56 research outputs found
Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Hasil Kromatografi Cair Vakum dari Ekstrak Etanol Daun Duku (Lansium domesticum Corr)
Get PDFBackground: Free radicals in the body can cause various diseases such as heart disease, premature aging, cataracts, cancer, and other degenerative diseases. Antioxidants are compounds that are able to reduce free radicals. One of the plants that contain antioxidant compounds is the duku plant (Lansium domesticum Corr). Objective: This study aims to determine the secondary metabolite compounds contained in simplicia and ethanol extract of duku leaves (EEDD) and to test the antioxidant activity of EEDD and its vacuum liquid chromatography (KCV) results against DPPH free radicals. Method: The study was conducted experimentally, starting with extraction using the maceration method, followed by characterization, phytochemical screening, fractionation using the KCV method, and testing the antioxidant activity of EEDD and its KCV results with the DPPH method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Results: Examination of the characteristics showed that duku leaf simplicia had a water content of 6.62%, a water-soluble extract content of 18.40%, a 12.60% soluble extract in ethanol, a total ash content of 7.95%, and no ash content. 4.45% acid soluble, and EEDD has a water content of 5.20%, a total ash content of 4.70%, and an acid insoluble ash content of 2.52%. The chemical compound groups found in simplicia and EEDD are alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids/triterpenoids. The average IC50 EEDD value was 143.88 ppm in the medium category. While the IC50 value of the KCV results, fraction A was 654.28 ppm, fraction B was 771.83 ppm, fraction C was 626.67 ppm, and fraction D was 737.37 ppm with very weak categories for all fractions. Conclusion: EEDD has moderate antioxidant activity and the KCV results of EEDD has very weak antioxidant activity in reducing free radicals.113 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Optimization of Extraction Conditions on Total Phenol Content of Ethanol Extract of Kemloko Fruit (Phyllanthus Emblica L.) Using Box Behnken Design (BBD)
No full textBackground: Kemloko (Phyllanthus emblica L.) is a fruit that has a high phenol content that has antioxidant properties. To produce phenol, an extraction process is required. One of the modern extraction methods that can be used is Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE). Extraction results with MAE can be influenced by several factors that cause differences in results in each variation of conditions. Therefore, optimization of extraction conditions can be carried out so that it can be known the best variation of extraction conditions that will produce the highest yield and phenol content using Box Behnken Design.
Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine what variation of the best extraction conditions will produce the best yield and total phenol content.
Methods: Extraction was done by Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method, determination of total phenol content was done by calorimetry method using Follin-Ciocalteau Visible Spectrophotometer.
Results: Optimization using the Box Behnken Design method produces 17 variations of different extraction conditions so that the percent yield and total phenol content will be different in each variation. The highest percent yield and total phenol content is in the variation of 450 watts of power, the ratio of materials and solvents 1: 20 g/mL and time 14 minutes.
Conclusion: The best variation of extraction conditions is at 450 watts of power, a ratio of materials and solvents of 1:20 g/mL and an extraction time of 14 minutes, which produces a yield of 51,29% and a total phenol content of 65.8553 mgGAE/g.152 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Optimization of Extraction Conditions from Kemloko Fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) Ethanol Extract with Behnken Box Design on Antioxidant Activity Using The DPPH (2,2-Diphenil-1-Picrylhydrazil) Method
No full textBackground: Kemloko fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) is a type of tropical plant that grows in Indonesia and contains secondary metabolites consisting of alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids which have high antioxidant properties. To produce optimal antioxidant activity, optimization is needed so that variations in the best extraction conditions are known using the Behnken Design Box. Research objectives: This research aims to determine the optimization process of kemloko fruit extraction using the Box Behnken Design. Research Method: This research uses the Microwave assisted extraction method with 96% ethanol to obtain a thick extract for determining single factors, making the extract using a Box Behnken Design with variations in power, ratio of ingredients and solvent and extraction time with the observed response namely yield and antioxidant activity using DPPH. Results: The results of the research show that the results of the characterization of simplicia meet the requirements, namely determining the water content of 6,67%, water soluble essence content of 41,63%, ethanol soluble essence content of 50,93%, total ash content of 3,51% and insoluble ash content acid 0,31%. The optimum yield and antioxidant activity values were obtained at a power of 450 watts, a material and solvent ratio of 1:20 and an extraction time of 14 minutes with a yield value of 51,29% and an IC50 value of 3,09 μg/mL. Conclusion: The best variation of extraction conditions was 450 watts of power, a material and solvent ratio of 1:20 g/mL and an extraction time of 14 minutes resulting in a yield of 51,29% and an antioxidant activity of 3,09 μg/mL.179 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak dan Fraksi Kulit Batang Tumbuhan Afrika (Vernonia amygdalina Del.)
Get PDFBackground: Today antioxidants become an important topic in various disciplines. This is because most diseases are initiated by excessive oxidation reactions in the body. Antioxidant compounds can counteract the negative effects of free radicals. Medicinal plants that have the potential to have high antioxidant activity are Vernonia amygdalina Del. Flavonoids are reported to be contained in this plant. Flavonoids are the largest class of polyphenols which have proven their role as antioxidants. Objective: To find out whether the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and the remaining fraction from the stem bark of African plants have antioxidant activity using the DPPH trapping method. Method: This research was conducted experimentally which included the stages of sample preparation, preparation of simplisia, preparation of ethanol extract of African plant stem bark, preparation of n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, water fraction of African plant stem bark, characteristic examination, phytochemical screening, measurement of the antioxidant value of the extract and fraction of African plant stem bark using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Results: The results of measuring the antioxidant activity of the bark of African plants using the DPPH method showed that the IC50 the ethanol extract was 30.26 µg/mL in the very strong category, the n-hexane fraction was 224.42 µg/mL in the medium category, the ethyl acetate fraction was 25 µg/mL in the very strong category, the water fraction was 57.71 µg/mL in the category strong and quercetin as a comparison of 2.88 µg/mL. Conclusion: The results of the study concluded that the ethanol extract, n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and water fraction from the bark of African plants had antioxidant activity, with the ethyl acetate fraction being the best.107 HalamanSkripsi Sarjan
Optimization of Extraction Conditions on Total Flavonoid Content of Ethanol Extract of Kemloko Fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) with Box Behnken Design Modelling
No full textBackground: Kemloko (Phyllanthus emblica L.) is a fruit that contains flavonoid compounds that have potential as antioxidants. To produce optimal flavonoid levels, optimisation in extraction is needed so that it can be known the best variation of extraction conditions that will produce the highest yield and total flavonoid levels using Box Behnken Design.
Objective: This study aims to determine the optimum conditions for kemloko fruit extraction using Box Behnken Design.
Methods: The extraction process uses the Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) method and optimisation of extraction conditions using Response Surface Methodology with a three-variable design, namely Box Behnken Design. The variables used are microwave power, material and solvent ratio, and extraction time with the optimised response being yield and determination of total flavonoid content by visible spectrophotometer colorimetric method.
Results: Optimization using the Box Behnken Design method resulted in 17 variations of different extraction conditions so that of these 17 variations it can be seen that the best extraction condition variation is at 450 watts power, material and solvent ratio of 1:20 g/mL and extraction time of 14 minutes. Conclusion: The best extraction condition variation is at 450 watts power, material and solvent ratio of 1:20 g/mL and extraction time of 14 minutes, which produces a yield of 51,29% and total flavonoid content of 6.8144±0,02mgQE/g.147 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Benarkah Kita Murji’ah? Catatan atas Artikel Prof. Dr. Fauzan Saleh
Get PDFThis is a special note on the article written by Fauzan Saleh entitled Kita Masih Murji’ah: Mencari Akar Teologi Pemahaman Umat Islam Indonesia published in Tsaqafah Volume 7, No. 2, October 2009. The author notes that the article could plunge Muslims to the wrong conception. Fauzan begins his article on Caliph Uthman’s nepotism when designating Amr bin Ash as governor of Egypt, Mua’wiyah as governor of Sham and Sa’ad bin Abi Waqas as governor of Iraq and Persia. Further this article notes concerning the definition of Ahl al- Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah. In addition, the author sees Fauzan does not fully understand this concept. Thus, because he classified both Maturidist and Asy’arist only into this group, without explaining their true set of belief. Actually the truth about Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama’ah is the groups who have unanimity in beliefs, traditions and the status of Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him) and the the very righteous people among Muslims in Islam. They are the prophet’s companions and Tabi’in (followers), and the schoolars who followed their guidance, and their way in terms of faith, words, and deeds until the Day of Judgment. From this point of view, the criticism persists about the actors a great sin whereby this article parsed differences between Ahlusunah and Murji’ah. According to the author, Fauzan has been on failure when he drew a hasty conclusion at the similarity belief of Murji’ah and Ahlusunah, whereas Ahlusunah’s creed is just a continuation of Murji’ah’s. As clearly written in Fauzan’s conclusions of the article, despite Murji’ah creed is no longer known at this time, but this concept still remains sustainable in Islamic theology.</p
Saudara Radhaah menurut Muhammad Al-Ghazali perspektif teori Maqasid Al-Syariah Imam Syatibi
Get PDFABSTRAK
Asi adalah kebutuhan pokok yang tidak bisa ditunda (dharuriat) pasca bayi lahir. asal menyusui anaknya bagi seorang ibu hukumnya adalah sunnah, menjadi wajib jika ayah tidak mampu memberi upah kepada orang lain. fenomena sebagian ibu kandung berudzur dalam memberikan persusuannya kepada anak. Alternatif memberikan hak radha’ah kepada orang lain tentu menjadi solusi tepat bagi ibu kandung. kadar radha’ah dengan jumlah tertentu secara hukum islam akan megubah status kemahraman sibayi. menurut muhammad al-ghazali saudara radha’ah disandarkan pada terjadinya persusuan bukan kepada kadar atau jumlah hitungan tertentu. menganalisis sebuah fatwa meggunakan teori maqasid as-syariah adalah langkah yang tepat, hal ini sudah dilakukan oleh para ilmuwan islam terdahulu hingga sekarang.
Berdasarkan persoalan diatas, maka penelitian ini membahas tentang metode muhammad al-ghazali dalam menetapkan kadar radha’ah kemudian dipandang dalam persepektif maqasid syari’ah imam syatibi. sebagai sinkronisasi, pendapat muhammad al-ghazali dengan konsep maqasid al-syari’ah. penelitian ini termasukt jenis library research ( kepustakaan) dengan pendekatan deskriptif-analitis.
hasil dari penelitian ini adalah: muhammad al-ghazali dalam menentukan kadar radha’ah, didasari dengan metode kritik matan hadis kadar radha’ah minimal lima kali penysusuan. ada empat langkah dalam menguji matan hadis radha’ah :pertama, pengujian dengan al-qur’an, ke-dua, pengujian dengan hadis, ke-tiga, pengujian dengan sejarah, ke-empat, pengujian dengan kebenaran fakta ilmiah. dalam perspektif maqasid al-syari’ah imam syatibi, pendapat muhammad al-ghazali tidak memenuhi kriteria lima penjagaan daruriat al-khamsah, walaupun penulis hanya menerapkan tiga kaidah saja: hifdzun al-din, hifdzun nasab, hifdzun aql. berdasarkan maqâshid ada lima cara untuk mengoperasionalkan ijtihad, yaitu: pertama, memahami tujuan dari teks-teks dan hukum. kedua, mengumpulkan antara kulliyât al-âmmah dan dalil-dalil khusus. ketiga, mujtahid wajib mempertimbangkan dalil-dalil parsial untuk menghadirkan kulliyât al-syarî'ah keempat, jalbu al-mashâlih wa dar’u al-mafâsid (mendatangkan kemashlahâtan dan mencegah kerusakan). kelima, dengan mempertimbangkan akibat suatu hukum (i'tibâr al-maâlât). dari kelima langkah minimal dikerucutkan dua langkah pokok dalam menetukan ijtihad: jalbu al-mashâlih wa dar’u al-mafâsid mutlaqa’n. dan i’tibâr al-maâlât (mempertimbangkan akibat suatu hukum).
ABSTRACT
Breast milk is a basic need that cannot be postponed (dharuriat) after the baby is born. i) as long as breastfeeding her child for a mother is a sunnah, it becomes obligatory if the father is unable to provide wages to others. the phenomenon of some birth mothers in giving their milk to their children. the alternative of giving radha'ah rights to others is certainly the right solution for biological mothers. the level of radha'ah with a certain amount according to islamic law will change the status of the mahram of the baby. according to muhammad al-ghazali, radha'ah is based on the occurrence of breastfeeding, not on a certain level or number of counts. analyzing a fatwa using the maqasid as-shariah theory is the right step, this has been done by previous islamic scientists until no.
based on the problems above, this study discusses the method of muhammad al-ghazali in determining the level of radha'ah then viewed from the perspective of maqasid syari'ah imam syatibi. as a synchronization, muhammad al-ghazali's opinion with the concept of maqasid al-syari'ah. this research is a type of library research (library) with a descriptive-analytical approach.
the results of this study are: muhammad al-ghazali in determining the level of radha'ah, based on the method of criticism of the hadith, the level of radha'ah at least five times. there are four steps in testing the matn of radha'ah hadith: first, testing with the qur'an, second, testing with hadith, third, testing with history, fourth, testing with the truth of scientific facts. in the perspective of imam syatibi's maqasid al-syari'ah, muhammad al-ghazali's opinion does not meet the criteria of five daruriat al-khamsah safeguards, although the author only applies three rules: hifdzun al-din, hifdzun nasab, hifdzun aql. based on maqâshid there are five ways to operationalize ijtihad, namely: first, understand the purpose of the texts and the law. second, collecting between kulliyât al-âmmah and specific arguments. third, the mujtahid must consider partial arguments to present kulliyât al-syarî'ah. fourth, jalbu al-mashâlih wa dar'u al-mafâsid (bringing goodness and preventing damage). fifth, by considering the consequences of a law (i'tibâr al-maâlât). of the five steps, at least two main steps are narrowed in determining ijtihad: jalbu al-mashalih wa dar'u al-mafâsid mutlaqa'n. and i'tibâr al-maâlât (considering the consequences of a law).
مستخلص البحث
لبن الأم حاجة أساسية لا يمكن تأجيلها بعد ولادة الطفل. ط) ما دامت إرضاع ولدها لأم سنة ، وجبت إذا عجز الأب عن أجرة غيره. ظاهرة قيام بعض الأمهات بإعطاء حليبهن لأطفالهن. إن البديل عن إعطاء حقوق الرضا للآخرين هو بالتأكيد الحل الصحيح للأمهات البيولوجيات. إن مستوى الرضا بمقدار معين وفق الشريعة الإسلامية يغير من منزلة محرم المولود. ووفقًا لمحمد الغزالي ، فإن الرضاعة مبنية على حدوث الرضاعة الطبيعية ، وليس على مستوى معين أو عدد من التهم. إن تحليل الفتوى باستخدام نظرية مقاصد الشريعة هو الخطوة الصحيحة، وقد قام بذلك علماء مسلمون سابقون حتى الآن.
بناء على المشاكل المذكورة أعلاه ، تناقش هذه الدراسة منهج محمد الغزالي في تحديد مستوى الرضاعة ثم عرضها من منظور مقاصد الشريعة الإمام الشاطيبي. تزامن رأي محمد الغزالي مع مفهوم المقاصد الشريعه. هذا البحث هو نوع من البحوث المكتبية (المكتبة) مع منهج وصفي-تحليلي.
ونتائج هذه الدراسة هي: محمد الغزالي في تحديد مستوى الرضا ، بناء على منهج نقد الحديث ، مستوى الرضا خمس مرات على الأقل. هناك أربع خطوات في اختبار متن الحديث النبوي: أولاً: الاختبار مع القرآن ، وثانيًا ، والاختبار بالحديث ، والثالث ، والاختبار مع التاريخ، والرابع ، واختبار حقيقة الحقائق العلمية. من منظور مقاصد الإمام الصياطيبي ، فإن رأي محمد الغزالي لا يفي بمعايير الضمانات الخمس من درية الخمسة ، على الرغم من أن المؤلف يطبق ثلاثة قواعد فقط: حفظ الدين ، حفظ النساب ، حفظ العقل. بناءً على المقاصد ، هناك خمس طرق لتفعيل الاجتهاد ، وهي: أولاً ، فهم الغرض من النصوص والقانون. ثانياً: الجمع بين كلية الأمة والحجج النوعية. ثالثًا ، يجب على المجتهد أن يأخذ في الاعتبار الحجج الجزئية لتقديم كلية السيرة ، ورابعًا ، جلب الخير ودرع المفسد. خامساً: النظر في نتائج القانون. من بين الخطوات الخمس ، تم تضييق خطوتين رئيسيتين على الأقل في تحديد الاجتهاد: جلب المصالح ودرء المفاسد واعتبارالمعلات
Utilization and Design of Information System Analysis and Design in various Case Studies
No full textInformation System Analysis and Desig
WASTE MINIMIZATION USING LEAN MANUFACTURING APPROACH AT YANNA BAKERY
Get PDFYanna Bakery is one of the manufacturing industries in Padang City that
produces bakery. During the production process, several wastes were found, one of
which was waste over processing. This happens because production employees
work on certain processes more than shown, especially in the process of mixing
ingredients so that the production process time becomes longer than it should be
which causes the demand for bakery per day is sometimes not met. Yanna Bakery
also has an ineffective material flow because the layout of the production area does
not pay attention to the relationship between facilities so that the distance between
facilities is far related which causes the production leadtime to be longer. Therefore,
the problems that occur at Yanna Bakery need to be further identified to find out
the most dominant waste and what factors cause waste to get recommendations for
improvement.
The study employed several methodologies, including Value Stream
Mapping (VSM) to depict the true state of the production process at Yanna Bakery,
Waste Assessment Model (WAM) comprising Waste Relationship Matrix (WRM)
and Waste Assessment Questionnaire (WAQ) to ascertain the waste's score, and
Value Stream Analysis Tools (VALSAT) to categorise activities as necessary non�value added, value added, and non-value added. Fishbone diagram to determine the
source of waste.
Based on data processing carried out using Current Value Stream Mapping
(VSM), a PCE value of 73.05% was obtained. To find out the score of each waste,
calculations are carried out using the Waste Assessment Model (WAM). Based on
the calculations that have been done, the highest waste is overprocessing with a
score of 27% with the second highest is transportation with a score of 24%. This
shows that waste overprocessing and transportation are the dominant wastes that
are prioritized to get repairs as soon as possible. The selected VALSAT tool to
identify value-added and non-value-added activities is Process Activity Mapping
(PAM) with a score of 84.8%. Based on PAM and fishbone diagrams, to eliminate
or reduce waste, overprocessing and transportation by making and implementing
SOPs and good work instructions and re-layout of production areas. With the
implementation of good SOPs and work instructions, especially in work areas that
produce a lot of waste overprocessing, a reduction in production leadtime of 9.91%
was obtained. Proposed re-layout improvements were implemented to reduce
transportation waste. Obtained a reduction in transportation time of 40.92%. After
the improvement recommendations are given, Future Value Stream Mapping
(FVSM) is created to describe the flow of the production process after the
implementation of the proposed improvements. Based on the FVSM that has been
made, there was an increase in Process Cycle Efficiency (PCE) by 11.67%, from
73.05% to 84.72%
Al-Nabiy Al-Ummiy dalam Telaah Historis-Semiotik
Get PDFThis article tries to reveal another meaning to the word al-nabiy al-ummiy in the context of historic-Sufistic. Among Indonesian mufassirs al-nabiy al-ummiy means less read and write, although there are other muslim scholars who understand that the Prophet Muhammad does not know how to read and write. Based on this latter view it becomes an apologetic argument that all the revelations revealed to the Prophet Muhammad are independently. There were not influenced by the previous traditions and religious cultures. To find the meaning beyond the conventional meaning above, the author tries to trace the historical background before and during Muhammad's time by using descriptive analytic-historical and sufistic. The result of this discussion of the author finds that beyond the common sense al-nabiy al-ummiy can be understood by: first, that Muhammad saw as the perfect person he became the source (babon), polecy (policy), and wisdom (wisdom) both vertical and horizontal among the people. Secondly, based on the historical reality of the proud Arab nation if it is attributed to the lineage of Mother's side, it affirms that the prophet Muhammad is an honorable man. Third, al-nabiy al-ummiy became one of the visions of Islam as a motherly religion that women should be honored and get their rights. Fourth, al-nabiy al-ummiy as proof that the prophet Muhammad gave strict laws against the mothers (of a husband) who can not be passed on to the children of his old wife
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