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The Application of Law in the Settlement of Cases through Restorative Justice Against Criminal Offenses of Traffic Accidents Resulting in Death ( A Case Study at the Binjai District Prosecutor’s Office)
No full textThis research examines the urgency of regulating restorative justice within the Indonesian criminal justice system and its implementation in resolving traffic accident cases resulting in death at the Binjai District Attorney’s Office. Traffic accidents constitute a growing problem that contributes to the heavy caseload of the Indonesian Criminal Justice System, while resolutions based on the retributive paradigm are considered unable to fully deliver justice for either victims or perpetrators. This study aims to analyze the urgency of regulating restorative justice as an integral part of the Indonesian Criminal Justice System, to examine the implementation of restorative justice by the Binjai District Attorney’s Office in handling fatal traffic accident cases in accordance with applicable laws and regulations, and to identify obstacles and challenges in its implementation. The research method employed is normative legal research strengthened by empirical data, using a statutory approach and field studies through interviews and data analysis at the Binjai District Attorney’s Office. The results of the study indicate that restorative justice is an urgent necessity to realize a more humane, effective, and recovery-oriented form of justice. The application of restorative justice based on Prosecutor’s Regulation Number 15 of 2020 may be carried out in traffic accident cases resulting in death, as exemplified by the Suherlambang case in 2024, provided that legal requirements are fulfilled and there is a peace agreement between the perpetrator and the victim. However, its implementation still faces obstacles in the form of limited sectoral regulations, differing interpretations, as well as social and institutional constraints. Therefore, strengthening regulations and enhancing inter-agency synergy are required to ensure the consistent implementation of restorative justice within the Indonesian Criminal Justice System.136 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Evaluation of Andisol Soil Physicochemical Properties and Their Relationship to Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Production in Karo Regency
No full textAndisol soils, which dominate the Karo Regency, have low nutrient availability and a high capacity for phosphate fixation, and these conditions often cause crops to experience nutrient deficiencies that ultimately reduce productivity. Potato production in the region varies widely because the characteristics of Andisol soils, elevations, and cropping patterns applied by farmers in each land mapping unit differ considerably. These variations lead to inconsistent crop responses to nutrients, pH, soil texture, and land management, resulting in the absence of site-specific cultivation recommendations. Therefore, this study is needed to clarify how soil characteristics and cropping patterns influence potato productivity so that more effective and sustainable land-management strategies can be developed.
This study aimed to characterize the variation in physicochemical soil properties across different Land Mapping Units (SPL) in Karo Regency and to identify the soil factors that most strongly influenced potato production. The study also assessed the effects of several cropping patterns on changes in soil properties and potato yield. Ultimately, the research sought to determine the optimal combination of soil characteristics and cropping patterns to support productive and sustainable management of Andisol soils. The study was carried out across multiple SPLs in Karo Regency, which exhibit substantial agroecological diversity, including elevations ranging from 1,000 to 1,600 m above sea level, slopes of 2–35%, soil textures from sandy to predominantly silty, and cropping systems such as rotation without mulch, rotation with mulch, intercropping, monoculture, and mulched monoculture on sloping land.
This research was conducted in Karo Regency and focused on land characteristics across various elevations and slope gradients for potato cultivation, based on the established Land Mapping Units. The study consisted of two main parts. n the first part, the researcher examined the soil characteristics of potato cultivation areas through the stages of preparation, data collection, and data analysis. The researcher collected primary and secondary physical data and obtained soil samples from each land unit for analysis at the Soil Laboratory of PT Socfindo. The soil characteristics were analyzed by comparing the physical environmental conditions with the growth requirements of potatoes, based on land suitability criteria and cropping patterns, to evaluate land quality and characteristics. In the second part, the researcher analyzed the influence of soil characteristics and cropping patterns on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production on Andisol soils in Karo Regency. This study was conducted from February to June 2023 on several potato fields representing different cropping systems, including monoculture (with and without mulch), intercropping with vegetables, and crop rotation (with and without mulch). In this stage, the researcher collected soil samples for physical and chemical analysis, while yield data were obtained from farmers’ fields.
The results of the first research phase showed that the physicochemical properties of the soil in each Land Map Unit (SPL) in Karo Regency varied considerably. Andisol soils across all units exhibited moderately acidic to acidic pH values, ranging from 4.63 to 4.99 (H₂O), with high to very high organic carbon contents of 3.31–7.18%. The capacity of cation exchange was classified as very high, ranging from 28.03 to 43.19 me/100 g. The most notable variation among land units was observed in Bray II-P, which ranged from 90.97 to 231.09 mg/kg, and in base saturation, which ranged from 5.44% to 11.51%. In addition, the exchangeable cations Ca-dd and Mg-dd differed significantly, with Ca-dd ranging from 0.37 to 2.29 me/100 g and Mg-dd from 0.38 to 1.39 me/100 g. These differences reflected variations in topography, soil texture, and nutrient leaching intensity across the SPLs. Potato yields in all SPLs ranged from 17.33 to 24.67 t/ha, with the highest yield recorded in SPL 1, which had high soil moisture, Bray II-P of 204.44 mg/kg, base saturation of 11.51%, and Ca-dd of 2.29 me/100 g. Conversely, the lowest yield was found in SPL 4, characterized by Bray II-P of 182.68 mg/kg, low base saturation (5.44%), and very low Ca-dd (0.52 me/100 g). Overall, the findings indicated that potato production was strongly influenced by Bray II-P, Ca-dd, Mg-dd, base saturation, soil texture, and cation exchange capacity. Land units with higher Bray II-P, adequate Ca-dd, and relatively stable sandy textures produced higher yields than units with overly sandy textures and low base saturation.
The second phase of the study analyzed various cropping patterns, including rotation without mulch, rotation with mulch, monoculture, intercropping, and rotation–mulch systems that influenced soil conditions and crop yields. The results showed that the use of mulch consistently increased soil moisture, maintained the stability of Bray II-P, and improved soil structure, particularly on sloping land. The rotation–mulch pattern produced the highest yields in almost all land units because it was able to reduce the loss of silt and organic matter due to erosion, especially on slopes ≥20%. Rotation without mulch improved Ca and Mg during the early vegetative stage, but a decline in base saturation at harvest resulted in suboptimal tuber formation. Monoculture produced the lowest yields because it caused rapid soil compaction, decreased organic matter, and reduced nutrient uptake efficiency. Intercropping generated better yields, although its effectiveness depended strongly on the type of companion crop and the degree of shading.
The integrated results of both studies showed that potato production in Karo Regency was determined by a combination of factors: elevation, silty soil texture, high organic carbon content, a balanced Ca–Mg ratio, a pH approaching neutral, high Bray II-P levels, and the use of rotation–mulch cropping patterns. Accordingly, soil management strategies for mountainous Andisols needed to focus on increasing soil pH, strengthening the Ca–Mg balance, implementing soil conservation measures on sloping land, and applying mulch to maintain water stability and prevent soil structure degradation.129 PagesDisertasi Dokto
The Relationship Between Body Mass Index and Skeletal Malocclusion in Adult
No full textThe demand for orthodontic treatment among adult patients has increased in recent years. Among the various risk factors and success factors for orthodontic treatment, dietary patterns related to nutritional status have an impact on the mechanical and cellular response to tooth movement. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the relationship between body mass index and skeletal malocclusion in adult orthodontic patients treated at USU Dental Hospital. This is an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. This study was conducted on 81 samples, with height and weight measurements using Maloklustab to obtain body mass index values. Meanwhile, the maxillary-mandibular relationship values in the sagittal direction were taken from secondary data in the patients' medical records. After analysis using the Chi-Square test and obtaining an expected count < 5 of more than 20%, the p-value was selected based on Fischer's Exact test. The results of this study showed no significant relationship between BMI and the SNA angle (p = 0.213), BMI and the SNB angle (p = 0.397), and BMI and skeletal malocclusion as assessed by the ANB angle (p = 0.510). In conclusion, BMI variation has no significant relationship with skeletal malocclusion. However, further research on BMI and bone remodeling processes in the adult population is needed.Skripsi Sarjan
Disclosure of Beneficial Owners of Foreign Foundations in Indonesia in Relation to the Potential for Money Laundering Crimes
No full textThe establishment of foundations by foreign nationals in Indonesia requires
ownership transparency to prevent misuse in the commission of money laundering
offenses. The disclosure of beneficial owners serves as an essential instrument for
identifying the individuals who actually control or derive benefits from the
foundation. The regulatory framework concerning beneficial ownership has been
strengthened through Presidential Regulation Number 13 of 2018 on the
Implementation of the Principle of Identifying BO of Corporations for the
Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing,
along
with various implementing regulations harmonized with the
recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF). This study aims to
analyze the criteria under which foreign nationals may be classified as BO,
examine the relevance of the regulatory framework to money laundering
prevention, and assess the potential misuse of foreign foundations as a vehicle for
laundering illicit funds.
This study employs a normative legal research method with a descriptive
analytical approach, supported by interviews. The findings indicate that foreign
nationals may be classified as BO when they meet the criteria stipulated in the
presidential regulation, and that several supporting documents are required for
both the establishment of a foundation and the reporting of BO information. The
study further reveals that BO disclosure plays a strategic role in preventing money
laundering by strengthening oversight of BO, given that foundations are often
used to conceal the origin of funds or the identities of perpetrators. Despite the
existing regulatory framework, persistent challenges remain, including layered
ownership structures, lack of corporate transparency, weak inter-agency
coordination, and limited understanding among foundation founders regarding
BO reporting obligations.158 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Effect of Citronella Essential Oil (Cymbopogon nardus) as an Alternative Solvent on the Cleanliness of Bioceramic Sealer on Root Canal Walls in Endodontic Retreatment (In Vitro)
No full textTo facilitate endodontic treatment, solvents play a crucial role in thoroughly cleaning old filling materials. The d-limonene compound, which has high solvent properties, is found in citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil, making this natural ingredient potentially useful as an endodontic solvent. This study was an in vitro experimental study with a post-test only control group design using 30 mandibular premolars that had undergone root canal treatment and obturation with a bioceramic sealer (C-Root SP). The cleanliness of the root canal walls was evaluated using a stereomicroscope and analyzed with ImageJ software to determine the percentage of cleanliness of the bioceramic sealer. The results showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between the group using citronella essential oil as a solvent and the group without a solvent. Based on these results, it can be concluded that citronella essential oil (Cymbopogon nardus) is suitable for use as an alternative solvent based on natural ingredients in endodontic treatment procedures to clean bioceramic sealers on the root canal walls.87 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
The Authority of Amnesty International in Oppression of Women by the Afghanistan Taliban Group According to the 1979 CEDAW Convention
No full textHuman rights violations in Afghanistan committed by the Taliban have
attracted the attention and concern of the international community. The Taliban
group carried out gender-based oppression and attacks on women in August
2021. Under the leadership of the Taliban, Afghan women experienced
restrictions in their daily lives, even though Afghanistan had ratified the CEDAW
Convention as an instrument of respect for women's rights in 2003. Women are
not allowed to pursue education up to university level and are not allowed to work.
Afghanistan as a country that has problems with human rights violations
committed by the Taliban is an important topic for Amnesty International to fight
for the rights of Afghan women. Amnesty International is a non-governmental
organization that focuses on the global human rights movement. Amnesty
International as a Non-Governmental Organization according to David Lewis is
a "Voluntary Association" that makes changes in its environment to achieve better
goals. Voluntary Associations have the following roles; Advocacy and
Campaigns, Social Services. Amnesty International aims to advocate for human
rights violations and abuses in Afghanistan. In its efforts, Amnesty International
carries out a number of advocacies, campaigns, and social services to restore
women's rights in Afghanistan.
The research conducted in writing this thesis is Normative legal research.
The data used are primary data and secondary data, and consist of primary,
secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The data collection technique is literature
study. The method used in analyzing data is qualitative analysis.
Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that there are human
rights violations committed by the Afghan Taliban group against Afghan women
and this is still ongoing today. The CEDAW Convention in it has stated the
protection and respect for women and Amnesty International as a world human
rights organization that highlights these violations, makes reports and asks the
Taliban group to be responsible for these human rights violations.161 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Antimicrobial Activity Test of Bangun-bangun Leaf Extract (Coleus Amboinicus L.) against Several Clinical Pathogenic Microbial Isolates
No full textColeus amboinicus Lour., commonly known in North Sumatra as “daun bangun-bangun,” is an aromatic plant from the Lamiaceae family traditionally used as an anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and wound-healing agent. Its biological activities are primarily attributed to its secondary metabolite content, including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, phenolics, and essential oils. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts of C. amboinicus leaves against clinically relevant pathogenic microorganisms, namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was assessed using the disc diffusion method with extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% following the Kirby–Bauer procedure. The test microorganisms were clinical pathogens known to exhibit resistance to several commercial antibiotics. The results demonstrated that all extracts were capable of inhibiting microbial growth, with increasing effectiveness at higher extract concentrations. The ethyl acetate extract exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against all tested microbes, producing larger zones of inhibition compared with the ethanol and n-hexane extracts. The highest antimicrobial effect was observed in the ethanol extract at 25% concentration against the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus, and in the ethyl acetate extract against C. albicans. The diameter of the inhibition zone increased proportionally with extract concentration. Overall, C. amboinicus leaves possess promising potential as a natural source of antimicrobial agents effective against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and pathogenic fungi.51 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Reproductive Biology of Four-Finger Threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) Landed at the Gabion Belawan Fish Landing Site (TPI), North Sumatra Province
No full textThe four-finger threadfin (Eleutheronema tetradactylum) is an economically important demersal fish resource widely exploited by coastal communities. High fishing pressure may affect population structure and resource sustainability; therefore, biological studies are required as a scientific basis for sustainable fisheries management. This study aimed to analyze the growth pattern of the four-finger threadfin based on growth parameters and population characteristics. The study was grounded in fish growth theory and population dynamics concepts, particularly the Von Bertalanffy growth model, supported by previous studies on the family Polynemidae. The research was conducted using a survey method by collecting fish samples obtained from fishermen’s catches during the study period. Length data were analyzed using the ELEFAN I module to estimate growth parameters, including asymptotic length (L∞), growth coefficient (K), and theoretical age at zero length (t₀). The results indicated differences in growth parameters between male and female fish, where males exhibited a larger asymptotic length, while females showed a higher growth rate. The growth pattern of E. tetradactylum followed the Von Bertalanffy growth curve, characterized by rapid growth during early life stages and a gradual decline as age increased. In conclusion, the growth characteristics of the four-finger threadfin reflect biological adaptations to the aquatic environment and can serve as a scientific reference for sustainable management and utilization of this fishery resource.77 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Small Claim Lawsuit in Loan Agreements Secured by Land Rights (A Study of Case Decision No. 3/Pdt.G.S/2024/PN.Stb and Objection Decision No. 3/Pdt.G.S/2024/PN.Stb)
No full textSmall claims court is a civil dispute resolution mechanism regulated in Supreme Court Regulation Number 4 of 2019 as an embodiment of the principles of simple, fast, and low-cost justice. However, in its implementation, problems are still found regarding the limitations of case objects that can be resolved through this mechanism, especially in money loan agreement cases with land rights as collateral. This research aims to analyze the regulation of small claims court in civil law, so the application of small claims court in money loan agreements with land rights as collateral, and judges' considerations in Court Decision Number: 3/Pdt.G.S/2024/PN.Stb and Objection Decision Number: 3/Pdt.G.S/2024/PN.Stb.
This research uses normative legal research methods with statute approach and case approach. Data sources include primary legal materials in the form of legislation and court decisions, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of books, journals, and previous research. Data were analyzed qualitatively using descriptive-evaluative methods.
The research results show that small claims court is regulated in Supreme Court Regulation Number 4 of 2019 with a maximum claim value of Rp. 500,000,000,- and excludes land rights disputes as case objects, money loan agreements with land rights as collateral cannot be resolved through small claims court because they involve land disputes that require complex evidence and special procedures, and there was a fundamental error by the judge in examining and deciding cases involving collateral objects in the form of land rights through the small claims court mechanism, where the resulting decision is only declaratory without an eviction execution order, thus not providing adequate legal certainty for the parties.144 PagesSkripsi Sarjan
Risk Analysis of Work Implementatiton on The Pekanbaru Ring Toll Road using The Fault Tree Analysis Method (FTA)
No full textThe Pekanbaru Ring Road Toll Project, which is part of the Trans-Sumatra Toll Road, plays an important role in supporting transportation connectivity in Pekanbaru City and its surrounding areas. During its implementation, this project is exposed to potential risks that may lead to delays, cost overruns, and reduced construction quality. Therefore, this study aims to identify and analyze the risks associated with the execution of the works in this project using the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method. The research was conducted by distributing questionnaires to 9 respondents who are involved in the project. Risks were assessed based on the likelihood and consequence levels in accordance with AS/NZS 4360:2004 standards. Furthermore, to determine the root causes of the highest work-related risks, the Fault Tree Analysis (FTA) method was applied as a top-down approach to trace the Top Event to its Basic Events. The results of the study indicate that the risks originate from four main factors, namely management, technical, natural, and human factors. Based on the risk level calculations, five risks fall into the high-risk category, seven risks into the medium category, and nine risks into the low category. Management factors are found to be the most influential in the emergence of risks in the project. Suggested mitigation efforts include improving team coordination effectiveness, enhancing project planning and control, optimizing equipment maintenance, strictly implementing OHS, and anticipating weather changes in the field. By implementing these detailed risk management measures, it is expected that future similar projects can be carried out more smoothly, on schedule, and with minimized potential losses.78 PagesSkripsi Sarjan