631 research outputs found
Prelude To Molecularization: The Double Gradient Model Of Sulo Toivonen And Lauri Saxén
No full textThe present molecular investigations of Organizer phenomena show a remarkable connection to the earlier classical embryological studies that used transplantation as a method for making mechanistic models of induction. One of the most prominent of these connections is the dual gradient model for anterior-posterior and dorsal-ventral polarity. This paper will discuss some of the history of how transplantation experiments provided data that could be interpreted in terms of two gradients of biologically active materials. It will highlight how the attempts to discover the elusive Induktionsstoffen gave rise to the double gradient model of Sulo Toivonen and Lauri Saxén in the 1950s and 1960s. This paper will also document how this research into the identity of these molecules gave rise to the developmental genetics that eventually would find the molecules responsible for primary embryonic induction
Which Kind of Science Is Construction Management?
No full textIt is argued that the mainstream views on the nature of construction management are insufficient, and as one consequence of this, the relevance of construction management has been questioned. As a solution to this situation, construction management is suggested to be repositioned as a design science, rather than as an explanatory science. A historical consideration reveals that design science equals to one of the sciences proposed by Aristotle, however, the suggestion of Aristotle has been forgotten. Thus, there has been a long-standing neglect of the design science, which explains the present fragmentation of this field. It is argued that this redefinition of construction management will solve several problems plaguing this discipline, including the problem of relevance
Biomine: predicting links between biological entities using network models of heterogeneous databases
No full textAbstract Background Biological databases contain large amounts of data concerning the functions and associations of genes and proteins. Integration of data from several such databases into a single repository can aid the discovery of previously unknown connections spanning multiple types of relationships and databases. Results Biomine is a system that integrates cross-references from several biological databases into a graph model with multiple types of edges, such as protein interactions, gene-disease associations and gene ontology annotations. Edges are weighted based on their type, reliability, and informativeness. We present Biomine and evaluate its performance in link prediction, where the goal is to predict pairs of nodes that will be connected in the future, based on current data. In particular, we formulate protein interaction prediction and disease gene prioritization tasks as instances of link prediction. The predictions are based on a proximity measure computed on the integrated graph. We consider and experiment with several such measures, and perform a parameter optimization procedure where different edge types are weighted to optimize link prediction accuracy. We also propose a novel method for disease-gene prioritization, defined as finding a subset of candidate genes that cluster together in the graph. We experimentally evaluate Biomine by predicting future annotations in the source databases and prioritizing lists of putative disease genes. Conclusions The experimental results show that Biomine has strong potential for predicting links when a set of selected candidate links is available. The predictions obtained using the entire Biomine dataset are shown to clearly outperform ones obtained using any single source of data alone, when different types of links are suitably weighted. In the gene prioritization task, an established reference set of disease-associated genes is useful, but the results show that under favorable conditions, Biomine can also perform well when no such information is available. The Biomine system is a proof of concept. Its current version contains 1.1 million entities and 8.1 million relations between them, with focus on human genetics. Some of its functionalities are available in a public query interface at http://biomine.cs.helsinki.fi, allowing searching for and visualizing connections between given biological entities.</p
Yhtenäinen kotiutumisen tarkistuslista Kainuun soteen
No full textTIIVISTELMÄ
Tekijät: Toivonen Lauri & Yli-Lonttinen Taneli
Työn nimi: Yhtenäinen kotiutumisen tarkistuslista Kainuun soteen
Tutkintonimike: Sosiaali- ja terveysalan ammattitutkinto, Sairaanhoitaja (AMK)
Asiasanat: kotiutuminen, tarkistuslista, potilasturvallisuus
Potilaan siirto ja kotiutuminen ovat osa hoitoprosessia, ja niissä tapahtuu usein haittatapahtumia. Kotiutusprosessi on monivaiheinen ja se alkaa monesti jo henkilön saapuessa sairaalaan. (Lämsä 2013.)
Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli kuvata tarkistuslistan avulla, mitä on huomioitava potilaan siirtyessä hoitoyksiköstä kotiin. Tarkistuslista tulee ensisijaisesti hoitotyöntekijöiden käyttöön. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli parantaa hoidon laatua Kainuun sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon kuntayhtymässä (sote) yhtenäistämällä kotiutumistoimintaa.
Tutkimustehtävät olivat, millaisia ohjeita Kainuun sotessa käytetään potilaan siirtyessä hoitoyksi-köstä kotiin, mitkä ovat keskeiset asiat potilaan siirtyessä hoitoyksiköstä kotiin ja millainen on hyvä tarkistuslista terveydenhuollossa? Tämän opinnäytetyön keskeiset käsitteet olivat potilasturvallisuus, kotiutuminen ja tarkistuslistat terveydenhuollossa.
Opinnäytetyö toteutettiin toiminnallisena opinnäytetyönä. Tuotteistamisprosessia ohjasi Jämsä & Mannisen (2000) osaamisen tuotteistamisen prosessi. Opinnäytetyöhön kerättiin aineistoa Kainuun soten somaattisilta yksiköiltä. Aineisto koostui jo olemassa olevista kotiutumisen tarkistuslistoista. Keräys toteutettiin sähköpostikyselynä.
Sähköpostikyselyyn vastattiin yhdestätoista yksiköstä, joista tarkistuslistoja saatiin kymmenen kappaletta. Aineisto analysoitiin teemoitellen. Kerätty aineisto koodattiin ja teemoiteltiin niin, että tutkimuskysymyksiin saatiin vastaukset. Analyysin tuloksia verrattiin aikaisempaan tutkimustietoon. Analyysin- ja teoriatiedon tuloksista tehtiin kotiutumisen tarkistuslistan sisältö. Tarkistuslistasta kerättiin palautetta Kainuun soten kolmesta yksiköstä, ja siihen tehtiin palautteen mukaiset korjaukset. Sen jälkeen tuote lähetettiin toimeksiantajalle.
Opinnäytetyön tuloksena luotiin tarkistuslista Kainuun soten somaattisille yksiköille. Johtopäätöksinä voidaan todeta, että aiemmissa tutkimuksissa potilaan osallistaminen kotiutumiseen tulee vahvasti esille. Potilaan ja omaisten osallistaminen hoitoon lisää potilasturvallisuutta ja hoidon laatua (Patients for Patient 2016). Potilaan osallistaminen ei kerätyssä aineistossa kuitenkaan tule yhtä merkityksellisesti esiin. Käytössä olevat tarkistuslistat eivät mukaile rakenteeltaan ja ulkomuodoltaan aikaisemmissa tutkimuksissa kerrottua mallia. Tarkistuslistan läpikäymisen tulisi kestää alle 90 sekuntia ja sen tulisi sisältää vain tärkeät asiat (Gawande 2009, 120–122). Tarkistuslistaa voidaan hyödyntää lähes kaikissa terveydenhuoltoalan yksiköissä. Jatkossa tuotetta voidaan kehittää esimerkiksi muokkaamalla siitä oma versio potilaille.ABSTRACT
Authors: Toivonen Lauri & Yli-Lonttinen Taneli
Title of the Publication: Common patient discharge check-list for Kainuu sote
Degree Title: e.g. Bachelor of health care, Nursing
Keywords: patient discharge, check-list, patient safety
Patient transfers and discharge are part of the treatment process and carry a high risk for adverse events. Patient discharge includes many steps and often starts when a person arrives at hospital.
The purpose of this thesis was to explain using the checklist what should be considered in patient dsicharge when discharging patients from hospital. The checklist was created principally for nurses to use as a tool in patient discharge. The aim was to improve the quality of care in Kainuu Social Welfare and Health Care Joint Authority (Kainuun sote) by standardizing the patient discharge process. With the help of the checklist patients and their relatives can learn about the patient discharge process and contribute to the discharge.
The research questions were the following: what kind of checklists were in use within Kainuun sote, what was essential regarding patient discharges from hospital, and what a good checklist in health care would be like. The key concepts were patient safety, patient discharge and checklists in health care.
This thesis is functional. The product development process was conducted according to the competence productization process as defined by Jämsä and Manninen in 2000. Data was collected through an email enquiry from somatic wards within Kainuun sote and included patient discharge checklists already in use.
11 wards replied to the enquiry, and the total number of checklists received was 10. The data was analysed thematically: first the data was encoded and themed to find answers to the research questions, and then the results of the analysis were compared to previous research. The content of the patient discharge checklist was formed on the basis of the results of the analysis. The new product was tested in three Kainuun sote wards, and the final patient discharge checklist was sent to the commissioner.
The result of this thesis was a new patient discharge checklist for somatic wards within Kainuun sote. Previous studies showed clearly that inclusion of patients in discharge is an essential factor. However, the data collected from somatic wards within Kainuun sote does not clearly show how patients are included in discharge. The form and layout of the existing checklists do not correspond with the model described in previous studies. The product can be used almost in all health care units, and in the future it can be developed into a patients’ own discharge checklist
HaploRec: efficient and accurate large-scale reconstruction of haplotypes
No full textAbstract Background Haplotypes extracted from human DNA can be used for gene mapping and other analysis of genetic patterns within and across populations. A fundamental problem is, however, that current practical laboratory methods do not give haplotype information. Estimation of phased haplotypes of unrelated individuals given their unphased genotypes is known as the haplotype reconstruction or phasing problem. Results We define three novel statistical models and give an efficient algorithm for haplotype reconstruction, jointly called HaploRec. HaploRec is based on exploiting local regularities conserved in haplotypes: it reconstructs haplotypes so that they have maximal local coherence. This approach – not assuming statistical dependence for remotely located markers – has two useful properties: it is well-suited for sparse marker maps, such as those used in gene mapping, and it can actually take advantage of long maps. Conclusion Our experimental results with simulated and real data show that HaploRec is a powerful method for the large scale haplotyping needed in association studies. With sample sizes large enough for gene mapping it appeared to be the best compared to all other tested methods (Phase, fastPhase, PL-EM, Snphap, Gerbil; simulated data), with small samples it was competitive with the best available methods (real data). HaploRec is several orders of magnitude faster than Phase and comparable to the other methods; the running times are roughly linear in the number of subjects and the number of markers. HaploRec is publicly available at http://www.cs.helsinki.fi/group/genetics/haplotyping.html.</p
Textualising an Oral Epic – Mission Completed
No full textDr.Phil., docent Lauri Harvilahti is the director of the Folklore Archives of the Finnish Literature Society. His main fields of specialty are systems for the archiving of oral tradition materials, studies on oral and literary epics and questions of ethnic and national identity.In this article the author briefly examines three cases that represent Lauri Honko’s views on the textualisation of oral epics. Furthermore, these examples offer an insight into the concept of the paradigm, which was a key concept for Lauri Honko in the field of folkloristics and in the study of religion. The three case studies are as follows:
1. A literary folk epic based on an oral tradition: the ‘singing scribe’ Elias Lönnrot, who compiled a number of versions of his Kalevala on the basis of Kalevala-metric folk poems.
2. An epic based on multimedia documentation/ fieldwork: the Siri Epic, sung by Gopala Naika. He was an erudite singer, who used to perform the epic on ritual occasions or in the work-song context.
3. An epic based on an archived oral tradition: the long epic of the Setu female singer Anne Vabarna, who produced a twin epic with the encouragement of the collector Armas Otto Väisänen, who dreamt about writing down such an epic.
These three examples all belong to the ‘second life’ category of folklore in the sense that all of them have been produced outside the ‘system of communication’ which maintains an item of folklore in its original setting
Building of Reinforced Concrete Structural Framing, Comparison and Opportunities for Substitution on the Example of the Main Building of the Estonian National Museum
No full textKäesolevas lõputöös on vastavalt lähteülesandele uuritud Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone raudbetoonkarkassi konstruktsioone, toodud võrdlused teiste Eestis ehitatud hoonete analoogsete tehniliste lahendustega ja pakutud alternatiivsed võimalused, mis tagaksid ressursside efektiivsema ning ratsionaalsema kasutamise Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone ehitustegevusel. Erinevate konstruktsioonide võrdlusi koostades on selgunud, et Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone projekteerijate poolt paljud üledimensioneeritud raudbetoonkonstruktsioonid nõuavad ehitusprotsessis oluliselt suuremat materjali-, aja- ja tööjõukulu, mis muudavad ehituse maksumuse kallimaks. Samuti on loodud arhitektuurelemente, mis paiknevad piiratud juurdepääsuga ruumides ning on vaadeldavad vaid muuseumi töötajate ja ventilatsiooniseadmete hooldajate poolt, kuid ruumide kasutuse seisukohalt on tegemist ebaratsionaalsete lahendustega. Eestis varem ehitatud analoogseid hooneid uurides võib järeldada, et hoonele vajalik stabiilsus ja kandevõime on tagatav saledamate ning kergemate konstruktsioonidega. Saadud kogemuse põhjal saab järeldada, et ehitatava muuseumihoone vahelaed oleks mõistlik teostada monteeritavatest elementidest, mis säästaks aega ja muudaks ehituse tervikuna odavamaks. Ehitustegevuse ajal ilmastikust tingitud mõjutegureid on sel juhul samuti vähem. Lõputöös on ehitatava Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone raudbetoonkonstruktsioonidele kulutatavate ressursside maht arvutatud nii reaalsetes tingimustes ehitades kui konstruktsioonide alternatiivset lahendust kasutades ning toodud välja konkreetsed näitajad, mis tõestavad ressursside efektiivsemaid kasutusvõimalusi. Lõputöö koostamisega paralleelselt sama muuseumihoone projekti elluviimine ja igapäevaselt objektil selle hoone praktiline ehitamine on aidanud paremini mõista, kuidas ja kuhu konstruktsioonides koormused liiguvad. Kujunenud oskused võimaldavad tulevikus hoone projekti alusel paremini hinnata projekteeritud kandvate konstruktsioonide lahenduste ratsionaalsust vastavalt hoone otstarbele ja teha koostööd projekteerijatega optimaalsete lahenduste leidmisel. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone keldri kandva konstruktsiooni näitel on käesolevas lõputöös pakutud alternatiivne konstruktsiooniline lahendus, mille kasutamine võimaldaks säästa materjale, rahalisi vahendeid ja lühendada ehituseks kuluvat aega. Eesti Rahva Muuseumi uue peahoone ehitusel objektiinsenerina igapäevaste tööülesannete täitmise ning samaaegselt lõputöö kirjutamise tulemusena on saadud selgemad arusaamad projekteerimise efektiivsusest ja oskused projekteeritud kandvate konstruktsioonide lahenduste ratsionaalsuse hindamiseks. Ebamõistlikke ja kulurohkeid tegevusi ehitusobjektil saab vähendada ja vältida, kui projekteerimisfaasis toimub konstruktsiooniliste lahenduste leidmiseks edukas koostöö ehitajate, projekteerijate ja arhitektide vahel. Tulemuseks on ressursside optimaalne kasutamine, kus materjali-, aja- ja tööjõukulude säästmine võimaldab vähendada ehituse maksumust tervikuna. Ehitustegevusele kuluvat aega saab oluliselt lühendada, kui kasutada tehases toodetud elemente ja neid objektil kokku monteerida. Hoone konstruktsioonide kandevõime peab vastama hoone kasutamise otstarbele, kordades suurema kandevõimega konstruktsioonide projekteerimine ei ole põhjendatud. Efektiivne projekteerimine loob eeldused optimaalsete kuludega hoone ehitamiseks.According to a project specification, “Building of reinforced concrete structural framing, comparison and opportunities for substution on the example on the main building of the Estonian National Museum”, the author of this final paper, studies the structures of reinforced concrete framing of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum, gives examples of comparison with other built in Estonia buildings featuring the analogical technical solutions and provides the alternative solutions that would ensure more efficient and rational use of resources in building activity in regard with the Estonian National Museum. While making comparisons between different constructions, the author realized that a process of building too many over-dimensioned reinforced concrete structures of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum require significantly bigger material consumption, greater time and labour costs which will result in higher cost of construction. At the same time, some architectural elements were designed that locate in the rooms with restricted access and are only visited by the museum personnel and the ventilation equipment maintenance technicians, however, as far as the use of the rooms is concerned, we can talk of impractical solution. Studying some analogical constructions, built in Estonia earlier, one may come to a conclusion that the load bearing capacity and stability required for the building can be ensured by use of lighter and thinner structures. Based upon the acquired data, the author realized that floors of the museum building under construction should be made from assembled elements, which would save time and make the construction of the entire building cheaper. This solution will also result in fewer external weather factors that might affect the construction. The final paper contains a volume of resources going to be spent on construction of the reinforced concrete framing of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum, calculated both for construction in real conditions and adopting the alternative structural solution; the research also contains specific data which gives evidence of the more effective feasibility. Along with the compilation of the final paper the author spent every day on site implementing the design and erecting the museum building, and he began to better realize how and where structural loads spread. For the future the author would be able to better assess the practicability of bearing structure solutions on a basis of project according to the intended use of building and ensure cooperation with design engineers with the aim of finding optimal solutions. On the example of the basement bearing structure of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum the final paper provides the alternative structural solution, the implementation of which would help save materials and finance and reduce the construction time. While performing everyday job assignments on site in course of the construction of the new main building of the Estonian National Museum and writing the final paper at the same time, the author acquired better understanding of the design efficiency and skills of assessing rationality of bearing structures design. Unreasonable and costly activities in situ could be reduced and avoided if in the stage of design the effective cooperation between builders, designers and architects would be ensured with the aim of finding structural solutions. The cooperation might result in the optimal use of resources when saving material, time and labour costs result in reduction of total construction cost. The time spent on construction can be significantly reduced if prefabricated elements are used for assembling in situ. Bearing capacity of structures must correspond to the intended use; engineering design of structures with many-fold bearing capacity is unreasonable. The efficient design will predetermine construction at optimal cost
Veridicity
No full textThis paper addresses the problem of assessing the veridicity of textual content. Has an event mentioned in the text really occurred? Who is the source of the information? What is the stance of the author of the text? Does the author indicate whether he believes the source? We will survey some of linguistic conventions that indicate the author's commitment, or the lack thereof, to the propositions contained in her text. In particular we discuss phenomena that have been studied as presuppositions or conventional implicatures in previous literature. Some of those, such as factive and non-factive verbs, have received extensive attention in the past. Some others, such as supplemental expressions (e.g. appositives, parentheticals), have not received much previous attention, although they are very common and a rich source of textual inferences. A recent study by Christopher Potts classifies supplemental expressions as conventional implicatures. We agree with Potts on the label but not on what it means. In contrast to Potts, we claim that supplemental expressions cannot always be treated as the author's direct commitments and argue that they do not constitute a basis for a distinction between presuppositions and conventional implicatures. We illustrate some cases of conventional implicature and show how they indicate an author's commitment to the truth of his statements and briefly state the importance of these distinctions for Information Extraction (IE)
Christopher Bolton, Interpreting Anime; Thomas Lamarre, The Anime Ecology: A Genealogy of Television, Animation, and Game Media
No full textIt is the year 2019 and we now live in the present of the cataclysmic event credited for first introducing the world beyond Japan to anime. I am of course talking about Akira (1988), the seminal feature-length animated film, which, as the author of one of the books reviewed here puts it, took its contemporary audiences by wonder and surprise. In a way, then, what was once part of a distant and imaginary future has somehow already become our present. And while now effectively caught up with this post-apocalyptic fantasy, there still appears to be an ongoing and unresolved battle about whether anime can be taken and discussed seriously. Scholarship is still striving to come to terms with what anime is or could be used for. Interpreting Anime by Christopher Bolton and The Anime Ecology by Thomas Lamarre aim to advance the subfield and surpass previous work; despite differences in purpose and scope, both treat anime seriously and often playfully too. Inasmuch as these efforts come from the two editors of the long-running Mechademia series (since 2006 also published by University of Minnesota Press, arguably the pioneer in the field of anime studies), the establishment of authority is also at stake here. Arguably, contrasting these two major contributions to anime scholarship will help elucidate their respective ambitions and achievements, insights and blind spots
Microwave dosimetry in biological exposure studies and in practical safety evaluations
No full textThis thesis considers the risk evaluation of microwaves from two important points of view. First, the methodology of the exposure studies elucidating the health effects of mobile phones is considered starting from the general aspects of designing setups and proceeding to the assessment of the exposure level (dosimetry) and practical execution of the experiments. Second, the exposure assessment in practical safety evaluations of fixed radio transmitters, such as mobile phone base stations, is studied.
The dosimetry and the exposure setup design are critical for the success of exposure studies since the biological results are worthless if the used exposure level is not known. Furthermore, the experiments with test animals or human volunteers are always very challenging in practice. This work aimed to design, implement and analyse setups for four separate biological experiments. The first experiment related to a novel study of the effects of mobile phone (GSM) radiation in human skin in vivo. In the second experiment the brain functions of domestic pigs exposed to high level GSM type radiation were studied. The third setup was used for long term exposure of over 200 unrestrained rats. The rat setup was further utilised in another experiment searching the effects of microwave radiation on central nervous system of juvenile rats.
The dosimetric analysis was performed by means of numerical simulations in all cases. The simulations were validated by measurements and the uncertainty of achieved results was analysed. The functionality of the setups was proven in practice; all experiments were successfully executed and the results of both methodological and biological studies were reported in peer reviewed journals.
The need for microwave safety evaluations has increased quickly during the last decade. The number of base station (BS) antennas has increased rapidly and they are often placed on roof tops etc. where various professionals have to work. Hence, efficient methods for assessing the compliance with exposure limits are needed.
The scope of the work, presented in this thesis, was to study the near field exposure caused by real commercial BS models. Experimental measurements were utilised to achieve a set of specific absorption rate (SAR) and electric field data in the near field of six commonly used antenna models. Moreover, one of the antennas was studied in more detail by numerical simulations. The results were further analysed to compare the different methods for checking the compliance of an antenna installation with the exposure limits and to find out how significant the local exposure is as compared to the whole body average at different distances. These results provide useful information for the future revisions of the exposure limits and related measurement standards
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