem Indogermanischen", in which he claimed that 57 words are related. Shortly afterwards, Tor Ulving of the University of Goteborg, Sweden, wrote a review of this article framing the title as a question: "Indo-European elements in Chinese?" While working on his thesis on word families in Chinese, Ulving compiled for his own use two dictionaries: "Archaic Chinese - English" and "English - Archaic Chinese", and discovered thereby 238 Chinese words similar to Indo-European roots. In spite of this considerable number of word equivalents, however, Mr. Ulving became discouraged and, as he told me in his letter of April, 1986, has given up his researches in this field. The skepticism, common among Indo-Europeanists in regard to comparative studies with other languages, is largely based on the dogmatic opinion that only morphology is relevant but not vocabulary. Since the typology of Chinese seems to preclude a cognate relation to Indo-European, they are inclined to discard any lexical correspondences as merely accidental or onomatopoetic. Besides, prehistorical contacts and mixtures between these languages seem not conceivable, as the Indo-Europeans are supposed to have originated in Northern Europe or at best in the Central Asian steppe, thousands of miles away from East Asia. Hence, any research into a relationship between Old Chinese and Indo-European languages would be but futile from the outset. Yet there are also opposing views among Indo-Europeanists. Investigations into Germanic languages and the oldest Indo-European language, Hittite, led some of them to a critical revision of the prevailing conception about a Proto-Indo-European. Hermann Hirt (1934) for instance states: "Inflexion of Indo-European languages is due to a relatively late development, and its correct comprehension can be achieved only by proceeding from the time of non-inflexion." And Carl Karstien (1936) holds the opinion that "Chinese corresponds most ideally to the hypothetic prototype of Indo-European." Regarding vocabulary, there are striking similarities in the monosyllabic structure of the basic words. In modern German and English, all the words of everyday speech are monosyllabic and their stereotypical structure is: initial consonant(s) + vowel(s) + final consonant(s). The same word structure is valid for Chinese as well. It is fundamentally different from the disyllabic structure of Altaic words and from the triconsonantal-disyllabic structure of Semitic words. Characteristic of the monosyllabic word structure is, besides, the complexity of the syllable nucleus, which consists of different vowels and vowel clusters in contrast to the monophthongal vocalism of polysyllabic words. Another objection raised to comparisons between Chinese and Indo-European is the existence of tonal accents in Chinese. Since most modern Indo-European languages have only expiratory accents, Chinese is considered to be a highly exotic language. Yet, even in Chinese, the use of tonal accents as a means of lexical differentiation is a result of comparatively recent development in the long history of Chinese language, the earliest monuments of which date back to 1300 B.C. (cf. Chang 1970, p.21). Unknown to Old Chinese, the existence of tonal accents was for the first time mentioned in the 5th century by Shen Yüeh (441-513). In Middle Chinese (Mch.) there were four tone categories: A P'ing-sheng 平 a level tone (which developed into Mandarin tone 1 or 2). B Shang-sheng 上 a rising tone (Mandarin tone 3). C Ch'u-sheng 去 a vanishing, i.e. falling tone (Mandarin tone 4). D Ju-sheng 入 an entering tone with a staccato effect, the word being abruptly stopped by a final consonant -p, -t, -k. (In Early Mandarin the words of this tone lost their final consonant and were distributed among the tones 2, 3 and 4, respectively according to the phonation of initials). In Middle Chinese, words of the entering tone were the only group which still preserved the final stops and therefore a close syllabic structure. So they are most appropriate for convincing comparisons with monosyllabic Indo-European word stems. The final stops -p, -t, -k of the entering tone are nowadays still extant in daily speech of several dialects in South China as well as in Chinese borrowings in Japanese, Vietnamese and Korean. As a speaker of a Taiwan dialect of Minnan origin, I could immediately identify some Indo-European stems with corresponding Chinese words. Besides, the command of Japanese and German was also a great help for this study. In the following lists I have chosen a number of Indo-European stems which are phonetically and semantically equivalent to Chinese words. Correspondences in initial and final consonants refer to the points of articulation, thus we have equations: IE labials = Old Chinese labials, IE dentals = dentals, IE l, r = dentals (cf. p. 31); Ø, i (final and medial) IE velars = velars and laryngeals, and occasionally (the so-called "satem"-forms) IE velars = dental sibilants and affricates. Regarding the manner of articulation, there are no regular correspondences between Indo-European and Chinese consonants like Grimm's law which is valid among Indo-European dialects to a certain extent. But this is not astonishing, since in Old Chinese the alternation of initials in voicing was a conventional means of creating new words from one basic form. The rules of vocalic correpondences among Indo-European dialects are quite complex. Vowels permanently change their qualities from one language to another, and from time to time within one language also, as is well known from the history of English pronunciations. Generally, the vocalism of Old Greek is taken as the standard for Proto-Indo-European. Old Chinese vowels corresponds nearly (cf. p. 30), but the details about the reconstruction of Middle and Old Chinese vocalism will be treated later (pp. 26-30). For the moment, it is necessary to notice in advance that the stem of ablauting Germanic verbs is the form of preterite or noun, rather than that of infinitive as assumed hitherto. Therefore, in some cases I must slightly modify the basic vowel of verbal stems given in Pokorny, in order to get better basis for comparison. As Old Chinese verbs were non-flexional, they might probably have preserved the original vowel the best
Subproductos del tabaco y de tung como enmiendas org\ue1nicas en las propiedades f\uedsicas de un Ultisol
No full textAn experiment was done to determine changes in the soil physical
properties at two depths on a Typical Kandihumult of Misiones,
Argentina, after tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) sticks and tung
(Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) expeller applications, in a randomized
complete block design. The granulometric analysis gave a clay textural
class. Soil organic matter (MOS) content decreased as depth increased,
with levels between 4.6 and 4.8% in amended treatments, being
significantly different with the control 3.6% (P < 0.05). Aggregate
stability decreased in all treatments, and was positively correlated
with MOS (r = 0.387; P < 0.0002) according to the regression
equation: aggregate stability = 35.76 + 6.03 MOS; r2 = 0.15 (P <
0.0002). Highest levels (74%) were obtained from surface, with the
tobacco sticks application (P < 0,05). Penetration resistance was
lowest for the tung expeller in all depths, the lowest basic
infiltration was found in control. Beneficial changes were found in MOS
and aggregate stability with the amendments applications. Tung expeller
ameliorated the total soil porosity and penetration resistance,
avoiding soil degradation and erosion.Se realiz\uf3 un ensayo para determinar los efectos de cambios sobre
las propiedades f\uedsicas de un suelo Kandihumult T\uedpico en
Misiones, Argentina, por el agregado de palillos de tabaco (Nicotiana
tabacum L.) y expeler de tung (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) en un
dise\uf1o en bloques completos al azar y a dos profundidades. El
an\ue1lisis granulom\ue9trico indic\uf3 una clase textural
arcillosa. Los contenidos de materia org\ue1nica del suelo (MOS)
disminuyeron con la profundidad, y los tratamientos con enmiendas
presentaron valores entre 4,6 y 4,8%, estad\uedsticamente superiores
al testigo con 3,6% (P < 0,05). La estabilidad de los agregados
disminuy\uf3 en todos los tratamientos con la profundidad, y se
correlacion\uf3 positivamente con la MOS (r = 0,387; P < 0,0002) y
respondi\uf3 a la siguiente ecuaci\uf3n de regresi\uf3n:
estabilidad de agregados = 35,76 + 6,03 MOS; r2 = 0,15 (P < 0,0002).
Los valores mayores (74%) se obtuvieron superficialmente (0-10 cm), con
el aporte de palillo de tabaco (P < 0,05). La resistencia a la
penetraci\uf3n de ra\uedces fue menor para el tratamiento con
expeler de tung en todas las profundidades evaluadas, el menor valor de
infiltraci\uf3n b\ue1sica se registr\uf3 en el tratamiento
testigo. El agregado de estas enmiendas produjo cambios favorables al
suelo en el contenido de materia org\ue1nica y estabilidad de
agregados. El uso del expeler de tung benefici\uf3, adem\ue1s, la
porosidad total del suelo y la resistencia a la penetraci\uf3n, lo
que disminuir\ueda la degradaci\uf3n y el peligro de erosi\uf3n
del suelo
Vegetation of Doi Tung, Chiang Rai Province, Northern
No full textThe climate of Doi Tung, Chiang Rai Province, is monsoonal with three distinctseasons, viz. cool-dry, hot-dry, and rainy. The elevation ranges from c. 350-1525m and mostof the bedrock is limestone and granite. Vegetation below c. 1000m is mostly deciduous,while above this it is evergreen. A mixed evergreen + deciduous facies is present on thelimestone peaks (up to 1425m). Forest destruction as well as settlements are widespread,thus creating increasingly severe problems with water resources, soil quality and stability, andbiodiversity. The planting on pine monocultures in deforested areas 20 years ago in uplandgranite areas has resulted in much environmental degradation which requires immediaterectification
Couplings in F-theory and non-commutative geometry
No full textA shifted view of fundamental physics / Michael Atiyah and Gregory W. Moore -- Subgroups of depth three / Sebastian Burciu and Lars Kadison -- Yukawa couplings in F-theory and non-commutative geometry / Sergio Cecotti, et. al. -- Spin structures and superstrings / Jacques Distler, et. al. -- Operator traces and holography / Michael R. Douglas -- A loop of SU(2) gauge fileds stable under the Yang-Mills flow / Daniel Friedan -- Automorphisms of graded super symplectic manifolds / Joshua Leslie -- The signature of the Seiberg-Witten surface / Andreas Malmendier -- Eta forms and the odd pseudodifferential families index / Richard Melrose and Frederic Rochon -- Anomaly constraints and string/F-theory geormetry in 6D quantum gravity / Washington Taylor -- A new look at the path integral of quantum mechanics / Edward Witten -- Quasi-local mass in general relativity / Shing-Tung Yau
Measurement of the ratio of prompt χ c to J / ψ production in pp collisions at √s = 7 TeV
No full textThe prompt production of charmonium χ c and J / ψ states is studied in proton-proton collisions at a centre-of-mass energy of √s = 7 TeV at the Large Hadron Collider. The χ c and J / ψ mesons are identified through their decays χ c → J / ψ γ and J / ψ → μ + μ - using 36 pb - 1 of data collected by the LHCb detector in 2010. The ratio of the prompt production cross-sections for χ c and J / ψ, σ (χ c → J / ψ γ) / σ (J / ψ), is determined as a function of the J / ψ transverse momentum in the range 2 < p T J / ψ < 15 GeV / c. The results are in excellent agreement with next-to-leading order non-relativistic expectations and show a significant discrepancy compared with the colour singlet model prediction at leading order, especially in the low p T J / ψ region
Robust Filtering and Smoothing with Gaussian Processes.
No full text22.10.13 KB. Ok to add author version to spiral. IEE
Use of Carambola (Averrhoa carambola L. 'Fwang Tung') fruit at two stages of maturity for fresh-cut products
No full textCarambola fruit ('Fwang Tung') were picked at two stages of maturity: mature-green (50% yellow) and mature (100% yellow). Fruit were washed with water, dipped in NaOCl solution (200 mg.L-1 for 5 minutes), and stored over night at 10°C. Fruit were sliced manually in to pieces of approximately 1 cm thickness. Slices were rinsed with NaOCl solution at 20 mg.L-1, drained for 3 minutes, and packaged in polyethylene tereftalate (PET) trays provided with a fit cover (Neoform® N94). Packages were stored at 6.5°C and 85% RH for 9 days, and samples taken every 3 days for physical, chemical and biochemical analysis, respiration, and internal atmosphere composition. Immediately after cutting, slices at both stages of maturity showed a wounding response with a 5-fold increase in respiration rate. Polygalacturonase (PG) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity did not differ between stages of maturity. Despite the less mature stage being less preferred at the sensory evaluation owing to its greenish peel, the best stage of maturity for carambola fresh-cut production was mature-green, due to a higher resistance to cutting, and presenting a better colour and appearance maintenance for up to 9 days.Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, SPDPI and F Gatton Research Station, Gatton, 4343 QLDEMBRAPA Agroindústria Tropical, Fortaleza, CEFaculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias UNESP Departamento de Tecnologia, Jaboticabal, S
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