435,418 research outputs found
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
No full textWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Measuring Alcohol-Related Consequences in School Surveys: Alcohol-Attributable Consequences or Consequences With Students' Alcohol Attribution
No full textContains fulltext :
90134.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access)In alcohol epidemiology surveys, there is a tradition of measuring alcohol-related consequences using respondents' attribution of alcohol as the cause. The authors aimed to compare the prevalence and frequency of self-attributed consequences to consequences without self-attribution using alcohol-attributable fractions (AAF). In 2007, a total of 7,174 Swiss school students aged 13-16 years reported the numbers of 6 alcohol-related adverse consequences (e.g., fights, injuries) they had incurred in the past 12 months. Consequences were measured with and without attribution of alcohol as the cause. The alcohol-use measures were frequency and volume of drinking in the past 12 months and number of risky single-occasion (>= 5 drinks) drinking episodes in the past 30 days. Attributable fractions were derived from logistic (>= 1 incident) and Poisson (number of incidents) regression analyses. Although relative risk estimates were higher when alcohol-attributed consequences were compared with nonattributed consequences, the use of AAFs resulted in more alcohol-related consequences (10,422 self-attributed consequences vs. 24,520 nonattributed consequences determined by means of AAFs). The likelihood of underreporting was higher among drinkers with intermediate frequencies than among either rare drinkers or frequent drinkers. Therefore, the extent of alcohol-related adverse consequences among adolescents may be underestimated when using self-attributed consequences, because of differential attribution processes, especially among infrequent drinkers
Psychological Consequences of Parental Cancer On Children
No full textopenThe aim of the thesis is to evaluate the psychological short-term and long-term consequences of parental cancer on children and possible interventions that have been reported in the existing research. Moreover, it aimed to group the common themes that emerged from the research conducted in different cohorts, that varied in age, gender and ethnicity, and emphasize the emergence of these uniformities, in usually very subjective and personal experiences. Firstly, the psychological consequences of parental cancer on children have been divided into two groups, long- term and short-term, based on duration and time of onset. It has been found that the short-term consequences can be further into three main domains: emotion- related consequences, family dynamics-related consequences and developmental phase- related consequences. Long- term consequences further emerged across other three domains: family functioning, illness related communication, unmet needs. It seems as if the communication is the main source of problems and distress in cases when it is insufficient or lacking. On the other hand, sufficient and age- appropriate communication seems to be the main means for improvement for vast variety of negative consequences children may experience when faced with parental cancer, as it has been evidenced in the interventions chapter. This thesis calls for generation of more research on this topic and better systematization of the research protocol and findings, due to the diverse nature of the sample in the existing research, because as of the current moment, no suitable intervention has been found to address majority of the negative consequences in these children’s lives.The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the psychological short-term and long-term consequences of parental cancer on children and possible interventions that have been reported in the existing research. Moreover, it aimed to group the common themes that emerged from the research conducted in different cohorts, that varied in age, gender and ethnicity, and emphasize the emergence of these uniformities, in usually very subjective and personal experiences. Firstly, the psychological consequences of parental cancer on children have been divided into two groups, long- term and short-term, based on duration and time of onset. It has been found that the short-term consequences can be further into three main domains: emotion- related consequences, family dynamics-related consequences and developmental phase- related consequences. Long- term consequences further emerged across other three domains: family functioning, illness related communication, unmet needs. It seems as if the communication is the main source of problems and distress in cases when it is insufficient or lacking. On the other hand, sufficient and age- appropriate communication seems to be the main means for improvement for vast variety of negative consequences children may experience when faced with parental cancer, as it has been evidenced in the interventions chapter. This thesis calls for generation of more research on this topic and better systematization of the research protocol and findings, due to the diverse nature of the sample in the existing research, because as of the current moment, no suitable intervention has been found to address majority of the negative consequences in these children’s lives
Digging Into Data White Paper:Trading Consequences
No full textScholars interested in nineteenth-century global economic history face a voluminous historical record. Conventional approaches to primary source research on the economic and environmental implications of globalised commodity flows typically restrict researchers to specific locations or a small handful of commodities. By taking advantage of cutting-edge computational tools, the project was able to address much larger data sets for historical research, and thereby provides historians with the means to develop new data-driven research questions. In particular, this project has demonstrated that text mining techniques applied to tens of thousands of documents about nineteenth-century commodity trading can yield a novel understanding of how economic forces connected distant places all over the globe and how efforts to generate wealth from natural resources impacted on local environments.The large-scale findings that result from the application of these new methodologies would be barely feasible using conventional research methods. Moreover, the project vividly demonstrates how the digital humanities can benefit from trans-disciplinary collaboration between humanists, computational linguists and information visualisation experts. Important facets of this project include:· After considerable difficulty and lengthy negotiations, we acquired significantly more historical documents than we originally expected. The full corpus exceeds 7 billion word tokens, which is very big data by humanist standards.· Lexicon creation proved to be one of the most challenging and interesting aspects of the project, requiring interdisciplinary skills in archival research, linked data, text mining and knowledge of the historical context.· The project has identified almost 2,000 commodities that were regularly traded in the nineteenth century, two orders of magnitude more than are standardly studied by historians.· Historical sources that have undergone Optical Character Recognition (OCR) are challenging to process and this, in combination with the particular questions asked by historians, required the text mining team to develop new approaches and new text processing tools for the project.· The geospatial nature of the data lent itself well to an interactive visualisation that displays commodities in relation to locations on a world map. The same commodities can also be visualised on a timeline to show how trading evolved over the nineteenth century.· The relational database and visualisation software is well advanced and ready for use in historical research. The database can by used by historians for unguided research aimed at developing new research questions and identifying crucial primary source texts related to a specific commodit
Paper Money but a Gold Debt. Italy in the Gold Standard
No full textDuring the 52 years between the Unification of the Kingdom of Italy and World War 1, the lira was legally convertible into metal for a limited period of time. Although not formally committed to gold, the lira exchange towards the gold standard countries proved remarkably stable, \223shadowing\224 gold. It is widely claimed that being one of the successful members of the gold standard circle entailed a number of advantages. If the lira was closely linked to gold, suggesting that there was only a small cost connected to adopting the gold standard, then why did Italy not make all possible efforts to resume as soon as possible and adhere more strictly to the gold standard? Italy had a large foreign debt that was basically the result of Unification. This debt was denominated in lira, but foreign holders could convert their coupons into gold at the official rate in Paris. Italy could exploit its domestic bondholders by allowing the lira to depreciate, while insisting that domestic holders of the debt accept lira. But there were limits to this process because Italians could take the coupons to Paris have them paid in gold and because payments abroad, in gold, became more expensive following depreciation. The paper explores the various measures the Italian government used to prevent arbitrage, and the strategies bondholders used to circumvent them. In the end, however, it was clear that if devaluation went too far, most of the coupons would be presented in Paris, the debt would de facto became a gold debt, and the Italian Treasury would suffer a substantial loss of gold. Hence the convenience of letting the lira float downward and exploit seignorage any time domestic conditions became more critical. At the same time it was necessary to keep depreciation within a certain range, \223shadowing\224 the lira par value.economic history gold standard convertibility debt
Study on implications on the requirements for submission of toxicological information, restricitions and administrative consequences of the draft revised guideline on Food Contact Materials
No full textThe present document has been produced and adopted by the bodies identified above as author(s). In accordance with Article 36 of Regulation (EC) No 178/2002, this task has been carried out exclusively by the author(s) in the context of a grant agreement between the European Food Safety Authority and the author(s). The present document is published complying with the transparency principle to which the Authority is subject. It cannot be considered as an output adopted by the Authority. The European Food Safety Authority reserves its rights, view and position as regards the issues addressed and the conclusions reached in the present document, without prejudice to the rights of the authors.
Published date: 28 January 2016
Question number: EFSA‐Q‐2013‐00699</p
Truth or Consequences: Why the EU and the USA must reform their subsidies, or pay the price
No full textThe USA and the EU are currently blocking a deal to make trade fair in the Doha Development Round. In the wake of findings by the WTO that US cotton subsidies and EU sugar subsidies are illegal, this paper presents powerful new research detailing a slew of other rich country subsidies of $13bn that are also on the wrong side of the law. In addition to the strong moral imperative for the trade superpowers to radically reform the way they subsidise agriculture, there is a also a legal requirement for change. The choice lies with the USA and the EU: either they face manifold legal actions that will force reform on a piecemeal basis, or they negotiate reform upfront in the Doha trade round
Truth or Consequences
No full textTruth or Consequences; No. 50,082 Truth or Consequences, New Mexico -- formerly Hot Springs --as seen from a nearby hilltop. Truth of Consequences is a noted health resort in southern New Mexico, at an altitude of over 4,000 feet
The international consequences of lower energy prices. Egmont Commentary, 17 November 2015
No full textEnergy prices are currently low. Various developments have influenced this situation. What are the consequences and how long will it last? The author tries to give some brief answers
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