1,720,976 research outputs found
A reassessment of negative priming within the inhibition framework of cognitive aging: There is more in it than previously believed
No full textThree negative-priming studies were carried out to examine whether this paradigm allows a separation of the effects of aging on access, deletion, and restraint control of inhibition. In each study 24 younger (18 to 35 years old) and 24 older (57 to 82 years old) adults were asked to identify pictures. The results reveal difficulties among older adults in preventing the access of distracting perceptual input into responses; however, the ability to restrain inappropriate answers and the ability to delete once-relevant information are not affected by age.German Research Foundation [HA 1452/5-1
Tomatoes and Apples or Red and Green Lines: Are Age-Related Interference Effects Based on Competition Among Concepts or Percepts?
No full textUsing a negative priming paradigm, the authors tested whether age-related interference effects are due to age differences in perceptual distractibility or in resolving conceptual competition. In samples of 40 younger adults (aged 22-34) and 40 older adults (aged 58-76), the authors found a greater reduction in processing speed for older than for younger adults in trials in which targets were superimposed with distracting objects as compared to single-target trials. When trials were paralleled for perceptual features, that is, when single-target trials were supplemented with nonsense distractors, the age effect became nonsignificant. The results suggest that age-related interference effects are primarily due to age differences in perceptual distractibility.German Research Foundation [DFG HA 1452=6-1
Response-Retrieval in Identity Negative Priming is Modulated by Temporal Discriminability
Full text linkReaction times to previously ignored information are often delayed, a phenomenon referred to as negative priming (NP). Rothermund, Wentura & De Houwer (2005) proposed that negative priming is caused by the retrieval of incidental stimulus-response associations when consecutive displays share visual features but require different responses. In two experiments we examined whether the features (color, shape) that reappear in consecutive displays, or their level of processing (early-perceptual, late-semantic) moderate the likelihood that stimulus-response associations are retrieved. Using a perceptual matching task (experiment 1), negative priming occurred independently of whether responses were repeated or switched. Only when implementing a semantic-matching task (experiment 2), negative priming was determined by response-repetition as predicted by response-retrieval theory. The results can be explained in terms of a task-dependent temporal discrimination process (Milliken et al., 1998): Response-relevant features are encoded more strongly and/or are more likely to be retrieved than irrelevant features
Niemanden zurücklassen - Lesen macht stark - Grundschule – Diagnose und Förderung von Lese- und Schreibkompetenzen im Primarbereich
No full textQualifizierung der Fachkräfte im Primar- und Sekundarbereich: Ziele, Elemente und Gelingensbedingungen für Fortbildungen
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Alltagsintegrierte Sprachförderstrategien. [Rezension des Buches Strategien der Sprachförderung im Kita-Alltag, hrsg. von Cordula Löffler und Franziska Vogt]
Full text linkAge comparison of susceptibility to interference in cognitive performance: A critical evaluation of models and empirical evidence
No full textDie Annahme defizitärer kognitiver Hemmungsfunktionen und einer daraus folgenden stärkeren Interferenzanfälligkeit hat sich als Globalmodell zur Erklärung kognitiver Leistungseinbußen im höheren Lebensalter etabliert (z.B. Hasher, Zacks & May, 1999). In der vorliegenden Dissertation werden drei eigene kürzlich publizierte Studien in Relation zu diesem Ansatz dargestellt und übergeordnet bewertet. Die beiden ersten Studien zu Gedächtnisleistungen in einer Ziffernspannenaufgabe und zu selektiven Aufmerksamkeitsleistungen beim Negative Priming (NP), mit Stichproben von 60 jüngeren (M = 25.3 Jahre; SD = 5.7) und älteren Erwachsenen (M = 64.8 Jahre; SD = 5.4), führen zu Befunden, die in Widerspruch zur Erklärung von Alterseffekten über Unterschiede in der Interferenzanfälligkeit zu stehen scheinen. Die dritte Studie überprüft jedoch Validität und Reliabilität des NP an Stichproben jüngerer Erwachsener (18-35 Jahre; Studie 1, N = 30; M = 28.3; Studie 2, N = 60; M = 25.3) und verdeutlicht Probleme bei der empirischen Erfassung der Hemmungseffizienz. Eine zusammenfassende Bewertung führt unter Fokussierung auf die Empirieebene zu der Forderung, bei zukünftigen Altersvergleichen das latente Konstrukt der Hemmungseffizienz getrennt nach Hemmungsfunktionen ("access", "deletion", "restraint") über multiple Paradigmen zu operationalisieren. Im Hinblick auf die Modellebene erscheint eine prozessorientierte Integration alternativer Modellvorstellungen kognitiven Alterns sinnvoll, in der die Hemmungseffizienz als einer der vom Alterungsprozess betroffenen Bereiche, statt als erklärender Globalfaktor zu formulieren ist.The assumption of deficient inhibitory functions and therefore higher susceptibility to interference is a well established global model to explain age related differences in cognition (e.g. Hasher, Zacks & May, 1999). In this dissertation three recently published studies were presented and evaluated discussing this model. The first two of the studies concern memory performance in a digit span task and selective attention in negative priming, studied in samples of 60 younger (M = 25.3 years; SD = 5.7) and older adults (M = 64.8 years; SD = 5.4). The results cast doubt on the notion of different interference proneness as a reason for age effects. However, the third study examines the validity and reliability of the negative priming task in two samples of young adults (18-35 years; study 1, n = 30; M = 28.3; study 2, n = 60; M = 25.3) and reveals difficulties to measure inhibitory efficiency empirically. A summarizing evaluation of all studies concerning the experimental level draws the conclusion that for future age comparisons inhibitory functions should be separated ("access", "deletion", "restraint") and that a multiplicity of paradigms have to be used to assess inhibitory efficiency. Concerning the modeling level a process oriented integration of alternative models of cognitive aging seems to be most fruitful. In such a view inhibitory efficiency is rather one of the age sensitive domains, instead of being a global factor to explain age differences in cognition
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