268 research outputs found
A multi-factor approach to understanding socio-economic segregation in European capital cities
Get PDFThe research leading to the results presented in this chapter has received funding from the Estonian Research Council (Institutional Research Grant IUT no. 2–17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions); European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Grant Agreement no. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial Inequality, Deprived Neighbourhoods, and Neighbourhood Effects); and from the Marie Curie programme under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / Career Integration Grant no. PCIG10-GA-2011-303728 (CIG Grant NBHCHOICE, Neighbourhood Choice, Neighbourhood Sorting, and Neighbourhood Effects).Growing inequalities in Europe, even in the most egalitarian countries, are a major challenge threatening the sustainability of urban communities and the competiveness of European cities. Surprisingly, though, there is a lack of systematic representative research on the spatial dimension of rising inequalities. This is filled by our book project Socio-Economic Segregation in European Capital Cities: East Meets West, with empirical evidence from Amsterdam, Athens, Budapest, London, Madrid, Milan, Oslo, Prague, Riga, Stockholm, Tallinn, Vienna and Vilnius. This introductory chapter outlines the background to this international comparative research and introduces a multi-factor approach to studying socio-economic segregation. The chapter focuses on four underlying universal structural factors: social inequalities, global city status, welfare regime and housing system. Based on these factors, we propose a hypothetical ranking segregation levels in the thirteen case study cities. As the conclusions of this show, the hypothetical ranking and the actual ranking of cities by segregation levels only match partly; the explanation for this can be sought in context-specific factors which will be discussed in-depth in each of the case study chapters
Rising Inequalities and a Changing Social Geography of Cities: An Introduction to the Global Segregation Book
Get PDFThe book “Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: a Global Perspective” investigates the link between income inequality and residential segregation between socio-economic groups in 24 large cities and their urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Author teams with in-depth local knowledge provide an extensive analysis of each case study city. Based on their findings, the main results of the book can be summarised as follows. Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries, which leads to a convergence of global trends. In many cities the workforce is professionalising, with an increasing share of the top socio-economic groups. In most cities the high-income workers are moving to the centre or to attractive coastal areas, and low-income workers are moving to the edges of the urban region. In some cities, mainly in lower income countries, high-income workers are also concentrating in out-of-centre enclaves or gated communities. The urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than city-wide single-number segregation indices reveal. Taken together, these findings have resulted in the formulation of a Global Segregation Thesis.UrbanismUrban Studie
Urban socio-economic segregation and income inequality : a global perspective
Get PDFFunding: Much of the editorial time invested in this book was covered by funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Program (FP/2007-2013)/ERC Grant Agreement n. 615159 (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods and neighbourhood effects); from the Estonian Research Council (PUT PRG306, Infotechnological Mobility Laboratory, RITA-Ränne), and from TU Delft where Tiit Tammaru was a visiting professor in 2018
Socio-economic segregation in European capital cities: East meets West, toimittaneet Tiit Tammaru, Szymon Marcinczak, Maarten van Ham ja Sako Musterd. London and New York, Routledge, 2016. 389 s.
No full textKirja-arvio: Socio-economic segregation in European capital cities: East meets West, toimittaneet Tiit Tammaru, Szymon Marcinczak, Maarten van Ham ja Sako Musterd. London and New York, Routledge, 2016. 389 s.</p
Lessons learned from a pan-European study of large housing estates : origin, trajectories of change and future prospects
Get PDFThe research leading to this work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement number 655601. Support also came from three grants from the Estonian Research Council: Institutional Research Grant IUT2-17 on Spatial Population Mobility and Geographical Changes in Urban Regions, Infotechnological Mobility Observatory, and RITA-Ränne. The European Research Council funded this research under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013)/ERC [Grant Agreement No. 615159] (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods, and neighbourhood effects).Mid-twentieth-century large housing estates, which can be found all over Europe, were once seen as modernist urban and social utopias that would solve a variety of urban problems. Since their construction, many large housing estates have become poverty concentrating neighbourhoods, often with large shares of immigrants. In Northern and Western Europe, an overlap of ethnic, social and spatial disadvantages have formed as ethnic minorities, often living on low incomes, settle in the most affordable segments of the housing market. The aim of this introductory chapter is to synthesise empirical evidence about the changing fortunes of large housing estates in Europe. The evidence comes from 14 cities—Athens, Berlin, Birmingham, Brussels, Budapest, Bucharest, Helsinki, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Moscow, Prague, Stockholm and Tallinn—and is synthesised into 10 takeaway messages. Findings suggest that large housing estates are now seen as more attractive in Eastern Europe than in Western Europe. The chapter also provides a diverse set of visions and concrete intervention measures that may help to improve the fortunes of large housing estates and their residents
Guest editorial: Heteropolitanization: social and spatial change in Central and East European cities
No full textWith more than 20 years of European post-socialist transition
behind us, research on the cities of Central and Eastern Europe
(CEE) has yet to be situated in contemporary urban theory. Placed
within a context of growing research interest on CEE cities, this
theme issue on Heteropolitanization: Social and Spatial Change in
Central and East European Cities takes some steps in this direction
by bringing together frontline research on the transformations of
urban space in post-socialist Europe. With their experience of state
socialism now distant in the past, CEE cities have rapidly transformed
from industry-based production spaces into modern hubs
for tertiary and quaternary functions (Borén & Gentile, 2007; Leetmaa,
Tammaru, & Anniste, 2009). Besides this far-reaching economic
transformation, urban changes in CEE are also nested in
multiple paths of development that stem from differences in the
inherited national variants of the centrally planned economic system,
as well as in the specific trajectories of present day societal
transformation. In this respect, one of the most intriguing ongoing
debates questions the nexus between social and spatial change
(Marcin´ czak, 2012; Marcin´ czak, Musterd, & Ste˛pniak, in press;
Ruoppila & Kährik, 2003; Sy´ kora, Temelová, Novák, & Ourˇednícˇek,
2006; Tammaru & Leetmaa, 2007).
Urban living had a particular meaning under socialism: on the
one hand, it signified progress and economic prosperity, but on
the other it was intended to foster collective values at the expense
of individualism, which was perceived—and sometimes even persecuted—
as a bourgeois attitude (Andrusz, 1987; Harris, 1970; Smith,
1996a). Cities were regarded as the focal points for the realization of
the aspired fast modernization of the economy and in the creation
of the just and classless society (Bater, 1980; Sailer-Fliege, 1999).
Large standardized housing estates, whose ubiquitousness is one
of the most striking visual features of the CEE city, became the iconic
manifestation of these aims (Brade, Herfert, &Wiest, 2009; Gentile
& Sjöberg, 2010a, 2010b; Kovács & Herfert, 2012; Kährik &
Tammaru, 2010; Temelová, Novák, Ourˇednícˇek, & Puldová, 2011).
The social stratification order in CEE countries has been reshuffled
since the demise of state socialism in 1989–1991 (Bandelj &
Mahutga, 2010; Cao & Nee, 2000; Szelényi & Kostello, 1996).
Although the impact of marketization on social inequalities depends
on the particular modus operandi of the market in different
countries in transition, social inequalities increased considerably
as markets transformed social mobility (Aristei & Perugini, 2011;
King & Szelényi, 2005). These changes in urban social stratification
could be expected to be reflected in urban socio-spatial structures.
First and foremost, mobility within urban regions increased substantially
(Ahas, Aasa, Silm, & Tiru, 2010; Krišja¯ne & Be¯rzin š,
2012; Novák & Sy´ kora, 2007; Tammaru, 2005): many people were now able to move from the large housing estates to two main urban
area types that were underdeveloped or simply neglected under
socialism, i.e., the inner city and the suburban ring (Borén &
Gentile, 2007; Haase, Grossmann, & Steinführer, 2012; Leetmaa
et al., 2009; Marcin´ czak & Sagan, 2011; Sy´ kora, 2009; Temelová
& Dvorˇáková, 2012). This is the result of city center’s renaissance
through multiple channels of regeneration and revitalization on
the one hand (Kiss, 2002; Kovács, 1998, 2009; Temelová, 2007)
and the burgeoning of new residential developments beyond the
city boundaries on the other (Golubchikov & Phelps, 2011; Kok &
Kovács, 1999; Ourˇednícˇek, 2007; Tammaru, Leetmaa, Silm, & Ahas,
2009).
The relationship between social and spatial change is, however,
not as straightforward as could be expected. In this context, understanding
the various legacy and transition-related factors is essential
to grasp the nature of the nexus. Showing a wide range of
outcomes, this nexus is therefore an important catalyst for the
growing number of studies on the diversity of the experiences of
urban transformation in CEE. The aim of this special issue is to shed
light on a number of these experiences. The goal of this introductory
paper is to provide a theoretical context for these developments.
For this purpose, we introduce and make use of two
idealized city types—Homopolis vs. Heteropolis1—and the corresponding
processes—Homopolitanization vs. Heteropolitanization—
leading towards them, respectively. Heteropolitanization, is argued
to be the prevailing trend in the ongoing processes of transformation
in CEE
Ethnic Minority–Majority Unions in Estonia: Unions entre membres d’ethnies minoritaires et majoritaires en Estonie
Get PDFEthnic minority–majority unions—also referred to as mixed ethnic unions—are often seen as the ultimate evidence of the integration of ethnic minorities into their host societies. We investigated minority–majority unions in Estonia, where ethnic minorities account for one-third of the total population (Russians 26%, followed by Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Finns and other smaller groups). Using data from the 2000 Estonian census and regression models, we found that Slavic women are less likely to be in minority–majority unions than are members of other minority groups, with Russians being the least likely. Finns, who are culturally most similar to the Estonian majority population, are the most likely to form a union with an Estonian. For ethnic minority women, the likelihood of being in minority–majority unions is highest in rural areas and increases over generations, with third-generation immigrants being the most likely. Estonian women are most likely to have a minority partner when they or their parents were born abroad and when they live in urban areas. Our findings suggest that both the opportunity to meet potential partners and openness to other ethnic groups are important factors for understanding the dynamics of minority–majority unions.UrbanismOTB Research Institute for the Built Environmen
Housing estates in the Baltic countries: the legacy of central planning in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
No full textPreface -- 1 Modernist Housing Estates in the Baltic Countries: Formation, Current Challenges and Future Prospects / Daniel Baldwin Hess and Tiit Tammaru -- 2 A Turbulent Political History and the Legacy of State Socialism in the Baltic Countries / Allan Puur, Martin Klesment and Luule Sakkeus -- 3 The Rise and Demise of the Soviet-Made Housing Shortage in the Baltic Countries / Michael Gentile -- 4 The Exceptional Design of Large Housing Estates in the Baltic Countries / Marija Drėmaitė -- 5 Baltic Crossings: Soviet Housing Estates and Dreams of Forest-Suburbs / Laura Berger, Sampo Ruoppila and Kristo Vesikansa -- 6 Mass Housing and Extensive Urbanism in the Baltic Countries and Central/Eastern Europe: A Comparative Overview / Miles Glendinning -- 7 Architectural Transcendence in Soviet-Era Housing: Evidence from Socialist Residential Districts in Tallinn, Estonia / Daniel Baldwin Hess and Pille Metspalu -- 8 Socialist Ideals and Physical Reality: Large Housing Estates in Riga, Latvia / Sandra Treija and Uģis Bratuškins -- 9 Living in a Large Housing Estate: Insider Perspectives from Lithuania / Viltė Janušauskaitė -- 10 Socio-economic and Ethnic Trajectories of Housing Estates in Tallinn, Estonia / Anneli Kährik, Karin Kangur and Kadri Leetmaa -- 11 Residential Change and Socio-demographic Challenges for Large Housing Estates in Riga, Latvia / Zaiga Krišjāne, Māris Bērziņš, Guido Sechi and Jānis Krūmiņš -- 12 Soviet Housing Estates in Vilnius, Lithuania: Socio-ethnic Structure and Future(-Less?) Perspectives / Donatas Burneika, Rūta Ubarevičienė and Aušra Baranuskaitė -- 13 Incomplete Service Networks in Enduring Socialist Housing Estates: Retrospective Evidence from Local Centres in Estonia / Kadri Leetmaa and Daniel Baldwin Hess -- 14 Collectivist Ideals and Soviet Consumer Spaces: Mikrorayon Commercial Centres in Vilnius, Lithuania and Tallinn, Estonia / Matas Šiupšinskas and Epp Lankots -- 15 Between Community and Private Ownership in Centrally Planned Residential Space: Governing Parking in Socialist Housing Estates / Tauri Tuvikene -- 16 State-Subsidised Refurbishment of Socialist Apartment Buildings in Estonia / Kalle Kuusk and Jarek Kurnitski -- 17 Retrofitting Soviet-Era Apartment Buildings with ‘Smart City’ Features: The H2020 SmartEnCity Project in Tartu, Estonia / Rein Ahas, Veronika Mooses, Pilleriine Kamenjuk and Raimond Tamm -- Index.Nuo 1960 iki 1990 metų Europos gyventojų skaičius nuolat augo, todėl buvo pradėta masinė daugiabučių statyba. Daugiabučiai gyvenamieji namai sudaro reikšmingą bendrojo būsto fondo dalį Vidurio ir Rytų Europoje. Trijose Baltijos šalių sostinėse – Vilniuje, Rygoje ir Taline – 2011 metų duomenimis 58–75% gyventojų buvo įsikūrę dideliuose daugiabučių kvartaluose. Knygos tikslas – pateikti išsamią daugiabučių paveldo apžvalgą. Straipsnių rinkinyje didelis dėmesys skiriamas tokio būsto tipo susiformavimui, iššūkiams ir ateities perspektyvoms. Knyga pateikia naują šios specifines statinių rūšies tipologiją, susijusią su sovietmečio palikimo kompleksiškumu. Įžangoje apžvelgiamos pagrindinės šešiose knygos skyriuose analizuojamos temos ir bendras autorių indėlis į architektūros tyrinėjimų lauką. Viena knygos dalis sutelkta į politinę, socialinę, ekonominę ir demografinę Baltijos šalių raidą, padedančią suprasti masinių daugiabučių statybų kontekstą. Joje aptariami pagrindiniai miestovaizdžių pokyčius lėmę veiksniai, architektų vaidmuo, planavimo ypatumai, žaliųjų erdvių poreikiai ir skandinaviškojo konstruktyvizmo įtaka. Kitoje dalyje daugiausia dėmesio skiriama į miesto planavimo ir būtų projektavimo klausimus, pateikiami interviu su buvusiais architektais ir daugiabučių gyventojais. Atskleidžiama griežto reguliavimo ir kūrybiškumo sąveika. Leidinio pabaigoje numatomos ateities perspektyvos, siejamos su renovacijos programa ir išmaniojo miesto idėja. Reikšminiai žodžiai: Baltijos valstybės; Demografija; Būsto valdos; Architektūra; Žemės sklypas; Baltic countries; Demography; Architecture; Housing estatesThis open access book focuses on the formation and later socio-spatial trajectories of large housing estates in the Baltic countries—Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. It also explores claims that a distinctly “westward-looking orientation” in their design produced housing estates that were superior in design to those produced elsewhere in the Soviet Union (between 1944 and 1991, Estonia was a member republic of the USSR). The first two parts of the book provide contextual material to help readers understand the vision behind housing estates in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. These sections present the background of housing estates in the Baltic Republics as well as challenges and debates concerning their formation, evolution, and present condition and importance. Subsequent parts of the book consist of: demographic analyses of the socioeconomic characteristics and ethnicity of housing estate residents (past and present) in the three Baltic capital cities, case studies of people and places related to housing estates in the Baltic countries, and chapters exploring relevant special topics and themes. This book will be of interest to students, scholars, and advocates interested in understanding the past, present, and future importance of housing estates in the Baltic countries
Tammaru, T., Marci?czak, S., Van Ham, M. y Musterd, S. (Eds.). (2016). Socio-economic segregation in european capital cities. East meets West
No full textSocio-economic Segregation in European Capital Cities. East meets West es una obra publicada en 2016 por Routledge del grupo Taylor & Francis, que ha sido editada por Tiit Tammaru, Szymon Marcinczak, Maarten Van Ham y Sako Musterd. El contenido de la obra evidencia el aumento de la segregación socioeconómica en las ciudades europeas. Tal y como apuntan los Editores, la segregación socioeconómica en Europa está creciendo “moderadamente”, sin embargo, este aumento supone un reto o una amenaza, señalan, a la sostenibilidad de las comunidades urbanas e inclusive a la competitividad de las ciudades europeas.
Soviet housing estates in Vilnius, Lithuania: Socio-ethnic structure and future(-less?) perspectives
No full textThis study is focused on Soviet housing estates in Vilnius. The aim of the chapter is to gain more insight into the social and ethnic profile of the residents and to highlight the trajectories of change. The analysis is based on Lithuanian census data from 2001 to 2011. Results suggest that although Soviet housing estates are less segregated than other parts of Vilnius, considerable socio-economic differences exist among residents belonging to different ethnic groups. Soviet housing estates are definitely not the most attractive residential areas, and more affluent groups increasingly prioritise residing in other parts of the city. However, that has not turned them into the neighbourhoods with the highest concentration of the least affluent population. Thus, the Soviet housing estates maintain a rather neutral position in the current residential structure of Vilnius.Urban Studie
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