70 research outputs found
Effect of Hydrogen Sulfide on Essential Functions of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
No full textImpaired polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) functions contribute to increased infections and cardiovascular diseases in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Uremic toxins reduce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) levels and the anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of H2S. Its biosynthesis occurs as a side process of transsulfuration and in the disposal of adenosylhomocysteine, a transmethylation inhibitor and proposed uremic toxin. PMNL chemotaxis was measured by the under-agarose method, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst by flow cytometry in whole blood and apoptosis by determining DNA content by flow cytometry and morphological features by fluorescence microscopy. Sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS), diallyl trisulphide (DATS) and diallyl disulphide (DADS), cysteine, and GYY4137 were used as H2S-producing substances. Increased H2S concentrations did not affect chemotaxis and phagocytosis. NaHS primed PMNL oxidative burst activated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or E. coli. Both DATS and cysteine significantly decreased E. coli-activated oxidative burst but had no effect on PMA stimulation. While NaHS, DADS, and cysteine attenuated PMNL apoptosis, GYY4137 decreased their viability. Experiments with signal transduction inhibitors suggest that the intrinsic apoptosis pathway is mainly involved in GYY4137-induced PMNL apoptosis and that GYY4137 and cysteine target signaling downstream of phosphoinositide 3-kinase
Effects of hydrogen sulfide on polymorphonuclear leukocytes
No full textHintergrund: Patienten mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung leiden unter einem abgeschwächten Immunsystem. Ein wesentlicher Teil der unspezifischen Immunabwehr wird hierbei von den polymorphonukleären Leukozyten (PMNL) gebildet. Bedingt durch die eingeschränkte Nierenfunktion liegt Hydrogensulfid (H2S), ein gasförmiger Botenstoff, in reduzierter Konzentration vor. In dieser Studie wurde der Effekt von H2S auf unterschiedliche Funktionen von PMNL untersucht.
Methoden: Der Einfluss von H2S auf oxidativen Burst, Apoptose, Phagozytose und Oberflächenmarkern von PMNL wurde in vitro mittels Durchflusszytometrie bestimmt. Die Chemotaxis wurde mit der Unter-Agarose Methode getestet.
Ergebnisse: H2S verringert den spontanen apoptotischen Zelltod von PMNL. Oxidativer Burst, stimuliert durch E.coli und Phorbol-myristat-acetat (PMA), wurde in Gegenwart von H2S verstärkt. Die Phagozytosefähigkeit von PMNL zeigt sich ebenfalls erhöht unter H2S, während Chemotaxis und die Expression von CD11b, CD18, CD14 und CD62L unbeeinflusst blieben.
Schlussfolgerung: Die erhobenen Daten zeigen, dass H2S unter in vitro Bedingungen modulierend auf Funktionen von PMNL wirkt. Sowohl bei Apoptose, oxidativem Burst und Phagozytose ließen sich Effekte von H2S messen. Einzig Chemotaxis und die Expression von Oberflächenmarkern blieben unbeeindruckt. Folglich scheinen verminderte Plasmaspiegel von H2S das Immunsystem von Patientin mit eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion zu beeinflussen.Background: The immune system, represented by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) as key actor in the nonspecific immune defence, is compromised in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous mediator, is diminished as a result of reduced kidney function. This study focuses on the effect of H2S on selected functions of PMNL.
Methods: The effect of H2S on oxidative burst, apoptosis, phagocytosis and surface marker expression of PMNL from healthy individuals was measured in vitro by fluorescence flow cytometry. Chemotaxis was assessed with the under-agarose method.
Results: H2S reduced the spontaneous apoptotic cell death of PMNL. The oxidative burst stimulated by E.coli and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was increased in the presence of H2S. H2S also increased the phagocytotic activity of PMNL, whereas chemotaxis and the expression of CD11b, CD18, CD14 and CD62L were not affected.
Conclusion: Our data shows that H2S modulates PMNL functions in vitro. Apoptosis, oxidative burst, and phagocytosis were affected by this gaseous mediator, whereas chemotaxis and surface marker expression were not changed. Therefore, the decreased level of H2S may play a role in the impaired immune system of CKD patients.eingereicht von Stephan NoppAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersMedizinische Universität Wien, Diplomarb., 2018(VLID)268695
Effekte von Hydrogensulfid auf polymorphonukleäre Leukozyten
No full textHintergrund: Patienten mit chronischer Nierenerkrankung leiden unter einem abgeschwächten Immunsystem. Ein wesentlicher Teil der unspezifischen Immunabwehr wird hierbei von den polymorphonukleären Leukozyten (PMNL) gebildet. Bedingt durch die eingeschränkte Nierenfunktion liegt Hydrogensulfid (H2S), ein gasförmiger Botenstoff, in reduzierter Konzentration vor. In dieser Studie wurde der Effekt von H2S auf unterschiedliche Funktionen von PMNL untersucht.
Methoden: Der Einfluss von H2S auf oxidativen Burst, Apoptose, Phagozytose und Oberflächenmarkern von PMNL wurde in vitro mittels Durchflusszytometrie bestimmt. Die Chemotaxis wurde mit der Unter-Agarose Methode getestet.
Ergebnisse: H2S verringert den spontanen apoptotischen Zelltod von PMNL. Oxidativer Burst, stimuliert durch E.coli und Phorbol-myristat-acetat (PMA), wurde in Gegenwart von H2S verstärkt. Die Phagozytosefähigkeit von PMNL zeigt sich ebenfalls erhöht unter H2S, während Chemotaxis und die Expression von CD11b, CD18, CD14 und CD62L unbeeinflusst blieben.
Schlussfolgerung: Die erhobenen Daten zeigen, dass H2S unter in vitro Bedingungen modulierend auf Funktionen von PMNL wirkt. Sowohl bei Apoptose, oxidativem Burst und Phagozytose ließen sich Effekte von H2S messen. Einzig Chemotaxis und die Expression von Oberflächenmarkern blieben unbeeindruckt. Folglich scheinen verminderte Plasmaspiegel von H2S das Immunsystem von Patientin mit eingeschränkter Nierenfunktion zu beeinflussen.Background: The immune system, represented by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) as key actor in the nonspecific immune defence, is compromised in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous mediator, is diminished as a result of reduced kidney function. This study focuses on the effect of H2S on selected functions of PMNL.
Methods: The effect of H2S on oxidative burst, apoptosis, phagocytosis and surface marker expression of PMNL from healthy individuals was measured in vitro by fluorescence flow cytometry. Chemotaxis was assessed with the under-agarose method.
Results: H2S reduced the spontaneous apoptotic cell death of PMNL. The oxidative burst stimulated by E.coli and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) was increased in the presence of H2S. H2S also increased the phagocytotic activity of PMNL, whereas chemotaxis and the expression of CD11b, CD18, CD14 and CD62L were not affected.
Conclusion: Our data shows that H2S modulates PMNL functions in vitro. Apoptosis, oxidative burst, and phagocytosis were affected by this gaseous mediator, whereas chemotaxis and surface marker expression were not changed. Therefore, the decreased level of H2S may play a role in the impaired immune system of CKD patients.eingereicht von Stephan NoppAbweichender Titel laut Übersetzung der Verfasserin/des VerfassersMedizinische Universität Wien, Diplomarb., 201
Direkt- versus Ballbesitzspiel - Erfolgreiche mannschaftstaktische Angriffsdeterminanten auf nationalem und internationalem Niveau im Sportspiel Fußball
No full textDie vorliegende Arbeit setzte sich als Ziel, die Spielweisen hinsichtlich mann-schaftstaktischen Angriffsverhaltens in Bezug zum Erfolg im Sportspiel Fußball zu untersuchen. Sowohl das Direktspiel aus einer geordneten defensiven Organisation heraus, nach Ballgewinn schnellst möglich zum Torabschluss zu gelangen als auch das Ballbesitzspiel, mit vielen Ballverlustrisiko mindernden Pässen die stabile Grundordnung des Gegners zu unterbrechen, scheinen erfolgsversprechend zu sein. Mit dem FC Chelsea gewann eine Mannschaft die UEFA Champions League 2012, die vorrangig mit der erstgenannten Spielweise agierte, während die spanische Nationalmannschaft als Sieger der vergangenen drei internationalen Turnieren überwiegend durch ihr Ballbesitzspiel auffiel.
Die Dissertation besteht aus sechs Kapiteln. Ausgehend von der theoretischen Ei-nordnung des Themas in die sportwissenschaftlichen Grundlagen, bei der vor allem die leistungsimmanenten Einflussfaktoren auf die sportliche Leistung im Sportspiel Fußball thematisiert werden, stellt die Arbeit im dritten Kapitel den Forschungsstand und das daraus resultierende Defizit in der Sportpraxis und Sportwissenschaft dar. Anschließend folgt im vierten Kapitel mit der empirischen Untersuchung der Hauptteil der Arbeit. Ableitend aus den sieben Haupthypothesen reiht sich die Erläuterung der methodischen Ansätze an. Zentraler Aspekt der quantitativen Untersuchung sind die beiden Indizes der Spielkontrolle und des Angriffsverhalten, die den Grad der Spielkontrolle ebenso wie die Angriffsart des Direkt- und Ballbesitzspiels auf einem Kontinuum abbilden. Die Einzelindikatoren der Spielweise waren strukturiert den Dimensionen des Raumes, der Zeit, der Aktion und Konsequenz, des Angriffsverhalten sowie des Spielumfelds und –verlaufs zugeordnet. Qualitativ wurden Angriffe hinsichtlich deren Art und des gegebenen Drucks der abwehrenden Mannschaft beurteilt. Einen großen Anteil nimmt die Ergebnisdarstellung ein, gefolgt von der Anwendung der Ergebnisse auf die Forschungshypothesen und der Diskussion der Erkenntnisse. Das Fazit und der Ausblick auf mögliche Konsequenzen für die Sportwissenschaft und die Sportpraxis sowie eine Zusammenfassung der Arbeit umrahmen die vorliegende Dissertation.
Schließlich muss das Ziel sein, mittels des Ballbesitzspiels kontrolliert Unordnung beim Gegner zu provozieren. Das impliziert sowohl ein aktives Bestreben, mit dem notwendigen Grad an Direktheit ein Tor zu erzielen, als auch ein aktives Verteidigen, das intendiert ist, den Ball zurückzugewinnen und weniger, das Tor zu verhindern. Ist die Unordnung beim Gegner gegeben, sollte ein direkter Weg zum gegnerischen Tor gewählt werden.
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the attacking behavior of football teams as a function of success in a tournament. Both direct play with a structured defensive organization and fast attacks after a ball gain as well as possession play with a bulk of less risky passes to get the rivals defense in trouble seems to be successful. The FC Chelsea won the UEFA Champions League 2012 with the style of direct play, whereas the Spanish National team was successful with possession play, winning the last three international tournaments in a row.
The thesis includes six chapters. First, the theoretical basics are addressed, espe-cially the relevant factors concerning performance in football, followed by a critical review of the present research. The fourth chapter is the main part of the thesis – the empirical research which starts with the seven main hypotheses. Subsequently the methodological approach chosen is specified. Two indices were the focus of the quantitative research – control of the game and style of play – which indicate the rate of control and style of play on a continuum. The single indicators of the playing style were structured into six different dimensions regarding space, time, action and consequence, attacking behavior as well as external and match process factors. On the other hand attacking behavior was qualitatively assessed regarding the playing style and the defending pressure of the rival team. A major part of the thesis is the presentation of the results, followed by the evaluation of the research hypotheses and the discussion. The conclusion and the consequences concerning both theory and practice as well as the summary frame the current thesis.
In conclusion the thesis suggests that football teams are well advised to provoke disorder among the opponent team via controlled possession play. This implies both an active attempt to score goals in a direct manner and an active defensive behavior with the intention to regain the ball and not merely preventing a goal. Once the rival team is disorganized the most direct way to score a goal should be chosen
Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID‐19: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
No full textBackground: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is frequently observed in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, reported VTE-rates differ substantially.
Objectives: We aimed at evaluating available data and estimating the prevalence of VTE in COVID-19 patients.
Methods: We conducted a systematic literature search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, WHO COVID-19 database) to identify studies reporting VTE-rates in COVID-19 patients. Studies with suspected high risk of bias were excluded from quantitative synthesis. Pooled outcome rates were obtained within a random effects meta-analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed for different settings (intensive care unit (ICU) vs. non-ICU hospitalization and screening vs. no screening) and the association of D-dimer levels and VTE-risk was explored.
Results: Eighty-six studies (33,970 patients) were identified and 66 (28,173 patients, mean age: 62.6 years, 60% men, 20% ICU-patients) were included in quantitative analysis. The overall VTE-prevalence estimate was 14.1% (95%CI 11.6-16.9), 40.3% (95%CI 27.0-54.3) with ultrasound-screening and 9.5% (95%CI 7.5-11.7) without screening. Subgroup analysis revealed high heterogeneity, with a VTE-prevalence of 7.9% (95%CI 5.1-11.2) in non-ICU and 22.7% (95%CI 18.1-27.6) in ICU patients. Prevalence of pulmonary embolism (PE) in non-ICU and ICU patients was 3.5% (95%CI 2.2-5.1) and 13.7% (95%CI 10.0-17.9). Patients developing VTE had higher D-dimer levels (weighted mean difference 3.26 µg/ml (95%CI 2.76-3.77) than non-VTE patients.
Conclusion: VTE occurs in 22.7% of patients with COVID-19 in the ICU, but VTE risk is also increased in non-ICU hospitalized patients. Patients developing VTE had higher D-dimer levels. Studies evaluating thromboprophylaxis strategies in patients with COVID-19 are needed to improve prevention of VTE
Augsburger Volkskundliche Nachrichten: 01/1999
No full textInhalt: • Ulrike Eva Appel: All sein datum stand uf guetem rotem wein, den trank er gern und soff sich zu todt. Einige exemplarische Darstellungen des Essens und Trinkens in der Chronik der Grafen von Zimmern. • Walter Dehnert: Erinnerungen an den Filmautor Günther Kapfhammer (1937-1993). • Filmbesprechungen - Filmanalytisches Vokabular - Gerhard Roßmann: Volker Schult, "God bless America. Nordfriesen in New York". Migration und kultureller Wandel (IWF 1995) - Ralf Klaiber: Fritzkarl Stumpf, "Der Wetzsteinmacher" (...) - Tanja Lorenz: Werner Mezger, "Blumen, Weihrauch, Kreuz und Fahnen – Fronleichnamsbräuche in Europa" (SDR/SWF 1996) - Doris Seehuber: Olaf Bockhorn und Lisl Nopp, "...und nacha fang i an mit da Arbeit" (Universität Wien 1990) - Robert Wittmann: Ursula Scheicher,"Immer nur im Morgengrauen", Eine Fernsehreportage über den Alltag von Zeitungsfrauen auf dem Land (ZDF 1996) - Stephan Bachter: Der den Werwolf spielt – Ein Nachtrag zum Teufelsbündner anhand des Filmbeispiels: Thomas Ciulei "Gratian" (ZDF/HFF 1995) • Ernesto Mohn: Die Abenteuer des Musterreiters Adolfo Oderich in Rio Grande do Sul, 3. Teil. • Berichte, Ausstellungen, Publikationen, Veranstaltungskalende
The Cream of the Crop: Analysing FIFA World Cup 2014 and Germany’s Title Run
No full textAnalysis of game related statistics provides opportunities to analyse the characteristics and tactical patterns of the teams in order to improve the quality of the training and quality of the opponent’s observation. The main objective of this study was to analyse performance parameters and characterize the most successful teams on FIFA World Cup 2014, in order to describe the most relevant parameters that can improve the efficacy of the teams. In addition, we analysed the winner of the FIFA World Cup 2014 in more detail to see if and in which ways they stood out within this tournament. Analyses of variance among groups of teams were made in order to characterize the performance parameters and find differences that can explain the efficacy of the teams on competition. The results of this study could show that successful teams score more goals through open play and via set pieces. As main difference, it could be found that successful teams had more high-percentage goal scoring opportunities within the penalty area. As a general pattern, teams attacked mostly on the left side of the pitch and through the middle. The winner of the WC 2014 stood out with a high efficiency for creating high percentage goal scoring opportunities and in converting them. Germany also protruded with their free flowing and accurate passing to create their goal scoring chances. This separation in the passing statistics was quite outstanding as there was no overall difference between different success groups within the tournament
Symbiotic interaction mechanism between Sinorhizobium fredii and soybean (Glycine max)
No full textM.Phil.Biological nitrogen fixation in nodules formed between soybean root and rhizobium can provide biologically available nitrogen to support soybean growth. However, this symbiotic relationship is host specific and highly regulated by soybean to prevent unnecessary energy expenditures. In soybean, two allelic genotypes, Rj2 and Rfg1, were reported to be expressed dominantly and confer rhizobia resistance.Previous quantitative traits loci (QTLs) study using a recombinant inbred (RI) population originated from the parents W05 (wild soybean) and C08 (cultivated soybean) suggested that the inability of Sinorhizobium fredii (S. fredii) CCBAU 25509 (referred to R2 thereafter) to nodulate C08 is controlled by the Rj2/Rfg1 locus. In soybean cultivar C08, the Rj2/Rfg1 locus encodes for the resistance protein Rfg1, which is responsible for the strain specific restriction against R2 but not S. fredii CCBAU 45436 (referred to R4 thereafter). However, although it was reported that the disruption of the type III secretion system (T3SS) of S. fredii allows successful nodulation in originally incompatible soybean host, the detailed restriction pathway of soybean against S. fredii remains poorly understood. Therefore, this study aims to dissect this restriction pathway and identify the rhizobial effector associated with Rfg1 restriction.A R2 T3SS mutant (R2 rhcN::Tn5) with acquired ability to nodulate C08 was isolated using Tn5 based transposon mediated mutagenesis. RT-qPCR revealed that all the downstream genes of the same operon as well as the disrupted rhcN were knockdown. Only by complementation of all the knockdown genes in trans or rhcN gene in cis in R2 rhcN::Tn5 could successfully revert mutant phenotypes into wild-type ones. Similar to R2 rhcN::Tn5, R2ΔrhcN also showed positive nodulation phenotype with C08. Allelic conservation in nopP and its paralog nopI in Rfg1 compatible and non-compatible strain implies their association with Rfg1-mediated restriction.Swapping NopP between R2 and R4 led to swapping of nodulation phenotype in C08, suggesting its role in host compatibility, whereas swapping of NopI between R2 and R4 only led to variation of nodule numbers in compatible R4-C08 symbiosis. However, bacterial two-hybrid assays failed to show the direct interactions of NopP and NopI with Rfg1. Bacterial two-hybrid library screening using Rfg1 as bait was unable to identify new interacting partners of Rfg1 from the R2 gDNA library.In summary, this study suggests that rhizobial T3SS is related to Rfg1-mediated nodulation restriction and the T3SS effector NopP is a rhizobial determinant that regulates host compatibility while NopI may determine the nodule number of compatible symbiosis.在大豆與根瘤菌的共生關係中，寄生在大豆根瘤中的根瘤菌可以透過生物固氮為大豆提供生長所需的氮，反之大豆亦為根瘤菌的生長提供碳水化合物。然而，大豆為了避免在共生過程中消耗過多的能量，其自身發展出一套抵抗機制用作限制兼容根瘤菌的種類。報道顯示等位基因型Rj2/Rfg1 控制其中一個抵抗根瘤菌的機制。過去利用栽培品種C08 和野生型大豆W05 的重組自交系通過進行數量性狀位點分析研究確定了控制C08 抵抗中華根瘤菌的基因為Rfg1。基因Rfg1所轉錄的蛋白為抗性蛋白Rfg1。有趣地，在C08 中抗性蛋白Rfg1 調控C08 對中華根瘤菌株CCBAU 25509 (下稱:R2) 表現出抗性而非中華根瘤菌株CCBAU 45436 (下稱 R4)。這表明了Rfg1 蛋白調控C08 對同一根瘤菌的不同株系表理出不同的特異性，同時亦暗示了R2 與R4 的不同足以令C08 引發截然不同的免疫反應。雖然現時已有研究指出通過破壞根瘤菌的第三型分泌系統 (T3SS) 足以令非兼容根瘤菌成功地與非兼容大豆結瘤，但是整個Rfg1 抗性機制以及與大豆Rfg1蛋白有關的根瘤菌分泌蛋白目前仍然未明。因此，這個研究目的是在根瘤菌菌株R2 內找尋與大豆Rfg1 蛋白互作的蛋白，從而更了解大豆Rfg1 對根瘤菌的抗性機制。這個研究成功地利用mini-Tn5 轉座子分離出一個能夠與C08 結瘤的R2 第三型分泌系統插入突變體 (下稱R2 rhcN::Tn5)。從逆轉錄即時聚合酶連鎖反應的結果中可以得知與插入點同一操縱子的下游基因表達亦因mini-Tn5 轉座子的插入而被抑制。只有在順式或反式互補被敲落的基因情況下，突變菌株才能失去興非兼容大豆結瘤的能力，而rhcN 基因被突變的R2 突變株 (下稱R2ΔrhcN) 與C08 的結瘤能力亦跟R2 rhcN::Tn5 無異。此外，R2 和R4 菌株的nopP 及其同源基因nopI 的胺基酸序列中存在保守序列的現象，從而推測透過第三型分泌系統分泌的NopP 及NopI 蛋白或許跟Rfg1的抗性機制有關。在R2 與R4 交換NopP 蛋白後的結瘤實驗中發現R2 跟R4 的非兼性也因此而改變，而R2 與R4 交換NopI 蛋白後的結瘤實驗中發現只有兼容的共生配組(R4 背景與C08)的根瘤數量出現改變。然而，從細菌雙雜合實驗中証明不到大豆Rfg1 蛋白跟NopP 或NopI 蛋白發生互作。同樣地，在利用大豆Rfg1 為餌，R2 基因組DNA 為庫的細菌雙雜合系統中找不到與Rfg1 蛋白互作的R2 蛋白。總括而言，本研究表明了中華根瘤菌的第三型分泌系統與大豆Rfg1 介導的結瘤調控有關。其中，第三型分泌蛋白NopP 主要決定結瘤的兼容性，而NopI 主要控制結瘤的數量。Cheung, Wai Lun.Thesis M.Phil. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2020.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 94-103).Abstracts also in Chinese.Title from PDF title page (viewed on January 19, 2022)
A Systematic Review of Safety and Efficacy of Factor XI/XIa Inhibitors in Patients With ESKD on Hemodialysis
No full textIntroduction: Factor XI/XIa (FXI/XIa) has emerged as a potential target for antithrombotic therapy, driven by preclinical evidence showing the role of FXI/XIa inhibition for preventing thrombosis without impeding hemostasis. This is particularly promising for patients at high risk of both thromboembolic events and bleeding, such as patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) on hemodialysis (HD). Methods: We systematically searched Embase, MEDLINE, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials evaluating FXI/XIa inhibitors in patients with ESKD on HD, without restricting inclusion to specific comparators or indications. Interventional treatment arms were pooled, and study results were synthesized by fitting random-effects models, calculating odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Five phases 2 studies encompassing 1270 participants were identified, investigating gruticibart, IONIS-FXIRx, osocimab, or fesomersen in the general HD population and using placebo as a comparator. Four studies were fully published and included in the meta-analysis. Use of FXI/XIa inhibitors was associated with an OR of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.47–1.35) for clinically relevant bleeding, 0.51 (95% CI = 0.21–1.28) for major bleeding, and 0.90 (95% CI = 0.49–1.68) for clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding. The ORs for thromboembolic events and all-cause mortality were 0.66 (95% CI = 0.28–1.56) and 0.46 (95% CI = 0.15–1.40), respectively. Conclusion: Currently available evidence does not indicate a significantly increased bleeding risk of FXI/XIa inhibitors in patients with ESKD on HD compared to placebo. Their efficacy and their association with all-cause mortality need to be investigated in sufficiently powered, randomized controlled phase 3 trials
Drag of suction cup tags on swimming animals : modeling and measurement
No full text© The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marine Mammal Science 30 (2014): 726–746, doi:10.1111/mms.12083.Bio-logging tags are widely used to study the behavior and movements of marine mammals with the tacit assumption of little impact to the animal. However, tags on fast-swimming animals generate substantial hydrodynamic forces potentially affecting behavior and energetics adversely, or promoting early removal of the tag. In this work, hydrodynamic loading of three novel tag housing designs are compared over a range of swimming speeds using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Results from CFD simulation were verified using tag models in a water flume with close agreement. Drag forces were reduced by minimizing geometric disruptions to the flow around the housing, while lift forces were reduced by minimizing the frontal cross-sectional area of the housing and holding the tag close to the attachment surface. Hydrodynamic tag design resulted in an experimentally measured 60% drag force reduction in 5.6 m/s flow. For all housing designs, off-axis flow increased the magnitude of the force on the tag. Experimental work with a common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) cadaver indicates that the suction cups used to attach the types of tags described here provide sufficient attachment force to resist failure to predicted forces at swimming speeds of up to 10 m/s.This work was supported by NOPP with NSF funds through ONR Grant N00014-11-1-
0113. MJ was supported by NOPP and
the MASTS pooling initiative (The Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland)
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