153 research outputs found
Béatrice Appay, Le procès de formation professionnelle des ouvriers qualifiés au Royaume-Uni, Thèse pour le doctorat de troisième cycle. Sociologie de l'éducation. Université de Paris V, 1984
No full textMeunier Françoise. Béatrice Appay, Le procès de formation professionnelle des ouvriers qualifiés au Royaume-Uni, Thèse pour le doctorat de troisième cycle. Sociologie de l'éducation. Université de Paris V, 1984. In: Formation Emploi. N.10, 1985. p. 71
Quelle main-d'œuvre pour demain ? Une étude comparative France/Grande-Bretagne
No full textBéatrice Appay : Welche Arbeitskraft fur morgen ? Eine vergleichende Untersuchung für Frankreich und Grossbritannien.
Die Beziehungen zwischen Arbeit und Erziehung, zu selten untersucht, können vorteilhaft in einer vergleichenden Untersuchung analysiert werden. Der Verfasser führt seit einigen Jahren Forschungen über die Probleme der Berufsausbildung in Frankreich und Grossbritannien durch, besonders im Baugewerbe. Es zeigt sich dabei, dass es nicht möglich ist, die Unterschiede im Bezug auf die Berufsausbildung in den beiden Ländern zu verstehen, ohne die industriellen Traditionen und Strukturen zu berücksichtigen. Grob gesagt nehmen die Gewerkschaften in Grossbritannien eine sehr starke Stellung ein, durch die sie eine wichtige Rolle in der Ausbildung von qualifizierten Arbeitern spielen können. Im Gegenteil dazu liegt in Frankreich der Schlüssel der Ausbildung bei den Schulen. Die traditionellen Strukturen des Baugewerbes, die in Grossbritannien in den letzten Jahren eine starke Umgestaltung erfahren haben, wirken sich gerade auf die Gestaltung und den Ablauf der Qualifizierung.Béatrice Appay : Which labour force for tomorrow ? A comparative study between France and Great Britain.
The relations between work and education, too seldom investigated, gain by comparative analysis. For several years, the author has carried out surveys on the problems of vocational training and the social control of the labour force in France and in Great Britain, specially in the building industry. The research reveals that it is impossible to understand recent evolutions without taking into account each country socio-economic history, industrial structures and educational traditions. In Great Britain the Trade Unions held a strong position which has enabled them to play an important part in the training of skilled workers and the control of qualification. In France, on the contrary, the State and the educational system control the training. Reflecting multidimensional changes during the long crisis, new forms of control towards greater flexibility have been introduced. They have had a major impact on the conception and mechanisms of qualification highlighting general tendancies in the restructuring of training and the changing features of the labour markets.Les relations entre le travail et l'éducation, trop rarement étudiées, gagnent à l'être de manière comparative. L'auteur mène, depuis quelques années, des recherches sur les problèmes de formation professionnelle et d'évolution de la main-d'œuvre en France et en Grande-Bretagne, spécialement dans le bâtiment. Elles montrent qu'il est impossible de comprendre les différences en matière de formation professionnelle sans tenir compte des histoires socio-économiques et des structures industrielles de chaque pays. En gros, les syndicats ont eu, en Grande-Bretagne, une position qui leur a permis de jouer un rôle déterminant dans la formation des ouvriers qualifiés. En France, au contraire, ce sont l'Etat et les instances scolaires qui détiennent la clé de cette formation. Cependant, l'apparition de nouveaux modes de gestion de la main-d'œuvre, introduits par le patronat dans le sens d'une plus grande flexibilité, a des effets sur la conception même et les mécanismes de la qualification. Des évolutions récentes tendent à rapprocher les systèmes anglais et français selon un processus paradoxal d'étatisation et d'ouverture aux entreprises.Béatrice Appay : ¿ Que mano de obra para mañana ? Un estudio comparativo : Francia/Inglaterra.
Las relaciones entre el trabajo y la educación, muy raramente estudiadas, tocan al ser de manera comparativa. El autor lleva esta investigación sobre los problemas de formación profesional en Francia y en Inglaterra desde háce algunos años, especialmente en la construcción civil. Estas relaciones demuestran que es imposible comprender, de país a país, las diferencias que hay en materia de formación profesional, sin tener en cuenta las tradiciones y estructuras industriales. En Inglaterra, los sindicatos tienen en lineas générales, una posición muy fuerte, permitiendoles tener un papel importante en la formación de obreros calificados. Por el contrario en Francia, es la Escuela quien posee la clave de esta formación. Sin embargo, en Inglaterra, las estructuras tradicionales de la construcción que fueron cambiadas de arriba abajo durante estos últimos años, causan efectos en la concepción y mecanismos de la calificación.Appay Béatrice. Quelle main-d'œuvre pour demain ? Une étude comparative France/Grande-Bretagne. In: Revue française de sociologie, 1988, 29-1. Travail : d'autres jalons. Etudes réunies et présentées par Jean-René Tréanton. pp. 81-115
Age-related decline of de novo T cell responsiveness as a cause of COVID-19 severity
No full textAdults and the elderly experience higher mortality rate of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are also more at risk of developing very serious symptoms and death. Comorbidities sand the progressive accumulation of senescent cells during life that generate many inflammatory cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6) and contributes to the basal hyperinflammatory status may play a role in the vulnerability of old people to COVID-19. In a population never previously exposed, as in case of SARS-CoV-2, the induction of de novo immune responses against relies on the recognition by naïve T cells that decrease with age. This condition may contribute to the age-dependent development of the disease and to the greater severity of symptoms and death in the elderly. The Authors reviewed some data from animal and human studies that highlighted the importance of T cell responses for CoV control. The decreased number of naïve T cells and the impaired responses against neoantigens in elderly people can contribute to the age-related severity of emerging SARS-CoV-2. The enhancement of virus-specific T cell responses by immunotherapeutics avoiding unspecific activation and inflammation may be important in already infected patients before the onset of severe symptoms to prevent disease exacerbation and promote viral clearance. Special attention should be paid to mechanisms that impair SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses, as the same mechanisms could negatively affect the effectiveness of future COVID-19 vaccines in these populations
Report from the second cytomegalovirus and immunosenescence workshop.
No full textThe Second International Workshop on CMV & Immunosenescence was held in Cambridge, UK, 2-4th December, 2010. The presentations covered four separate sessions: cytomegalovirus and T cell phenotypes; T cell memory frequency, inflation and immunosenescence; cytomegalovirus in aging, mortality and disease states; and the immunobiology of cytomegalovirus-specific T cells and effects of the virus on vaccination. This commentary summarizes the major findings of these presentations and references subsequently published work from the presenter laboratory where appropriate and draws together major themes that were subsequently discussed along with new areas of interest that were highlighted by this discussion
Comparison between HIV- and CMV-specific T cell responses in long-term HIV infected donors.
No full textThe mechanisms underlying non-progression in HIV-1 infection are not well understood; however, this state has been associated previously with strong HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell responses and the preservation of proliferative CD4+ T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens. Using a combination of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) ELISpot assays and tetramer staining, the HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cell populations were quantified and characterized in untreated long-term HIV-1-infected non-progressors and individuals with slowly progressive disease, both in relation to CD4+ T cell responses, and in comparison with responses to cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigens. High levels of CD8+ T cell responses specific for HIV-1 or CMV were observed, but neither their frequency nor their phenotype seemed to differ between the two patient groups. Moreover, while CMV-specific CD4+ T cell responses were preserved in these donors, IFN-gamma release by HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cells was generally low. These data raise questions with regard to the role played by CD8+ T cells in the establishment and maintenance of long-term non-progression
Lessons from the study of T-cell differentiation in persistent human virus infection.
No full textConfusion surrounds the current classification of memory and effector T-cell subsets and there is a lack of consistency in the use of these terms between human and murine studies. The development of peptide-HLA tetrameric complexes ("tetramers") that accurately identify virus-specific T cells and can be used with a range of cell surface and intra-cellular markers has provided further insights in our understanding of the process of T-cell differentiation, or post-thymic development. We propose that T-cell differentiation subsets in human viral infection should be regarded as distinct from the current definitions of memory and effector cells; further work is needed to reveal the role of the differentiation process in anti-viral immunity
Harnessing the Induction of CD8+ T-Cell Responses Through Metabolic Regulation by Pathogen-Recognition-Receptor Triggering in Antigen Presenting Cells
No full textInternational audienceCytotoxic CD8 + T-cells are key players of the immune responses against viruses. During the priming of a CD8 + T-cell response, the activation of a naïve T-cell by a professional antigen presenting cell (APC) involves the induction of various intracellular and metabolic pathways. The modulation of these pathways at the level of APCs or T-cells offers great potential to enhance the induction of robust effector cells and the generation of long-lived memory cells. On the one hand, signaling through pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by APCs can greatly influence T-cell priming, and the potential of several PRR ligands as adjuvants are being studied. On the other hand, the engagement of several metabolic processes, at play in APCs and T-cells upon stimulation, implies that modulating cellular metabolism can impact on priming efficacy. Here, we review recent efforts to understand the interplay between PRR mediated signaling and metabolic pathway modulation in this context, through three examples: interplay between TLR4 and fatty acid metabolism, between TLR9 and IDO, and between STING and autophagy. These initial works highlight the potential for harnessing the induction of antiviral CD8 + T-cell responses using synergistic modulation of metabolic and PRR pathways
The TLR9 ligand CpG ODN 2006 is a poor adjuvant for the induction of de novo CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro
No full textToll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) agonists have gained traction in recent years as potential adjuvants for the induction of adaptive immune responses. It has nonetheless remained unclear to what extent such ligands can facilitate the priming events that generate antigen-specific effector and/or memory CD8+ T-cell populations. We used an established in vitro model to prime naive precursors from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells in the presence of various adjuvants, including CpG ODN 2006, a synthetic oligonucleotide TLR9 ligand (TLR9L). Unexpectedly, we found that TLR9L induced a suboptimal inflammatory milieu and promoted the antigen-driven expansion and functional maturation of naive CD8+ T cells ineffectively compared with either ssRNA40 or 2′3′-cGAMP, which activate other pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). TLR9L also inhibited the priming efficacy of 2′3′-cGAMP. Collectively, these results suggest that TLR9L is unlikely to be a good candidate for the optimal induction of de novo CD8+ T-cell responses, in contrast to adjuvants that operate via discrete PRRs
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