1,720,991 research outputs found
Os índios na História e o ensino de História:: avanços e desafios
Full text linkOs povos indígenas no Brasil nos últimos anos conquistaram e ocuparam espaços sociopolíticos, questionando visões eurocêntricas, colonialistas e evolucionistas tratando os povos indígenas como primitivos, desaparecidos ou vítimas impotentes em extinção. O que além de exigir reformulações das teorias explicativas sobre a história e o destino desses povos, vem também exigindo discussões, formulações e efetivação de políticas públicas respondendo as demandas de direitos indígenas sociais específicos. A Lei nº 11.645/2008 determinou a inclusão da história e culturas indígenas nos currículos da Educação Básica, possibilitando novas abordagens no ensino da temática indígena para superação de desinformações, equívocos e preconceitos generalizados sobre os índios, contribuindo com o reconhecimento e o respeito as sociodiversidades expressas pelos povos indígenas em nosso país.Os povos indígenas no Brasil nos últimos anos conquistaram e ocuparam espaços sociopolíticos, questionando visões eurocêntricas, colonialistas e evolucionistas tratando os povos indígenas como primitivos, desaparecidos ou vítimas impotentes em extinção. O que além de exigir reformulações das teorias explicativas sobre a história e o destino desses povos, vem também exigindo discussões, formulações e efetivação de políticas públicas respondendo as demandas de direitos indígenas sociais específicos. A Lei nº 11.645/2008 determinou a inclusão da história e culturas indígenas nos currículos da Educação Básica, possibilitando novas abordagens no ensino da temática indígena para superação de desinformações, equívocos e preconceitos generalizados sobre os índios, contribuindo com o reconhecimento e o respeito as sociodiversidades expressas pelos povos indígenas em nosso país
Xukuru : memories and history of the Serra do Ororuba Indians (Pesqueira/PE), 1950-1988
No full textOrientador: John Manuel MonteiroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias HumanasResumo: Este estudo procurou, a partir das memórias orais dos índios Xukuru e da pesquisa em registros escritos, discutir as conexões temporais entre as mobilizações indígenas pelas terras, nos anos 1980, e as ocorridas na década de 1950, quando os
Xukuru conquistaram o reconhecimento oficial com a implantação de um Posto do Serviço de Proteção aos Índios (SPI) na Serra do Ororubá, em Pesqueira/PE. Em ambos os períodos, os índios afirmaram seus direitos baseados nas memórias de seus antepassados que receberam as terras como recompensa pela participação na Guerra do Paraguai, em um contexto de disputas pelas terras do oficialmente extinto Aldeamento de Cimbres/Ororubá em fins do século XIX. A pesquisa das memórias possibilitou perceber os elos de uma história coletiva, de um pertencimento em um conjunto de situações e experiências históricas que conferem uma identidade
baseada em um espaço ancestral comum. Nos relatos das memórias orais dos Xukuru do Ororubá, é possível perceber outros acontecimentos que expressaram o cotidiano, os espaços e momentos de sociabilidades vivenciados na Serra do Ororubá, o significado de Cimbres como um espaço de referência da memória mítico-religiosa para a afirmação da identidade do grupo, as relações de trabalho com os fazendeiros ou como operários na indústria, em Pesqueira. E ainda nas atividades exercidas para sobrevivência por falta de terras e em razão da seca, na lavoura canavieira na Zona da Mata Sul pernambucana e Norte alagoana ou nas plantações de algodão no Sertão paraibano. São fragmentos colhidos de relatos individuais, de memórias autobiográficas, mas que fazem parte de uma história coletiva. As reflexões aqui apresentadas procuraram evidenciar como os Xukuru do Ororubá, apoiados na memória e na história que compartilham sobre o passado, fazem a releitura de acontecimentos que escolheram como importantes, para afirmar
seus direitos enquanto um povo indígena, a partir do vivido, do concebido e do expressadoAbstract: This research analyzed the oral memories of Xukuru Indians as well as written records in order to understand temporal connections between their fights for land in the 1980s and those that happened in the 1950s, when the establishment of an office
of the SPI in Ororubá Sierra, in Pesqueira/PE gave the Xukuru official recognition. In both periods, the Indians claimed their rights because they recalled that their ancestors had received the land as a reward for participating in the War of Paraguay, in a dispute for the land of the officially extinct Village of Cimbres / Ororubá in the end of the nineteenth century. The research brought out elements of these Indians¿ collective history as well as of a number of their shared historical experiences, which confer them an identity based on a common ancestral space. Accounts of the Xukuru of Ororubá¿s oral memories comprise moments that express their everyday life,
places, and social activities created in Sierra Ororubá ¿ pointing out the significance of Cimbres as a space of reference for their mythical-religious memory, which supports the identity of the group ¿ in addition to employment relations with farmers and experiences as factory workers in Pesqueira. The Indians also report activities, performed for survival due to lack of land and drought periods, in sugar-cane plantations in Zona da Mata, in the South of Pernambuco and in the North of Alagoas, as well as in cotton plantations in Paraíba¿s Sertão. Such information emerges from fragments of individual accounts, from autobiographical memories, which are nonetheless part of their collective history. The findings presented here try to elucidate how the Xukuru of Ororubá, relying on memory and on their shared past history, reinterpret events they consider important to guarantee their rights as indigenous people, considering what they have experienced, conceived and expressed.DoutoradoHistoria CulturalDoutor em Históri
Social reorganization of the Xukuru do Ororubá and the challenges for a sustainable model of agriculture and territorial management: Resistance and social environmental innovations of an indigenous people form the Northeast of Brazil
Full text linkLa presente tesis tiene la expectativa de, partiendo del caso etnográfico Xukuru do Ororubá, ofrecer referencias a otros estudios científicos y acciones de extensión rural junto a pueblos indígenas y comunidades tradicionales que lograron alguna especie de garantía territorial avalada por el Estado Nacional. En la década de 1980 este grupo empezó un intenso proceso de movilización social por sus derechos como grupo étnico. En 2001, como resultado concreto, logran la homologación de la Tierra Indígena Xukuru con 27555 hectáreas, ubicada en el agreste del Pernambuco, región Nordeste de Brasil. A partir de ahí, empieza entonces, otra fase de desafíos para el grupo, etapa que denomino como momento post-demarcatorio. En Brasil, coincidentemente, este campo ha ganado fuerza principalmente a partir de los años 2000, y ha sido “sintetizado" por movimientos indígenas, organizaciones indigenistas y organismos de gobierno como el desafío de la gestión territorial y ambiental. Este es un campo de suma importancia que puede comportar diferentes tipos de actividades endógenas, acciones colaborativas y políticas públicas que vengan a contribuir a la calidad de vida de esas poblaciones, y como consecuencia a la salud de todo el planeta. Sin embargo, como paso primordial, se deben conocer esas realidades, socializar las experiencias en curso y proponer claves de interpretación analítica. Estas son las razones principales que motivaron esta investigación. Hoy en día, aproximadamente once mil personas se autodeclaran indígenas Xukuru do Ororubá, viviendo en el área rural del territorio, pero también en áreas urbanas cercanas. Después de su reubicación en la Sierra del Urubá hubo grandes transformaciones, que ocurrían a velocidad bastante rápida en el seno del pueblo Xukuru. En esta investigación opté por comprender estas transformaciones como parte de un proceso mayor en el que se asocian diferentes tipos de elaboración cultural. Los medios para comprender este proceso mayor son ofrecidos por el antropólogo brasileño Pacheco de Oliveira, que propone un esquema analítico para estudiar ese tipo de reorganización social, contemplando cuatro elementos básicos para reconocer y analizar. Son ellos: (I) la creación de una nueva unidad sociocultural mediante el establecimiento de una identidad étnica diferenciadora; (II) la constitución de mecanismos políticos especializados; (III) la redefinición del control social sobre los recursos ambientales; y (IV) la reelaboración de la cultura y de la relación con el pasado (PACHECO DE OLIVEIRA, 2004: 22). Estos cuatro ejes permiten, como herramienta conceptual, comprender cómo los grupos humanos en contextos similares elaboran las condiciones materiales y simbólicas de reorganización social para reestablecer, en el sentido dado por Guilhermo Bonfil (1991), una "cultura autónoma" o una "cultura apropiada" por medio de procesos de resistencia, innovación, revitalización o apropiación. En este contexto, los objetivos de esta tesis fueron: (1) Analizar la historia del pueblo Xukuru antes del proceso de demarcación para descubrir lógicas de producción, reproducción y las condiciones estructurales experimentadas por esta población. (2) Examinar la etnogénesis Xukuru do Ororubá, profundizando el análisis hacia algunos de los componentes de su reorganización social que aporten al debate sobre los desafíos del momento post-demarcatorio. (3) Analizar contenidos, fases y experiencias asociados a la resignificación de la agricultura y de la gestión territorial y ambiental en el pueblo Xukuru del Ororubá, a través del caso del Colectivo Jupago Kreká. El diseño de investigación adoptado, de tipo cualitativo, se configura como un proceso dinámico, en el cual, objetivos, métodos para recogida de datos y análisis, se retroalimentan para generar interpretaciones de la realidad y teorías (MARTÍNEZ, 2000; SAMPIERI et al, 2006; FLICK,2007). En este sentido, esta tesis se desarrolla por medio de un diseño de investigación en los marcos de la Teoría Fundamentada (GLASER & STRAUSS, 1967), de cuño emergente (GLASER, 1992), fuertemente influenciada por los métodos etnográficos (HAMMERSLEY, ATKINSON, 1994). Metodológicamente el trabajo parte de la revisión de datos secundarios, y continúa con observación participante, entrevistas de campo e interpretación de acciones endógenas, en largos periodos inmersos de convivencia con el grupo. La realización de entrevistas de campo ocupó espacio significativo en el proceso de investigación; el muestreo fue mayoritariamente de tipo homogéneo pero complementado por una selección tipológica. Es decir, empieza de una muestra homogénea formada por líderes y agricultores(as) indígenas que comparten la creencia en una identidad Xukuru, en algunos valores compartidos, como la idea de “naturaleza sagrada” y que tengan participación en actividades o discursos próximos a perspectiva ortodoxa. De manera complementaria se adoptó una selección tipológica, anclada en diferentes roles de la sociedad Xukuru: educadores, líderes, religiosos, agentes de salud y técnicos. Los datos y análisis realizados permiten entender la experiencia de reinterpretación del pasado y la construcción de innovaciones sociopolíticas en el proceso de reorganización social Xukuru como un caso representativo y emblemático, relevante para otras situaciones comunitarias de grupos en contexto posterior a la demarcación. El proceso de reterritorialización Xukuru está basado en elementos de reorganización social que pueden ser también comprendidos, dialogando con Alberto Bartolomé (2006), como un fenómeno de etnogénesis. Esta se inicia desde un movimiento endógeno, de autorreconocimiento, organización de las familias y de movilización política por la garantía de derechos. Así, el contexto post-demarcatorio no surge de una buena voluntad estatal, sino de la movilización de indígenas interesados, actores no indígenas que apoyan y un conjunto mínimo de leyes favorables que posibilita la recuperación de una parte del antiguo territorio inmemorial. Estos factores permiten hablar de que las movilizaciones por tierra en contextos étnicos provocan efectos más amplios que la resolución de la cuestión agraria. De otro lado, los desafíos no se encierran con la "conquista de la tierra". Los actos administrativos que reconocen o decretan un área para usufructo exclusivo de indígenas, aunque muy relevantes, no garantizan por sí solas la reproducción social y cultural del grupo atendido. Esto porque, entre varios motivos, ha de considerar el estado deteriorado en que muchas veces estas tierras son devueltas para el usufructo indígena, pero debido también a las rupturas y discontinuidades que, en especial los pueblos indígenas en el nordeste brasileño tuvieron en sus sistemas socioecológicos - en la acepción dada por Toledo y Barrera-Bassols (2008). De ahí la importancia de las acciones endógenas, la cooperación y la agroecología en consonancia con cada trayectoria y contexto etnográfico. En estos escenarios, aunque las prácticas y saberes tradicionales de pueblos indígenas y comunidades tradicionales sean teóricamente reconocidas, incluyendo sus aportaciones a las formas de producción y alimentación nacionales, en el caso de las comunidades indígenas latinoamericanas, como es el ejemplo Xukuru, no siempre es fácil llevar a cabo iniciativas que valoren las culturas locales. Por esto, la experiencia Xukuru es tan singular: se trata de un ejemplo de empoderamiento colectivo y constitución de sujetos políticos capaces de gestionar sus propios procesos. La estrategia promovida por una de sus instancias sociopolíticas, el Colectivo Jupago Kreká, ha sido pensada y practicada desde el objetivo de respetar la agricultura y la comida desde una visión propia (aunque a veces en conflicto interno) del territorio, lo agroalimentario, la salud, la política y la identidad sociocultural.The present thesis has the intention of, setting off from the ethnographic case Xukuru do Ororubá, to offer references to other scientific studies and rural extension actions together with indigenous peoples and traditional communities that achieved some kind of territorial guarantee endorsed by the National State. In the 1980´s, this group began an intense process of social mobilization for their rights as an ethnic group. In 2001, as a concrete result, they achieved the homologation of the Xukuru Indigenous Land with 27555 hectares, located in the wild countryside of Pernambuco, Northeast Region of Brazil. From there, another phase of challenges for the group begins, stage that I call post-demarcation moment. In Brazil, coincidentally, this field has gained strength mainly since the 2000s, and has been "synthesized" by indigenous movements, indigenous organizations and government agencies as the challenge of territorial and environmental management. This denotes the importance of different types of endogenous activities, collaborative actions and public policies that contribute to the quality of life of these populations, and as a consequence to the health of the entire planet. However, as a primordial step, we must be aware of these realities, socialize the current experiences and propose keys for analytical interpretation. These are the main reasons that motivated this investigation. Now-a-days, approximately eleven thousand people declare themselves indigenous Xukuru do Ororubá, living in the rural area of the territory, but also in nearby urban areas. After its relocation in the Sierra del Urubá there were great transformations, which occurred at a fairly rapid speed within the Xukuru village. In this research I chose to understand these transformations as part of a larger process in which different types of cultural elaborations are associated. The means to understand this greater process are offered by the Brazilian anthropologist Pacheco de Oliveira, who proposes an analytical scheme to study this type of social reorganization, contemplating four basic elements to recognize and analyze. These being: (I) the creation of a new sociocultural unit through the establishment of a differentiating ethnic identity; (II) the constitution of specialized political mechanisms; (III) the redefinition of social control over environmental resources; and (IV) the reelaboration of culture and the relationship with its past (PACHECO DE OLIVEIRA, 2004: 22). These four axes allow, as a conceptual tool, to understand how human groups in similar contexts elaborate the material and symbolic conditions of social reorganization to re-establish, in the sense given by Guilhermo Bonfil (1991), an "autonomous culture" or an "appropriate culture" "through processes of resistance, innovation, revitalization or appropriation. In this context, the objectives of this thesis were: (1) To analyze the history of the Xukuru people before the demarcation process in order to discover the logic of production, reproduction and the structural conditions experienced by this population. (2) To examine the ethnogenesis Xukuru do Ororubá, deepening the analisis towards some of the components of its social reorganization that contribute to the debate on the challenges of the post-demarcatory moment. (3) Analyze content, phases and experiences associated with the resignification of agricultural, territorial and environmental management in the Xukuru village of Ororubá, through the case of the Jupago Kreká Collective. The adopted research design, of a qualitative nature, is configured as a dynamic process, in which objectives, methods for data collection and analysis are fed back to generate interpretations of reality and theories (MARTÍNEZ, 2000; SAMPIERI et al. 2006; FLICK, 2007). In this sense, this thesis is developed by means of a research design within the framework of the Grounded Theory (GLASER & STRAUSS, 1967), of emergent nature (GLASER, 1992), strongly influenced by ethnographic methods (HAMMERSLEY, ATKINSON, 1994). Methodologically, the work starts from the review of secondary data and continues with participant observation, field interviews and interpretation of endogenous actions, through long periods immersed in coexistence with the group. The conduct of field interviews occupied significant space in the research process; The sampling was mainly of a homogeneous type but complemented by a typological selection. That is to say, it starts from a homogeneous sample formed by indigenous leaders and farmers who share the belief in a Xukuru identity, in some shared values, such as the idea of "sacred nature" and that have participation in activities or discourses closer an orthodox perspective. In a complementary way, a typological selection was adopted, anchored in different roles of the Xukuru society: educators, leaders, religious, health agents and technicians. The data and analysis that took place allow to understand the experience of reinterpretation of the past and the construction of sociopolitical innovations in the process of social reorganization Xukuru as a representative and emblematic case, relevant to other community situations of groups in context subsequent to the demarcation. The Xukuru reterritorialization process is based on elements of social reorganization that can also be understood, in dialogue with Alberto Bartolomé (2006), as a phenomenon of ethnogenesis. This begins with an endogenous movement, self-recognition, organization of families and political mobilization for the guarantee of rights. Thus, the post-demarcation context does not arise from a good will of the state, but from the mobilization of interested indigenous people, non-indigenous actors who support it and a minimal set of favorable laws that make posible the recovery of a part of the old immemorial territory. These factors allow us to mention that land mobilizations in ethnic contexts have broader effects than the resolution of the agrarian question. On the other hand, the challenges are not confined with the "conquest of the land". The administrative acts that recognize or decree an area for exclusive usufruct of indigenous, although very relevant, do not guarantee the social and cultural reproduction of the group served. This is because, among several reasons, it has to consider the deteriorated state in which many times these lands are returned for the indigenous usufruct, but also due to the ruptures and discontinuities that, especially the indigenous peoples in the Brazilian Northeast had in their socioecological systems - in the sense given by Toledo and Barrera-Bassols (2008). Hence the importance of endogenous actions, cooperation and agroecology in line with each ethnographic trajectory and context. In these scenarios, although the traditional practices and knowledge of indigenous peoples and traditional communities are theoretically recognized, including their contributions to national forms of production and feeding, in the case of indigenous Latin American communities, such as the Xukuru example, it is not always easy to carry out initiatives that value local cultures. Because of this, the Xukuru experience is so unique: it is an example of collective empowerment and constitution of political subjects capable of managing their own processes. The strategy promoted by one of its socio-political bodies, the Jupago Kreká Collective, has been conceived and practiced with the aim of respecting agriculture and food from its own perspective (although sometimes in internal conflict) of the territory, agri-food, health, politics and sociocultural identity
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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