128 research outputs found
Using the Gaussian Plume Model to Simulate the Pollen Dispersal of GM Maize
No full text隨著GM作物栽培的迅速增加，世界各國紛紛探討在傳統、有機或GM作物間共存所衍生的問題。由於花粉飄散造成的基因流動會汙染相鄰田間之非基改作物；本研究於2009年於台灣台中霧峰農業試驗所進行春、秋兩期作（2009－1及2009－2）之田間玉米花粉飄散試驗，模擬當地基改玉米花粉飄散與隔離距離及風向之關係，並以修改後的高斯煙羽模式預測種植不同玉米品種所需之最大隔離距離。2009－1模擬花粉貢獻親造成接受親之異交率顯示，於近距離（1 m）下時高達29.3%；隨著距離的增加，異交率迅速下降，當距離為8 m時，異交率已降至4% 以下。而2009－2之模擬結果則顯示距離花粉貢獻親1 m處之接受親受到異交的比率高達32.2%；隨距離增加，異交率也迅速下降，當距離達10 m時，模擬所得之異交率降至4.7%左右。研究發現：不論是那一期作，實際測得之異交率皆介於模擬而得之花粉散佈率及預測異交率之間，例如在2009－1的試驗中，在1.5 m下實際測得之平均異交率為2.52%，而經模擬而得距離花粉貢獻親2 m的花粉散佈率及異交率分別為2.31%及12.44%，此模擬而得之異交率較其他常用經驗模式所預測而得的異交率更為保守，這些資訊將能提供有關單位在未來如開放種植基改玉米時，建立共存栽培措施的參考。
The increasing of commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) crops throughout the world encourages the establishment of a coexistence strategy for GM, conventional and organic cultures. The pollen-mediated gene flow from GM crops can result in the adventitious presence of GM material in conventional crop products. This study conducted field experiments in central Taiwan for two crop seasons to detect the effect of the cross-pollination (CP) rate of maize at various distances. A modified Gaussian plume model was applied to establish the relationship between the CP rate of the recipient field and distance from the pollen source. In the first crop season, the CP rate was 29.3% at a distance of 1 m and there was a rapid decrease in the CP rate when increasing the distance from the source. The CP rate was ＜ 4% at a distance of 8 m. In the second crop season, the CP rate was 32.2% at a distance of 1 m and decreased to 4.7% at 10 m. Regardless of the crop seasons, the actual CP rate was between the simulated pollen dispersal frequency (PDF) and simulated CP rate. Taking the first crop season as an example, the actual average CP rate was 2.52%, and 2.31% and 12.44% for the simulated PDF and simulated CP rates, respectively. The simulated CP rate obtained by the modified Gaussian plume model is more conservative than those derived by commonly used empirical models. The findings of this study can provide a reference to relevant administrative units for establishing coexistence measures for GM and non-GM crops and for deciding where to allocate fields for growing GM maize in the future
The operation impact of Mainland China container port on the Three Taiwan western container ports------An empirical study for Shanghai port
No full textAlthough Taiwan locates at the key position of the southeastern Asia and is also a transportation hub in the west Pacific basin, the intensified competitive surroundings, most of major ports in the world have still tried to improve their operational efficiency and create more service items for inducing more liners\ue2 calls.
Mainland China\ue2s attraction as an investment locale for large-scale enterprises will doubtlessly have a great impact on Taiwan\ue2s port economic development. Such a phenomenon will speed up Mainland China\ue2s economic development but will result in a feeble constitution in Taiwan\ue2s port development. To cope with this situation, the ROC government should take additional efforts to improve Taiwan\ue2s port management environment, upgrade Taiwan\ue2s industrial production, and realize it as an Asia-Pacific Transshipment Center at an earlier date so as to provide a better investment environment in Taiwan. In addition, port ability has greatly relationship with international logistics ability, the port ability is influenced by the market situation of international ocean transportation, at the same time, the development of port management and logistics activities will be dependent on the performance of international economics.
The purpose of this paper is aimed to figure out the existing issues of Taiwanese port management systems, and to discover the alternatives based on comparative analysis approaches among Taiwan straits
Size of photons
No full textThe author attempts to clarify the question of the effective size of a photon on the basis of a physical picture which has been found useful in understanding the 'shadowing' effects in nuclear photoprocesses and the diffractive features in both high energy nucleonic photoprocesses and large omega identical to 2M nu /Q/sup 2/ nucleonic electroproductions. The result is in contradiction with the result of Cheng and Wu's model calculation and with the formal estimate of important space-time regions, in the large omega region. Origins of this disagreement are analyzed. (17 refs)
Simulation study of modeling the gene flow of GM maize and isolation requirements by time and distance: a case study in Wufeng District, Taichung City
No full text基改(genetically modified, GM)與非基改玉米(Zea mays L.)間之共存已成為目前一重要課題，由於玉米為異交作物，會產生大量花粉，且透過花粉遺傳物質的交換而產生花粉式基因流動(pollen-mediated gene flow, PMGF)，造成鄰近非基改玉米受到污染，這使得在種植基改玉米前須妥善評估其可能造成之污染程度，並利用適當的隔離方法將污染率降至相關法規所訂定之門檻值以下，以避免非基改玉米市場價值受到干擾。
為探討台灣本地在實際種植基改玉米時，其可能造成鄰近非基改玉米之污染情形，本研究於台中市霧峰區農業試驗所(Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute)進行2年4期作的玉米花粉飄散試驗，其中2009年2期作分別選用黑美珍(籽實呈黑色)與玉美珍(籽實呈白色)模擬基改與非基改玉米品種，並觀察相鄰種植時，空間隔離(isolation distance)之效果，而2010年2期作則是選用4種玉米品種(黑美珍、蜂蜜236、台農1號及台農4號)模擬基改玉米，並以雪珍模擬非基改玉米品種，期望藉由不同開花期玉米品種來觀察時間隔離(temporal separation)的效果。
試驗結果顯示，在花粉貢獻親與花粉接受親開花期有重疊且相鄰種植的情況下，下風處將隔離距離拉至18.75 m才能將平均污染率降至0.64%，因此本試驗提供一保守建議：欲將平均污染率降至歐盟所要求之門檻(< 0.9%)，隔離距離須達20 m以上；若能利用時間隔離的方式，使得花粉貢獻親之開花期較花粉接受親晚7天以上時，各取樣點(包含花粉貢獻親隔壁行之花粉接受親)的污染率皆能降至0.9%以下，顯示空間與時間隔離對於防範基改玉米之污染皆有明顯之成效。此外，為了更貼近實際田間情況，試著以大氣飄散模式(atmospheric dispersion model)中較為常見的高斯煙羽模式(Gaussian plume model)經簡化後與污染率進行配適，發現其配適情形與一般常用非線性模式相近(adj R2最高可達0.854)，顯示高斯煙羽模式適合用來配適此類型資料。
另外更進一步利用高斯煙羽模式來模擬基改玉米造成下風處之污染情況，發現經修正後的高斯煙羽模式只需代入一些簡單的氣象參數便可用來預測2009年2期作下風處基改玉米所造成的污染情形，其中預測與實際觀測而得污染率趨勢一致，且可反應最嚴重之污染情形，如此將有助於提供當地在種植前做出適當之因應對策以達到基改與非基改玉米之共存。There is an increasing concern about the coexistence between GM (genetically modified) and non-GM (non-genetically modified) crops. Maize (Zea mays L.) is a cross-pollinated crop, so pollen dispersion is an important way of gene flow (pollen-mediated gene flow, PMGF) in maize. Cross-pollination can occur between non-GM maize planted in open environments next to GM maize field. Therefore, the combination of isolation distance and border rows could keep the gene flow less than labeling threshold.
The field experiments were conducted at Taiwan (R.O.C) Agricultural Research Institute in Wufeng District, Taichung City in 2009 and 2010. There were two crop seasons in each year. In our study, the Black Pearl (source plot: purple kernel) was planted in the center while the White Pearl (receptor plot: white kernel) was planted in the surroundings in 2009. In 2010, using four varieties (Honey 236, Black Pearl, Tainung 1, Tainung 4) to simulate GM maize as pollen source and using Snow Jean to simulate non-GM maize as receptor. Our objectives was to confirm the isolation of maize from gene flow by distance (2009 experiment) and time (2010 experiment).
Overall, when the isolation distance was 18.75 m (pollen source and pollen receptor synchrony in flowering times), the mean of outcrossing rate can decrease to 0.64%. We provide a security distance between GM and non-GM fields of about 20 m should be sufficient to maintain the adventitious presence of GM maize from gene flow below the 0.9% threshold (labelling threshold in the European Union). Increasing temporal separation reduced the distance required to achieve gene flow isolation. Outcrossing rate was <0.9% at 0.75m when 1 week of temporal separation was used. In previous researches, atmospheric dispersion model was used to simulate the pollen spread of maize. However, in this study, the simplified Gaussian plume model was fitted well (R2=0.845) for the outcrossing rate data.
In our study, a model based on Gaussian plume model was used to calculate the pollen concentration and pollution rate of non-GM maize by GM maize in down wind. The modified model of Gaussian plume model can simulate the outcrossing rate of serious cases by simple parameters (data from 2009-1 and 2009-2), which also could provide an useful tool to control coexistence of GM and non-GM maize in the future.中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
目次 v
表目次 vii
圖目次 xi
第一章 緒言 1
第二章 前人研究 5
一、 基改作物發展現況及共存議題之概述 5
二、 各種基改與非基改作物間較常見之隔離方式 8
三、 玉米花粉之特性與直感效應(xenia) 18
四、 常見玉米花粉所造成污染率與距離配適模式 23
五、 大氣飄散模式 29
第三章 試驗結果與模擬試驗 35
一、 基改與非基改玉米之隔離—空間(距離)隔離 35
(一) 前言 35
(二) 材料方法 37
(三) 試驗結果 42
(四) 結果討論與結論 51
二、 基改與非基改玉米之隔離—時間(開花期)隔離 83
(一) 前言 83
(二) 材料方法 84
(三) 試驗結果 89
(四) 結果討論與結論 95
三、 以高斯煙羽模式模擬基改玉米花粉之擴散與污染情形 118
(一) 前言 118
(二) 材料方法 118
(三) 模式模擬結果 123
(四) 結果討論與結論 129
第四章 綜合討論 149
參考文獻 15
A study on relationship development and marketing communication in housework service: an integrative model.
No full textIn recent years, due to changes in the social structure, more and more families choose to have housework service. Researchers started the housekeeping business in 2015. After several years of work experience, I found that " unfamiliar housekeeper stepping into the home to do housework" is one of the most influential factors in consumers\u27 purchase in housekeeping service. To eliminate the doubts of unfamiliar housekeeper entering the consumer\ue2s home, to establish a relationship with consumers, and then built trust, finally consumers will purchase housekeeping services. Therefore, this study wants to explore how the housekeeping companies communicates and gradually builds consumer\ue2s trust, which drives the willingness to purchase services. After purchasing services, how housekeeping companies and customers continue to establish good communication and interaction, also establish long-term "relationships" with customers. Therefore, the research questions are as follows: 1. How do housekeeping companies establish relationships with consumers in the early stage of their business? 2. How can housekeeping companies make consumers trust and their willingness to purchase services? 3. Housekeeping companies how to keep and establish long-term relationships with consumer? This research conducts data analysis through in-depth interview. The main interview subjects are executives and founders of the housekeeping business. After summarized the interviews from housekeeping companies, and then interview the consumers who have ever bought housework service, to ask them what\ue2s the feel after bought housework and the housekeeping companies have good communication and establish relationships with consumers? The results of the study found that the housekeeping business is an "Experience Business." Building a relationship with consumers uses Word-of-Mouth Marketing as the most effective marketing tool. "Quality" is the primary factor that customers choose housekeeping companies. In addition to improving the positive evaluation, continuous provide good service and Social Enterprise are the key ways to maintaining consumers\u27 continuous purchase and building loyalty
Study of Growth Behavior and Electronic Properties for Co on Bi honeycomb
No full textTopological Insulator (TI) is popular research topic in recent years and Bismuth is always a perfect candidate for the experiments in TI. In fact, Bi honeycomb growing on Si substrate has been successfully created in the experiment and predicted as a 2D TI. To check whether this system is a 2D TI and understand the affection of magnetism, we decided to deposit small among of Cobalt on it and study the physical properties changing. By Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) we are able to see the variation of the lattice of the surfaces. Using scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS) we get to know the growth behavior of Co on Bi honeycomb and detect the surface electronic property to investigate the differences before and after the Co deposition
[[alternative]]The Influential Determinants of Low-Fat Dietary Behavior of the Students' Mothers in a Selected Primary School
No full text[[abstract]]The purpose of this study is to investigate the current low-fat dietary behavior of women,and to examine the relationships between low-fat dietary behavior and selected demographic characteristics,as well as knowledge,attitude,self-efficacy,outcome expectancy ,and social support of low-fat diet.The syudy consisted of 563 subjects who were selected by using cluster sampling technique from students( mothers in one primary school located in urban area.A questionnaire,developed by the author of the study,was used to gather data in 1998.Several major findings were as follows：(1) The subjects often behaved the low-fat dietary behavior. (2) The knowledge about low-fat diet in the subjects was medium degree. Educaation degree significantly predicted the knowledge of low-fat diet. (3) The subjects had positive attitude toward low-fat diet. Educaation degree significantly predicted the attitude of low-fat diet.(4) The subjects had good self-efficacy of low-fat diet . Perception of body shape significantly predicted the self-efficacy of low-fat diet. (5) The subjects had positive outcome expectancy toward low-fat diet. Age,education degree, perception of body shape and health status significantly predicted outcome expectancy.(6) The subjects did not have much social support of low-fat diet. Age significantly predicted the social support of low-fat diet. (7)The variance of low-fat dietary behavior could be explained by all independent variables was 27.4%.The important predictors were knowledge,attitude,self-efficacy ,and social support of low-fat diet.Based on the findings of the study,I provided some suggestions for furure studies and the authorities concerned as indicated in Chapter5.
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