196,701 research outputs found
From cell-surface receptors to higher learning: a whole world of experience
No full textIn the last decade it has become en vogue for cognitive comparative psychologists to study animal behavior in an ‘integrated’ fashion to account for both the ‘innate’ and the ‘acquired’. We will argue that these studies, instead of really integrating the concepts of ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’, rather cement this old dichotomy. They combine empty nativist interpretation of behavior systems with blatantly environmentalist explanations of learning. We identify the main culprit as the failure to take development seriously. While in some areas of biology interest in the relationship between behavior and development has surged through topics such as extragenetic inheritance, niche construction, and phenotypic plasticity, this has gone almost completely unnoticed in the study of animal behavior in comparative psychology, and is frequently ignored in ethology too. The main aims of this paper are to clarify the relationship between the concepts of learning, experience, and development, and to investigate whether and how all three concepts can be usefully deployed in the study of animal behavior. This will require the full integration of the psychological study of behavior into biology, and of the idea of learning into a wider concept of experience. We lay out how, in a systems view of development, learning may just appear as one among many processes in which experience influences behavior. This new synthesis should help to overcome the age-old dualism between innate and acquired. It thereby opens up the possibility of developing scientifically more fruitful distinctions
2001 and all that: a tale of a third science
No full textThe paper describes the change from molecular genetics to postgenomic biology. It focuses on phenomena in the regulation of gene expression that provide a break with the central dogma, according to which sequence specificity for a gene product must be template derived. In its place we find what is called here ‘constitutive molecular epigenesis’. Its three classes of phenomena, which I call sequence ‘activation’, ‘selection’ and ‘creation’, are exemplified by processes such as transcriptional activation, alternative cis- and trans-splicing, and RNA editing. These phenomena support the following main theses of the paper: 1. Other molecular resources share the causal role of ‘genes’: the ‘causal specificity’ for the linear sequence of any gene product is distributed between the coding sequence, cis-acting sequences, trans-acting factors, environmental signals, and the contingent history of the cell (the cellular code) (thesis of distributed causal specificity). 2. These multiple and overlapping processing and targeting mechanisms amplify the repertoire of RNA and protein products specified through the eukaryotic genome, expanding the possibilities specified by the literal code of DNA (thesis of genetic underdeterminism). 3. These mechanisms of gene expression change the focus of postgenomic research from single molecules and their molecular, biochemical and intrinsic function to their cellular, constituent, component or contextual function due to their recruitment and organization in complex cellular networks. In other words, all agents involved in the regulation of gene expression, including DNA, must interact with other agents to achieve full specificity, which is imposed by regulated recruitment and combinatorial control (theses of regulated recruitment and of system analysis). I conclude from these three main theses that the complexity of higher organisms lies not in its number of genes but in the flexibility, versatility and reactivity of its whole genome
Marcel Florkin, A History of Biochemistry, Parts I and II, by M. Florkin and E. H. Stotz
No full textSadoun Goupil Michelle. Marcel Florkin, A History of Biochemistry, Parts I and II, by M. Florkin and E. H. Stotz. In: Revue d'histoire des sciences, tome 29, n°4, 1976. pp. 362-363
Le ’Derivazioni’ di Uguccione da Pisa. Atti dell’incontro di studi all’Università di Zurigo, 10 febbraio 2006
No full textTracking the Shift to 'Postgenomics'
No full textCurrent knowledge about the variety and complexity of the processes that allow regulated gene expression in living organisms calls for a new understanding of genes. A ‘postgenomic’ understanding of genes as entities constituted during genome expression is outlined and illustrated with specific examples that formed part of a survey research instrument developed by two of the authors for an ongoing empirical study of conceptual change in contemporary biology
Advanced moisture strategy for expanded formability in paper-based packaging
No full text777787The growing demand for sustainable packaging solutions is driving the development of new paper-based forming processes. Among these, 3D forming of paper has shown particular promise (Groche, P. and Huttel, D. (2015). Paperboard forming - specifics compared to sheet metal forming. BioRes 11). However, limited formability remains a key challenge, restricting potential applications. Since moisture content significantly affects both bending stiffness and stretchability (Franke, W.; Stein, P.; Dörsam, S.; Groche, P. (2018): Formability of paperboard during deep-drawing with local steam application. In: Proceedings of the 21ST international esaform conference on material forming. ESAFORM 2018, Palermo, Italy, 2018: Author(s) (AIP Conference Proceedings), S. 100008), targeted moistening is critical. For high-speed packaging lines with cycle times of 1-3s, rapid and controlled moistening is required. Previous studies have shown that methods like water baths or sponge applications can improve forming results especially when combined with pressure to ensure even moisture distribution (Stotz, H., Vogt, L., Kasparian, T., Klauser, M., Rauschnabel, J., and Hauptmann, M. (2022). TAPPICon 2022 - advanced development in 3D forming methods for paper packaging. Charlotte, North Carolina, USA, 30 April-4 May 2022. Curran Associates, Inc., Red Hook, NY). However, practical, process-integrated solutions have been lacking. This study investigates a newly developed moistening unit using a porous aluminum interface for one-sided application (Bischoff, B.; Stotz, H.; Klauser, M. (2023). Verfahren und vorrichtung zur herstellung eines verpackungselementes. Angemeldet durch Syntegon Technology GmbH am 05.05.2023. Anmeldenr: 23171862.8. Veröffentlichungsnr.: EP 4 292 805 A1). Experiments with bleached board demonstrated that higher water pressure and longer contact times significantly increased moisture content. Moisture levels of up to 26% were achieved in just 1-3s. As a result, formability improved noticeably: the maximum strain increased from 13% to 19%, enabling deeper geometries and steeper wall angles - a clear advancement for sustainable packaging design.40
Appendix C. Results obtained from other classifications of bird sensitivity to human disturbances, based on Stotz et al. 1996.
No full textResults obtained from other classifications of bird sensitivity to human disturbances, based on Stotz et al. 1996
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