173 research outputs found
A politics of conversion: nihilism and love in Toni Morrison's fiction
No full textTese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras.O estudo Uma Política de Conversão: Niilismo e Amor na Ficção de Toni Morrison começa com a idéia de que a Literatura Afro-Americana apresenta um sentido de auto-reflexividade e hibridismo, através do qual autobiografia dialoga com romance, o espiritual se funde com o político. A partir deste traço dialógico a auto-reflexividade é politicamente estabelecida entre niilismo e amor. Na política de conversão, o estudo analisa as formas como mulheres negras, individualmente ou em grupo, fogem da escravidão para a liberdade, avançam da individualidade para a coletividade, ou substituem niilismo por amor. Metodologicamente o estudo apresenta sete capítulos. O primeiro discute os aspectos dialógicos que ilustram as conexões entre narrativas espirituais, de escravos e ficção, entre espiritualidade e política. O segundo examina o diálogo entre a conversão, pregação pública e formação da comunidade em Diário e Experiências Religiosas de Lee. O capítulo sugere que ao afirmar espiritualidade e humanidade a narradora abre profundo espaço para a mulher negra reclamar direitos civis. O terceiro discute o diálogo no interior da política de conversão entre narrativa de escravos e ficção. Este diálogo lida com niilismo e amor em Incidentes de Jacobs e Amada, Sula e O Olho Mais Azul de Morrison. Para a análise de niilismo e amor valores individuais e coletivos são considerados em relação a cinco aspectos: ambiente e agente antagonistas, agente de apoio, propósito da personagem e resultado alcançado. É visível, no estudo, o apoio que certas mulheres recebem de suas comunidades para contra-atacar antagonistas. O apoio nem sempre resulta na superação do niilismo e, por isso, derrota temporária pode ocorrer antes que elas sejam reintegradas à comunidade, como acontece com Linda Brent. O quarto capítulo examina as fraquezas e as energias da política da conversão e a reintegração de Sethe Suggs à comunidade de Bluestone Road. O quinto avalia como a comunidade de Bottom tenta controlar a individualidade de Sula Peace e como um grupo de mulheres lideradas por Nel Wrights consegue resgatar o espírito de independência da heroína. O sexto mostra como a política da conversão das mulheres de Lorain é incapaz de garantir a saúde mental de Pecola Breedlove, mas consegue criar um papel mais consistente para o grupo. No sétimo, a conclusão examina da relação dialética entre niilismo e amor ou auto-amor nas experiências dos indivíduos e dos grupos. O estudo sugere que em Incidentes a busca de Linda Brent por liberdade envolve elementos de autodestruição e de autoempoderamento. Da mesma maneira, o estudo conclui que em Amada o amor que Sethe Suggs tem para as suas crianças mata a própria filha, enfatizando, assim, o desejo de livrá-la da escravidão. Igualmente em Sula, a individualidade de Sula Peace não apenas limita, mas também expande as experiências do grupo, levando-o à emancipação. Finalmente, em O Olho Mais Azul a luta de Pecola Breedlove por amor e beleza reflete auto-ódio ao mesmo tempo em que reconstrói a auto-apreciação de toda a comunidade
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Correlates of Plant Biodiversity in Mediterranean Baja California, Mexico
No full textNorthwestern Baja California is an area of exceptionally high local endemism, nestled at the southernmost end of the California Floristic Province (CFP), one of the world's mediterranean-climate regions. The ecotonal position between the CFP and the central deserts of the Baja California Peninsula reflects the transition of the major climatic regimes. This area appears to have been more climatically stable than adjacent areas, and the local endemism along the coast is largely the result of the persistent marine layer, which buffers temperature extremes and maintains moisture during the drier months of the year. The driving hypothesis of this dissertation is that long-term climatic stability provided by the cold coastal upwelling of the California Current (driven in turn by the large-scale circulation of the seas) has buffered climatic conditions along the coast, reducing species extinctions and allowing adaptive processes leading to high levels of endemism in the local flora. The high productivity of the coastal upwelling has also had an impact on local plant diversity through the impact of prehistoric shell middens on soil heterogeneity: Ocean deposits (aragonite shells) extracted by indigenous people have added to landscape complexity and increased biological diversity along the coast. Shell middens are scattered along the coast, and idiosyncratically change soil conditions and the resultant plant communities. Shell middens consistently increase native plant diversity, but with very different species compositions, overlapping conservation priorities for archeology and biodiversity. The climate-buffering effect of the coastal currents can be evaluated in the flowering dynamics of the local plant communities: Plant phenology is predominantly controlled by season and available moisture. Fogs dampen seasonality in flowering times and plants flower for longer time periods at the coast, allowing probable mechanisms for speciation. This stability is consistent with the high levels of endemism that can be seen along the coast, and in microclimate effects on phenology along the inland-to-coast gradient. Conservation of coastal habitats in this southern edge of the California Floristic Province is of elevated importance due to the refugium effect of the marine layer, and the presence of archeological sites that increase biodiversity
Contrasting patterns in leaf traits of Mediterranean shrub communities along an elevation gradient: measurements matter
No full textWe assessed the changes in community-weighted mean (CWM) and variability of specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area (LA) of different Mediterranean shrub communities along an elevation gradient in the island of Sardinia (Italy). Furthermore, we explored the relative contribution of species turnover and intraspecific variation to shifts in CWM values along the gradient. Forty sampling units (5 × 5 m) were selected in a probabilistic way along a 1300 m elevation gradient which crossed four thermotypes (thermometric belts). Leaf traits were measured in each sampling unit. ANOVA and a trend test for monotonic changes in variance were used to assess, respectively, CWM differences and variability in both the leaf traits across thermotypes. Variance decomposition of CWM values was used to identify the role of inter- and intraspecific variation. SLA and LA responded differently along the studied gradient in terms of abundance-weighted mean values and variability: CWM of SLA showed the lowest values in the driest thermotype, while LA in the more humid one; SLA variability showed a significant increasing trend with increased water availability, while LA variability did not show any pattern. The contribution of intraspecific trait variation was significant for both the leaf traits, but higher for SLA, where negative covariation between inter- and intraspecific variation was detected. We highlight the importance of simultaneously considering measurements of both leaf traits to understand the functional response of communities in Mediterranean environments. Moreover, neglecting intraspecific variation in leaf traits, even along steep gradients with relevant species compositional changes, can result in the underestimation of the amount of trait variation in response to environmental changes
العلماء الباطوميون في العصر العثماني وآثارهم في اللغة العربية ميرزازاده محمد سالم افندي أنموذجا
No full textBu makalede, Batumlu bir aileden gelen Osmanlı dönemi Arap dili âlimi Mirzazâde Mehmed Sâlim Efendi’nin hayatı ile başta Arap dili konulu olmak üzer eserlerinin tanıtımı amaçlanmıştır. Sâlim Efendi, on beş yaşlarında Batum’dan İstanbul’a göç eden Şeyhülislam Miza Mustafa Efendi’nin (ö. 1722) yedinci çocuğu olarak 1688 yılında İstanbul’da doğmuştur. İlk eğitimini mahalle mektebinden almaya başlamış ve ardından döneminde geçerli olan sisteme göre tahsiline devam etmiştir. Resmi ve özel hocaların yanında babasından da farklı zaman dilimlerinde okuyarak eğitimini sürdürmüştür. Erken yaşta mülazim olan Sâlim Efendi, 1714 tarihine kadar farklı medreselerde müderrislik görevlerinde bulunmuş ardından kadılık görevini tercih etmiş ve Rumeli kazaskerliğine kadar yükselmiştir. Daha çok Tezkiretü’ş- şuarâ’siyle meşhur olan müellif, başta Arap dili olmak üzere farklı konularda irili ufaklı telif kitapların yanında şerh ve haşiye türünden çalışmalar da kaleme almış ancak bunların bir kısmı günümüze ulaşamamıştır. Bu tür çalışmaların haricinde Salim Efendi, döneminde devlet tarafından yürütülen ve desteklenen tercüme heyetlerinin birinde görev almış ve Bedreddin Aynî’nin (ö. 855/1451) tarihinin birkaç bölümünü Türkçeye aktarmıştır. Dönemin önemli bilginlerinden olan Sâlim Efendi, Rumeli kazaskerliği görevinden sonra emeklilik dönemini sürdürürken 1743 tarihinde vefat etmiş ve İstanbul’da Kalenderhane Camii yakınındaki mezarlığa defnedilmiştirفي هذه المقالة، كان الهدف أوال تقديم المعلومات حول العالم العثماني ميرزازاده محمد
سالم أفندي )ت-1722 )الذي هو باطوم ي األصل ثم مؤلفاته في اللغة العربية وفي
مجاالت أخرى. ولد سالم أفندي 1688 في إسطنبول ساب ع ولد شيخ اإلسام ميزا
مصطفى افندي الذي هاجر من باطوم إلى إسطنبول في سنه الخامس عشر. بدأ محمد
اب الصبيان ثم استمر في تعليمه متتلمذا على يدي األساتذة
سالم تعليمه األساسي في ُكت
حسب نظام التربية الجاري في عصره، وأخذ بعد ذلك دروسا في علوم شتى عن أبيه في
أيامه المعزولة من مناصبه. عمل مؤلفنا ــ هذا الذي تخرج بمستوى مازم في سنه
المبكرــ أستاذا في عدة مدارس حتى سنة 1714 ثم اختار لنفسه وظيفة القضاء الحقا
وأجراها تقريبا حوالي ثاث سنوات. ألف ميرزا زاده محمد سالم أفندى الذي ذاع صيته
كثيرا بكتابه المسمى بتذكرة الشعراء العديد من المصنفات في ميادين مختلفة وإن كان
بعضها في عداد المفقود. وهو استغل أيضا فترات عزله عن القضاء استغاال جيدا فتفرغ
لتأليف كتب وشروح وتحاشي كتب أخرى بأحجام مختلفة وفي مواضيع متعددة؛ كما
شارك في الفترات نفسها في واحدة من نشاطات الترجمة التي كانت تجريها الدولة
وتدعمها فترجم 11 جزءا من "عقد الجمان في تاريخ أهل الزمان" لبدر الدين العيني
)ت-855/1451 .)توفي محمد سالم أفندى وهو واحد من العلماء المتبحرين في عصره،
إثر عودته معزوال من قضاء العسكر روم إيلي سنة 1156 /1743 ،ودفن في المقبرة
المجاورة لمسجد قلندرخانه في إسطنبول.In this article, it was aimed to present knowledge about of the Ottoman Arabic language scholar Mirzazâde Mehmed Sâlim Efendi, who came from a family originating in Batum and his works especially in the Arabic language. Sâlim Efendi was born in İstanbul as seventh child of Şeyhülislam Mirzâ Mustafa Efendi (d. 1722) who migrated from Batum to Istanbul at the age of fifteen. First, he took his first education from the neighborhood school (mahalle mektebi) and then continued to training according to the system that was applied in his period. Besides official and private teachers, he continued his education by reading from his father in different time periods. Sâlim Efendi, who became mülazim at the young ages, worked as a teacher in different schools until 1714 and later he resumed the duty of judging at different ranks. The author, who is known for his Tezkire, has written books in the form of commentary (şerh) and supercommentary (haşiye) besides small and large copyright books, especially in the Arabic language. But some of them have not reached the present day. Apart from these kinds of copyright activities, Salim Efendi also took part in the translation delegations carried out and supported by the state during the his period and translated twelve sections of Bedreddî el-Aynî’s (d. 855/1451) history book to Turkish language . Sâlim Efendi, one of the most important scholars of the his period, died in 1743 while living his retirement days after the task of Rumeli Kazasker and buried in the graveyard near the Kalenderhane Mosque in Istanbul
The San Quintín Kangaroo Rat is Not Extinct
No full textThe San Quintín kangaroo rat (Dipodomys gravipes) is a medium-sized kangaroo rat restricted to a stretch of coastal habitat from San Telmo to El Rosario, Baja California, Mexico. Agriculture in the San Quintín area began in 1891 when British farmers converted parts of the landscape to agriculture. Now, much of the preferred habitat in the documented range of the species has been converted to agriculture. Dipodomys gravipes has a high affinity for flat terrain and is intolerant of cultivation. As a result of extensive and profound habitat alteration by agriculture, D. gravipes has been listed as endangered by the Mexican government. Since then, and given the lack of further captures, biologists and conservationists have feared the species could be extinct. However, Tremor and Vanderplank captured four specimens on 4 July 2017 on Mesa Agua Chiquita near San Quintín
The Flora of Greater San Quintín, Baja California, Mexico (2005–2010)
No full textThe plants of San Quintín (Baja California, Mexico) were documented through intensive fieldwork and collection of herbarium specimens to create a checklist of species. The region is located near the southernmost extent of the California Floristic Province, and the flora is influenced by the adjacent desert to the south. A total of 435 plant taxa were documented, of which 82% are native plants. Almost one in three native plant taxa in Greater San Quintín is a sensitive species, here documented as rare and/or locally endemic, and many taxa have yet to be evaluated fully for rarity and threats. Four major habitats were identified, and a checklist is presented for each. Shell middens and vernal pools represent micro-habitats with unique species that also warrant conservation consideration. All habitats in Greater San Quintín are threatened by human activity, and agricultural water use practices are unsustainable. There is a pressing need for conservation of the natural areas that remain in this unique but heavily impacted region. The El Socorro Dunes and the volcanic bay are of particular conservation value with several narrowly endemic taxa. As a transitional area in a global biodiversity hotspot, Greater San Quintín is home to many species on the edge of their ranges and may be of critical importance to biodiversity conservation in a changing climate
Making Choices: "Dangerously Female" Rereading in Sula
No full textn this paper, Charlotte Broad explores some ideas about otherness and the minorities that the Afro-American author Toni Morrison writes in her novel Sula
Plant Life of a Desert Archipelago: Flora of the Sonoran Islands in the Gulf of California by Richard Stephen Felger, Benjamin Theodore Wilder, Humberto Romero-Morales
No full textVolume: 7Start Page: 666End Page: 66
Laughter and madness in post-war American fiction
No full textTwo philosophical positions seem evident in post-war American fiction: one
realist, one anti-realist. Using the terms 'revelation' and 'apocalypse' to reflect the
former, and 'entropy' the latter, this thesis proposes that distinctions between the two
can be made by analysis of a text's treatment of the nexus between laughter and
madness.
After an Overview that identifies and defines key terms, the Introduction
considers various theoretical treatments of laughter from which its function can be
ascertained as being both to reinforce stability within social groups and to explore
new alternatives to existing modes of thought. Madness being defined as an inability
to balance the opposing forces of system and anti-system, laughter is therefore vital
to maintain sanity. The Fool emerges as a crucial figure in this process.
Chapter One explores, with reference to Heller's Catch-22, Kesey's One Flew
Over the Cuckoo's Nest and Kerouac's On The Road, the Laughter of Revelation: a
laughing relationship between a Protagonist who is trapped within the system of an
Institution and a Fool who communicates to the Protagonist (through laughter) a
means of escape. Chapter Two then discusses, with reference to Blatty's The
Exorcist, King's It, Morrison's Sula, and Nabokov's Lolita, the Laughter of
Apocalypse: a laughing relationship in which the Fool's laughter (as mockery) is
potentially destructive of both the Protagonist's sanity and the stability of the
Institution. Chapter Three explores, with reference to Vonnegut's Slaughterhouse-5,
Ellis's American Psycho, and Heller's Closing Time, the Laughter of Entropy: the
failure of the laughing relationship that obtains when the dialectic between Institution
(as system) and Fool (as anti-system) collapses.
The concluding remarks reflect the metafictional implications of the foregoing
analyses. It is suggested that, with the collapse of this dialectic (expressed by the
Laughter of Entropy), the traditional relationship between Author and Reader
becomes problematic
A POSTMODERN UNDERSTANDING OF TONI MORRISON’S SULA
No full textPostmodern fiction has unique features that distinguish its works from other works of fiction. It often blurs literary genres and break conventional narration. Tony Morrison’s novel titled Sula, a work that has triggered some critical work, is consid- ered as one of prime texts of this fiction. This article is a report on an investigation of the postmodern features of Morison’s Sula. It is a descriptive qualitative method using the narration and conversation among the characters. It showed that the novel starts with the paradox and ambiguity in the beginning. The author is able to judge the eth- ical or moral ramifications and decipher Sula in either an evil or a good person. It also criticizes patriarchy institution, gender displacement, and associative ambiguit
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