15 research outputs found
ACA-ESRGAN: Metode Super-Resolusi untuk Transmisi Gambar Efisien pada Kendaraan Otonom
Integrasi Kendaraan Listrik Otonom (AEVs) dalam lingkungan terbatas memerlukan solusi komunikasi yang efisien dan hemat energi, terutama untuk mentransmisikan data berdimensi tinggi yang penting bagi navigasi dan pemantauan secara real-time. Teknologi komunikasi LoRa (Long Range), yang dikenal dengan jangkauan luas dan konsumsi daya rendah, menjadi opsi yang layak namun memiliki keterbatasan bandwidth rendah, yang membatasi transmisi data, terutama untuk data gambar. Penelitian ini memperkenalkan pendekatan inovatif yang menggabungkan komunikasi LoRa dengan teknik super-resolusi berbasis Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) untuk transmisi gambar yang efektif pada AEV. Gambar beresolusi rendah ditransmisikan melalui LoRa untuk menghemat bandwidth, dan kemudian di-upscale menjadi resolusi tinggi menggunakan Super-Resolution GAN (SRGAN) di jaringan pusat. Studi ini meningkatkan arsitektur SRGAN dengan menerapkan model Enhanced Super-Resolution GAN (ESRGAN), yang mencakup Residual-in-Residual Dense Block (RRDB) yang disesuaikan untuk skenario operasional AEV. Selain itu, modifikasi struktural seperti lapisan konvolusi yang dioptimalkan, pendekatan pelatihan progresif, dan mekanisme Adaptive Convolutional Attention (ACA) yang mengintegrasikan Channel Attention, Spatial Attention, dan Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks meningkatkan efisiensi model dalam rekonstruksi gambar. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan efektivitas pendekatan ini dalam mengatasi keterbatasan bandwidth LoRa, mendukung transmisi gambar berkualitas tinggi untuk aplikasi AEV di lingkungan dengan ruang terbatas. Penelitian ini menjadi dasar bagi pengembangan sistem komunikasi hemat bandwidth dan efisiensi tinggi di masa depan dalam kendaraan otonom.
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The integration of autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) into constrained environments requires efficient, low-energy communication solutions, particularly for transmitting high-dimensional data essential to real-time navigation and monitoring. LoRa (Long Range) communication technology, known for its extended range and low power consumption, presents a viable option but is limited by its low bandwidth, which constrains data transmission, especially for image data. This research introduces a innovative approach combining LoRa communication with a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)-based super-resolution technique for effective image transmission in AEVs. Low-resolution images are transmitted over LoRa to conserve bandwidth, and subsequently upscaled to high resolutions using a Super-Resolution GAN (SRGAN) at the central network. Our study enhances the SRGAN architecture by implementing the Enhanced Super-Resolution GAN (ESRGAN) model, which includes a Residual-in-Residual Dense Block (RRDB) tailored for AEV operational scenarios. Additionally, structural modifications, such as optimized convolution layers, a progressive training approach, and an Adaptive Convolutional Attention (ACA) mechanism integrating Channel Attention, Spatial Attention, and Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks, improve model efficiency in image reconstruction. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach in overcoming LoRa’s bandwidth constraints, supporting high-quality image transmission for AEV applications in limited-space environments. This research lays the groundwork for future advancements in low-bandwidth, high-efficiency communication systems within autonomous vehicles
Analysis Strategy of The Tahfidzul Qur'an Method for The Excellence Program at SMP IP Al-Madinah Nogosari
The Qur’an is a book that Allah revealed to the Prophet Muhammad through the Angel Jibril. The Qur'an is a guide to human life on Earth. So maintaining glory is a duty for all humans, especially Muslims in the world. One way to preserve the Qur’an is to read and memorize it and study the verses in it. Memorizing the Qur'an has many advantages. In fact, Allah promises to reward those who memorize the Qur'an with His heaven. In maintaining the sanctity of the Qur'an, SMP IP Al-Madinah is trying to create a program that focuses on the field of Tahfidzul Qur'an. The program is a grouping of students with a certain level of memorization into the Tahfidzul Qur'an halaqah according to their abilities. One of these programs is the excellence program for Tahfidzul Qur'an. The excellence Tahfidzul Qur'an program is a program that develops students' ability to memorize the Al-Qur'an with the aim of producing students who have good and extensive memorization.
The aim of this research is to determine the strategies, methods and supporting and inhibiting factors of Tahfidzul Qur'an as an excellence program at SMP IP Al-Madinah Nogosari. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The data taken in this research is in the form of interviews, observation and documentation.
The results of this research are SMP IP's strategy for developing students' potential in the field of Al-Qur'an by creating an excellence program for Tahfidzul Qur'an. The memorization method applied is the talaqqi method, namely the teacher meets directly with the student. The target that excellence halaqah students must achieve is 2 juz in one semester. There are several factors that support and inhibit the implementation of this program, namely internal factors and external factors. The author hopes that this research will be useful for schools, universities and memorizers of the Al-Quran. And the author also provides suggestions for using this research as best as possible and for future researchers to develop research in the field of the Al-Qur'a
PODCAST SEBAGAI MEDIA KRITIK SOSIAL (Analisis Wacana Digital pada Podcast Mendoan “Bukannya Menginjak Dewasa Malah Menginjak Gulune Wong” di Spotify Terkait Kasus Penganiayaan oleh Mario Dandy)
The case of abuse by the child of an official at the Directorate General of Taxes, Mario Dandy, against David Ozora has often been in the public spotlight. This case drew social criticism launched by the public against state officials through various media, including new media. Submission of social criticism through new media is carried out by the Mendoan podcast on Spotify. One of the episodes, namely “Instead of Stepping on Adults Instead of Stepping on Gulune Wong”, Mendoan's podcast carries out social criticism of the abuse case by Mario Dandy. The author conducted an analysis of the podcast episode as a research subject using the digital discourse analysis method which pays attention to four things, namely text, context, action and interaction, as well as ideology and power. The writer finds that the text of the episode is thick with social criticism, especially explanations and reactions to the Mario Dandy case, taxation issues, rich people's children, and big motorbike users. The context of the podcast which consists of Mendoan's background as an Indonesian citizen, a taxpayer, originally from East Java, a former radio announcer, and a comedian demonstrates his competence in conducting social criticism. Through Twitter, actions and interactions outside the podcast also show satire, annoyance, and even criticism that contains criticism. Podcast's ideology and power through its
character as new media without abandoning its function as a development from conventional media has an impact on social justice while at the same time accommodating the opinions of various groups of people
Analysis of Methods and Sources of Interpretation of the Book of Tafsir Al Kasyif in Surah Al Fatihah Verses 1-7
Interpretation as a result or product of the dialectic between the reasoning of an interpreter and the text, and the context that surrounds it, requires continuous dynamics, interpretation has no stopping point. That is why the product of interpretation needs to be studied. This writing aims to analyze the methods and sources of interpretation used in the book Tafsir al Kasyif by Muhammad Jawwad Mugniyah, especially in surah al Fatihah verses 1-7. The author uses a qualitative method through literature study with various reference sources, both primary and secondary based on books, journals, and others that support this research. The special methods presented by Tafsir al Kasyif include: presenting a special discussion on Isti'adzah and Basmallah; mentioning the name of the surah; writing one surah as a whole; presenting various opinions about where it was revealed; explaining the naming of surah al Fatihah first; Interpreting the Qur'an verse by verse; explaining the rules of language; explaining the meaning and prioritizing the opinion of Ali Zainal Abidin; Explaining vocabulary; explaining the differences in readings (qiraat). Muhammad Jawwad uses a general method: Tahlili, in presenting his tafsir work, along with a special method that tends towards linguistic rules to examine each meaning, and is accompanied by a variety of opinions that prioritize opinions oriented towards the fanaticism of his sect's ideology. If there are differences in readings or qiraat, he presents these differences, but does not explain them in depth and includes strong sources, only as informative
Pemilihan Pemimpin Non-Muslim di Wilayah Mayoritas Muslim Perspektif Nahdatul Ulama dan Mummadiyah
This article discusses non-Muslim leaders in the region choosing Muslims from the views of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah. The formulation of the problem to be answered in this study is What is the leadership succession procedure in Islam? (2) What is the fiqh view of non-Muslim leadership? (3) What is the view of the Islamic community organizations Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah on the law of choosing non-Muslim leaders in Muslim-majority areas?The type of research used by the author is library research which is guided by data processing and is also obtained from various literature related to the title of this article which is sourced from primary data and secondary data. The research approach used is a political approach. The results of this study indicate that the leadership succession procedure in Islam there is no standard and standard procedure set by the Al-Qur'an and Hadith, but the jumhur of ulama agrees that leaders in Islam are chosen in two ways, namely appointed by ahlul halli wal aq in the election committee and appointed by the previous leader. The majority of fiqh scholars view that non-Muslim leadership in Muslim-majority areas is not allowed because their leadership is not valid according to Islamic sharia, unless these non-Muslim leaders lead and control in non-Muslim-majority areas. Meanwhile, in the view of Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah regarding the law of choosing non-Muslim leaders, there is already a fatwa stipulation from the two organizations that it is haram to choose non-Muslim leaders but Nahdlatul Ulama provides a little leeway by exempting in an emergency.Keywords: Non-Muslim Leaders, Succession, Nahdlatul Ulama, Muhammadiyah
Analisis Sentimen Level Aspek Teks Bahasa Indonesia Pada Media Sosial Menggunakan Hierarchical Attention Position-Aware Network (Studi Kasus : Politik)
Jumlah pengguna internet penduduk indonesia dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat. Pengunaan internet ini sebagian besar digunakan untuk berinteraksi di media sosial. Pengguna media sosial seringkali mengungkapkan pikiran atau pandangannya di media sosial salah satunya dibidang politik. Khususnya pada tahun 2019 ini dimana terjadi pesta demokrasi di Indonesia yaitu diadakannya pemilu . Hal ini membuat banyak bermunculan opini-opini tentang objek politik. Untuk mengetahui pandangan atau penilaian masyarakat terhadap suatu objek politik dapat digunakan analisis sentimen. Umumnya terdapat dua macam sentimen atau opini yang ditulis yaitu sentimen positif dan sentimen negatif. Tetapi perlu diperhatikan juga bahwa dalam satu kalimat opini dapat mengandung berbagai sentimen. Hal ini dikarenakan suatu objek politik dapat memilik berbagai aspek yang juga diberikan pandangan sendiri oleh penulis. Banyaknya jumlah opini yang tidak sesuai dengan kaidah standar akan membuat penarikan kesimpulan sentimen level aspek dari objek menjadi sulit. Sehingga diperlukan sebuah sistem yang mampu melakukan klasisfikasi sentimen level aspek terhadap objek. Klasifikasi sentimen level aspek dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode deep-learning yaitu Recurrent Neural Network dan juga berdasarkan attention. Penelitian sebelumnya melakukan percobaan dengan menggunakan metode Hierarchical Attention Position-aware network yang berdasarkan pada Bi-GRU mencapai hasil yang sangat baik. Teks yang digunakan sebagai input pelatihan model dan diubah menjadi representasi vector menggunakan metode Word Embedding. Kemudian dilakukan evaluasi performa dari model HAPN. Hasil dari penelitian tugas akhir ini adalah didapatkannya hasil klasifikasi sentimen level aspek pada objek politik yang lebih baik. =============================================================================================================================
The number of Indonesian internet users has increased from year to year. Internet is mostly used to interact on social media. Social media users often express their thoughts or views in social media where one of them is political field. Especially in 2019 where a democratic party takes place in Indonesia, namely the holding of elections. This makes a lot of opinions on political objects emerge. To find out the views or assessments of the public about a political object, sentiment analysis can be used. Generally there are two kinds of sentiments or opinions written, namely positive sentiment and negative sentiment. But it should also be noted that in one sentence opinion can contain various sentiments. This is because a political object can have various aspects which are also given their own views by the author. The large number of opinions that are not in accordance with the standard rules will make the conclusion of the sentiment level aspect of the object becomes difficult. So we need a system that capable of classifying sentiment level aspects of objects. Aspect level sentiment classification is done by using deep-learning methods namely Recurrent Neural Network and also based on attention. Previous studies conducted experiments using the Hierarchical Attention Position-aware network (HAPN) method based on Bi-GRU achieved very good results. The text is used as an input training model and is converted to a vector representation using the Word Embedding method. Then evaluate the performance of the HAPN model. The results of this thesis research is to obtain better results from the aspect level sentiment classification on political objects
Lockdown Policy As A Corona Desease (COVID-19) Management Efforts Asked From The Environmental Aspect Of Life Based On Law Act No. 32 Of 2009 Concerning Protection And Management Of Environment
The government has formed the COVID-19 (Task Force) Acceleration Countermeasures Group to discuss strategies to deal with the Corona Virus outbreak. One of Covid-19\u27s coping strategies, namely: Social restrictions in the form of Lock Down with modifications or rules that are clarified and clear in priority areas as of now, but proposals in the form of Lock Down in priority areas such as DKI are not approved by the government. Although in the end the DKI Jakarta Government issued a policy after approval from the central government through the Minister of Health in the form of Governor\u27s Regulation Number 33 Year 2020 concerning the Implementation of Large-Scale Social Debate in Handling Corona Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Special Capital Province of Jakarta and Governor Decree Number 380 Year 2020 concerning the Imposition of the Implementation of Large-Scale Social Restrictions in Handling Corona Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the Special Capital Province of Jakarta. If the lockdown is really implemented, then this effort will indirectly have an impact on the environment, because the policy will relate to space that includes all objects, power, conditions, and living things, including humans and their behavior, which affect nature itself, continuity of life, and the welfare of humans and other living things. Therefore it is necessary to examine the relationship between the lockdown policy and COVID-19 countermeasures in the perspective of the Environmental Protection and Management Law. The author intends to find a connection point between the lockdown policy by looking at the impact it has on the environment by referring to the Law Act No. 32 Of 2009 Concerning Protection And Management Of Environment
Guru Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) ideal dalam persepsi masyarakat nelayan : Study di Kelurahan Mayangan Kota Probolinggo
ABSTRAK
Pendidikan merupakan bagian yang integral dalam kehidupan manusia, dimana manusia dapat membina kepribadiannya dengan jalan membina potensi-potensi pribadinya sesuai dengan nilai-nilai di dalam masyarakat dan kebudayaan. Dengan demikian dari nilai-nilai yang ada berlangsung suatu proses pendidikan sesuai dengan tujuan utama pendidikan yaitu mengembangkan pengetahuan keterampilan dan sikap peserta didik secara optimal.
Lingkungan masyarakat merupakan terjadinya proses pendidikan yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap pemikiran anak. Faktor lingkungan menjadi perhatian penting dalam merencanakan pendidikan, terutama dalam merancang analisis sosial untuk menyampaikan pendidikan agama Islam di lingkungan masyarakat, karena tanpa memahami kondisi sosial masyarakat dengan baik, maka akan sangat sulit menanamkan nilai-nilai ke-Islam-an dalam lingkungan masyarakat tersebut.
Mengingat pentingnya pengaruh sosial terhadap pendidikan peserta didik, yang dimana semua pengetahuan dan pengalaman peserta didik akan terkontaminasi dengan kondisi lingkungan yang ada. Maka, dalam memberi pengetahuan dan pendidikan agama Islam, seorang guru memahami latar belakang peserta didik terlebih dahulu.
Demikian pula dengan peserta didik di kelurahan mayangan yang berlatar belakang nelayan. Masyarakat nelayan seringkali diasumsikan sebagai masyarakat pinggiran yang terbelakang dalam hal pendidikannya. Maka dari itu, peneliti berusaha menggali secara mendalam realitas pendidikan agama Islam yang terjadi di kalangan masyarakat nelayan dengan membuat rumusan sebagai berikut: (1) Bagaimana guru pendidikan agama Islam yang ideal? (2) Bagaimana kondisi
sosial masyarakat nelayan di kelurahan Mayangan kota Probolinggo? (3) Bagaimana persepsi masyarakat nelayan terhadap guru pendidikan agama Islam yang ideal di kelurahan Mayangan kota Probolinggo?
Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam usaha mendapatkan tujuan-tujuan, yakni: (1) Mengetahui dan mampu mengklasifikasikan tipologi guru pendidikan agama Islam yang ideal. (2) Mengetahui kondisi sosial masyarakat nelayan di kelurahan Mayangan kota probolinggo. (3) Mengetahui ciri dan karakteristik guru pendidikan Islam yang ideal dalam persepsi masyarakat nelayan di kelurahan Mayangan kota Probolinggo.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan berparadigma Kualitatif Deskriptif, Bogdan dan Taylor mendefinisikan “Metodologi Kualitatif” sebagai prosedur penelitian yang menghasilkan data deskriptif berupa kata-kata tertulis atau lisan dari orang-orang dan perilaku yang dapat diamati. Menurut mereka, pendekatan ini, diarahkan pada latar dan individu tersebut secara holistik (utuh). Jadi, dalam hal ini tidak boleh mengisolasikan individu atau oraganisasi ke dalam variabel atau hipotetis, tetapi perlu memandangnya sebagai bagian dari sesuatu keutuhan.
Peneliti menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, sebab penelitian ini diarahkan untuk mendiskripsikan keadaan atau fenomena mengenai guru Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) dalam persepsi masyarakat nelayan di Kelurahan Mayangan Kecamatan Mayangan Kota Probolinggo (terhadap pendidikan formal bagi anak tanpa suatu maksud menguji hipotesis).
Dari temuan di lapangan menungkapkan bahwa dari keempat kompetensi peserta didik yang coba dicetuskan oleh pemerintah, hanya aspek kompetensi profesional dan Pedagogik saja yang tidak terdapat dalam kriteria guru ideal perspektif masyarakat Nelayan di Kelurahan Mayangan kota Probolinggo. Sedangkan dua kompetensi lainnya (sosial, kepribadian) dianggap penting oleh masyarakat.
Kondisi sosial masyarakat Masyarakat di kelurahan Mayangan mayoritas beragama Islam dan berpencaharian sebagai nelayan. Setiap hari mereka hidup bergantung pada hasil laut. Jika hasil laut melimpah, maka akan makmur kehidupannya. Begitu pula sebaliknya, jika kondisi laut tidak memungkinkan untuk berlayar mencari ikan, mereka banyak yang menjadi pengangguran dan sulit untuk mencukupi kehidupan sehari-hari. Para nelayan di Mayangan juga masih berpendidikan rendah yaitu maksimal berpendidikan SMA dan mayoritas masih dalam jenjang SMP.Karena keahlian melaut tidak membutuhkan jenjang pendidikan yang tinggi.bisa dipelajari dengan masyarakat lain atau secara turuntemurun. Namun, perhatian terhadap pendidikan tidak kalahnya dengan masyarakat kota, masyarakat nelayan juga mempunyai kepedulian yang sangat tinggi terhadap pendidikan anaknya. dibuktikan dari beberapa informan yang tetap menyekolahkan anaknya mulai dari jenjang SD, SMP, SMA hingga kuliah.
Dari temuan di lapangan menungkapkan bahwa dari keempat kompetensi peserta didik yang coba dicetuskan oleh pemerintah, hanya aspek kompetensi profesional dan Pedagogik saja yang tidak terdapat dalam kriteria guru ideal perspektif masyarakat Nelayan di Kelurahan Mayangan kota Probolinggo. Sedangkan dua kompetensi lainnya (sosial, kepribadian) dianggap penting oleh masyarakat. Tidak masuknya kriteria kompetensi Paedagogiek dan profesional, penulis analisis terkait dengan minimnya informan tentang referensi guru PAI yang baik menurut pemerintah. Karena kesibukan para informan untuk menghidupi diri maupun keluarga, dan setiap hari berjuang di tengah laut untuk mencari uang yang banyak. Guru PAI yang ideal di mata masyarakat pesisir adalah guru yang mempunyai akhlak baik, dan mampu membimbing ke agama yang benar, atau secara sederhana mampu mengajari putra-putrinya belajar ngaji dan mengerti kehidupan.
ABSTRACT
Education is an integral part of human life, where people can build his personality to this personalities in accordance with the values that exist in society an culture. This from the existiny values held an educational process in accordance with the primary purpose of education is to develop the knowledge skills an attitudes learners optimally.
Community environment is the occurrence of the educational process that is very influential on the thinking of the child. Environmental factor’s become significant attention society, because the surroundings without understanding the social conditions is the community, it will be very hard to instill Islamic values the learners.
Given the importance of the social influence of the education of learnes will be contaminated with environment conditions. It is in giving knowledge and Islamic education, a teaching understand the beckground of the learners.
Similarry, student in the village of mayangan which is behind it. Fishing communities is often assumed as a sub urban community that is underdeveloped in erms of required by his/her education. This researchers trying to dig deeply and realistic, Islamic education that occurs among fishing communities by creating the following formula: 1) How Islamic religious religious education teachers ideal? 2) How social conditions fishing communities in the village of mayangan town of probolinggo? 3) How do perception of fishing communities against Islamic
religious education theachers in the Mayangan village town of Probolinggo.
This research was conducted in a attempt to get the goals, namely: 1) knowing and bangable to classify a typolory of Islamic religious aducation teachers. 2) know the traits and characteristics of Islamic religious education teacher are ideal in perception of fishing communities in the Mayangan village town of Probolinggo. 3)
This research uses qualitative descriptive approach, bogdan and taylor defined the “qualitative methodology” as a procedure that produces research and descriptive from of the written word or spoken of people ared behavior that can be observed. According to them, this approach is directed at setting and individual holistically. So, in this case should not be isolated individual or organization into variables or hypothetical, but recol to see it as part of a whole.
Research using qualitative descriptive approachers because this research is directed to describe things and phenomenon of Islamic religious education teachers in the public perception of fisherman in the Mayangan village town of Probolinggo (of formal education for children without an intent to test a hypothesis).
Community social conditions moslem majority Mayangan and working as a fisherman, every day of their lives depended on the outcame of the sea. Fisherman in the area of Mayangan is also still have low educational background of most of them are only educated through high school and junior high school level still majority, because the skills are at sea do not require high education levels, but no less attention to education with urban society in general, fishing communities also have a high concern for his son’s education, evidenced by some informants that are capable of studying his son to college.
Field findings revealed that of the four competencies of learners who try initiated by government, professional competence and Pedagogic aspects do not become the focus of the criteria of an ideal teacher perspective Mayangan fishing communities in the district of Probolinggo. That is, people are not too concerned fishermen teacher classroom skills and depth of knowledge that were owned by a religious teacher. Although both of these remain a consideration in choosing a religion teacher who is able to manage the classrooms well and understand the material in mendalam.Sedangkan two other competencies (social, personality) are
considered important by masyarakat.Karena, both in the application of the competency in direct contact with learners in schools and associated interactions with the surrounding community. author analyzes associated with the lack of informants about a good teacher reference PAI according to the government. It is also caused due to the busyness of the informants to support themselves and families, and every day fighting in the middle of the ocean to find a lot of money.
PAI ideal teacher in the public eye Coastal is teachers who have good morals, and able to guide to the true religion, or simply be able to teach their children to learn the Koran and understand life
Understand The Difference Between The Learning Process And Inspiration. Implications For Islamic Education Literature Review Of The Book Of Ihya Ulumuddin
The background to the problem is studying Imam al-Ghazali in the book Ihya Ulumuddin discussing the differences between the learning process and inspiration and the implications for Islamic education. The research methodology uses library research. The author applies theories from scriptures and books. The aim of this writing is to know the difference between the learning process and inspiration. The implications for Islamic education. The results obtained are that the learning process also explains that students in the learning process must have manners. Prioritizing mental cleanliness, Allah makes it easy for us to fulfill and apply the knowledge gained. Reducing worldly things. Don't be arrogant in seeking knowledge and don't argue with teachers. Avoid disputes between fellow humans, Not refusing to study a field of knowledge, Prioritizing the most important knowledge, namely the knowledge of the afterlife. Decorating the heart with qualities that convey it to Allah Ta'ala and. Inspiration means something that is whispered into the heart through the abundance of divine grace. The implications of Islamic education are efforts to form complete human beings, both in this world and in the afterlife. According to Al Ghazali, humans can achieve perfection if they are willing to try to seek knowledge and then practice fadhilah through the knowledge they learn
