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    The Effect of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Metabolites in Metabolic Engineering Escherichia coli.

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    全球暖化及氣候變遷是由於人們過度使用石化燃料,例如煤和石油,產生大量二氧化碳、甲烷、氧化亞氮等溫室氣體,因而造成過度的溫室效應所導致。二氧化碳減量議題不僅是地區甚至是全球議題,若是能透過微生物回收二氧化碳之時,產生替代石化工業化合物及具有經濟效益之產品,便可減少非再生能源之利用。在前人研究中,已透過轉殖綠硫菌之還原性三羧酸循環之關鍵酵素,包括α-ketoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase(KOR)、ATP citrate lyase(ACL)、fumarate reductase(FR)及succinate dehydrogenase(SDH),開發出混營性大腸桿菌,而前人進一步剔除生成其他副產物的基因藉此來增加琥珀酸,以單一剔除methylglyoxal synthase (mgsA)基因後之琥珀酸產量為最高。而本實驗利用此固碳優勢的能力,於Echerichia coli K-12 BW25113利用基因重組系統探討多重基因剔除E.coli中代謝支線之基因,有效提高特殊代謝產物之產率,並增加固碳作用所需的前驅物(琥珀酸)。當BW25113以葡萄糖作為碳源時,所生產代謝產物當中以乳酸含量佔大部分,而同時剔除mgsA及aldehyde-alcohol dehydrogenase(adhE),能有效促進琥珀酸以及酸類化合物含量,另外在後續實驗中於ΔmgsA ΔadhE菌株上剔除DNA-binding transcriptional repressor(iclR) gene,以達到活躍乙醛酸路徑並促進琥珀酸生產,為本實驗缺陷株當中最佳產酸菌株,此外,在本實驗菌株轉殖rTCA酵素後以葡萄糖作為碳源的情況下,會對琥珀酸進行消耗,有效提升甲酸含量,部分菌株甚至能生產較高的總酸類化合物。在無糖代謝結果中發現,B-K(BW25113轉殖pGETS-K)菌株將無機碳作為碳源的情況下能產生高達1.21 g/L之醋酸,推測 KOR轉植菌株能固定無機二氧化碳將碳回推至Pyruvate及Acetyl-CoA,而藉由轉化成醋酸過程中獲得能量,來提供細胞存活。Global warming and climate change are caused by overuse of fossil fuels, such as coal and petroleum, producing such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, resulting in greenhouse effect. The issue of carbon dioxide reduction has not only been a regional or even global issue. In recent years, the issue of carbon dioxide emission is not only a regional but even global issue. If carbon dioxide can be recycled through microorganisms and convered to petrochemicals alternatives , the use of non-renewable energy can be reduced. In previous studies, a set of reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle genes including α-ketoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, ATP citrate lyase, fumarate reductase, and succinate dehydrogenase were introduced from Chlorobium tepidum TLS to Escherichia coli . Mixotroph E. coli was developed, in which the yield of succinic acid was the highest after knock-out of mgsA gene. Taking advantage of the CO2 fixation, this experiment explores the multi-metabolic gene knock-out of mixotroph E. coli, and effectively increases the yield of specific metabolites and precursor (succinate) for carbon fixation. When BW25113 uses glucose as a carbon source, most of the produced metabolites are lactate. At the same time knock-out mgsA and adhE gene, the amount of succinate and acid compounds are increased. In this experiment, iclR gene was knocked out on ΔmgsA ΔadhE strain, active glyoxylate pathway and promote succinic acid production, the strain is the best acid-producing strain among knock-out strains in the experiment. In addition, the rTCA transgenic strain consumes succinate to increase the formate content, and some strains can produce higher acid compounds. Finally, under the sugar-free anaerobic condition, the acetic acid level of the B-K strain can be as high as 1.21 g/L. Therefore, in the anaerobic and sugar-free state, E. coli prefer to consume and convert carbon dioxide to pyruvate and Acetyl-CoA, and cell survival is provided by the energy obtained during the conversion to acetic acid.第一章 、前言 1 1.1. 二氧化碳減量處理法 2 1.1.1. 物理處理 2 1.1.2. 化學處理 3 1.1.3. 生物處理 3 1.2.光合自營與化學自營 5 1.2.1. 光合自營 5 1.2.2. 化學自營 6 1.2.3. 二氧化碳固定效率 8 1.3.基因剔除技術 10 1.4.剔除基因介紹 12 1.4.1. mgsA(methylglyoxal synthase gene) 12 1.4.2. adhE(alcohol dehydrogenase gene) 13 1.4.3. iclR(DNA-binding transcriptional repressor IclR gene) 14 1.5.大腸桿菌的代謝產物 15 1.5.1. 琥珀酸 Succinate 15 1.5.2. 乳酸 Lactate 15 1.5.3. 甲酸 Formate 16 1.5.4. 醋酸 Acetate 16 1.5.5. 乙醇 Ethanol 16 1.6.前人研究 17 1.6.1. rTCA 基因來源 17 1.6.2. 合成生物學 18 1.6.3. 大腸桿菌中建構還原性三羧酸循環之特性 20 1.7.還原性三羧酸循環(rTCA cycle)的應用性 22 1.8.動機與目的 24 第二章 、實驗材料與方法 26 2.1.實驗材料 26 2.2.萃取質體DNA 28 2.3.勝任細胞製備與轉型 29 2.4.電穿孔勝任細胞及電穿孔轉植法 30 2.5.聚合酶連鎖反應 ( Polymerase chain reaction, PCR ) 30 2.6.洋菜膠體電泳分析 ( agarose gel electrophoresis ) 32 2.7.厭氧批次培養 33 2.8.代謝產物分析 34 2.9.還原糖測定法 34 第三章 、結果與討論 35 3.1. rTCA關鍵酵素對於BW25113代謝產物之影響 35 3.1.1. 批次厭氧高殖菌量之代謝產物分析 35 3.2. E.coli K-12 BW25113 ΔmgsA ΔadhE批次厭氧高植菌量之代謝產物分析 41 3.2.1. 置換線性DNA備製 43 3.2.2. adhE基因剔除確認 43 3.2.3. 批次厭氧高殖菌量之代謝產物分析 45 3.3. E.coli K-12 BW25113 ΔmgsA ΔadhE ΔiclR批次厭氧高植菌量之代謝產物分析 49 3.3.1. 置換線性DNA備製 50 3.3.2. iclR基因剔除確認 51 3.3.3. 批次厭氧高殖菌量之代謝產物分析 53 3.4. E.coli K-12 BW25113及缺陷株批次厭氧無糖高植菌量之代謝產物分析及固碳之檢討 57 第四章 、結論 63 第五章 、未來研究方向 64 第六章 、參考文獻 6

    Comparative study of foliar variegation of Begonia formosana: leaf features, reproductive characters and herbivory

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    自然界中植物斑葉 (foliar variegation) 的成因主要有色素類(化學色)與結構類(物理色)這兩大類。許多具斑葉的植物生長於森林底層,終其一生均保有斑葉特性,有些斑葉植物僅幼年期才具有斑葉,另外,尚有若干種類的斑葉植物則於開花期前僅產生綠葉。前人研究認為斑葉的生存意義是降低被植食者取食或光保護作用。水鴨腳秋海棠 (Begonia formosana) 為北台灣常見的原生秋海棠科植物,具有綠葉型及斑葉型。本研究旨在探討水鴨腳秋海棠斑葉的葉特徵、生殖特性及適存度與視覺性植食者 (visual herbivore) 的關係。視覺性植食者使用雌的臺灣負蝗成蟲 (Atractomorpha sinensis) 用於探討植食者的取食偏好。 葉特徵結果顯示斑葉型與綠葉型的近軸面多列無分支毛數量沒有顯著差異。葉近軸面多邊形的表皮細胞面積則有差異,依序為斑葉綠區最大,綠葉次之,斑葉斑區最小。葉遠軸面方面,斑葉斑區、斑葉綠區及綠葉的保衛細胞大小沒有差異,但斑葉綠區則有最小的副細胞,斑葉斑區與綠葉的副細胞大小則沒有差異。在氣孔密度方面,斑葉斑區的氣孔密度最少,斑葉綠區與綠葉的氣孔密度則沒有差異。另外,三者之中,僅斑葉斑區的近軸面表皮細胞內有零星分布的晶簇狀結晶,斑葉綠區與綠葉則無分布。 斑葉特性的野外調查結果顯示水鴨腳秋海棠斑葉型族群約僅占9%。另外,斑葉型個體被植食者取食的比例遠小於綠葉型個體被取食的比例,與前人研究斑葉受到植食者取食的比例低相符。在開花結果能力方面,綠葉型與斑葉型個體一個花序上總共可開的雄花數及雌花數沒有差異,所結的果實數亦沒有差異。 繁殖器官形態結果顯示,綠葉型與斑葉型個體的雄花與雌花的花被片大小、花藥數及二維投影的柱頭面積,四者在兩型個體中均無差異,推測兩型個體被授粉者拜訪的機率可能沒有差異。花粉萌芽率、果實尺寸及一個果實內的總種子數等,在兩型個體間也無差異。在花粉與種子的外觀與尺寸方面,斑葉型個體的花粉較綠葉型個體的花粉寬;斑葉型個體的種子長度及寬度也較綠葉型個體的大,兩型具有顯著差異。這可能是因為斑葉型個體較少被植食者取食,使得斑葉型個體有較多的能量,可以產生較大的花粉及種子。 基因體大小結果顯示綠葉型個體與斑葉型個體的基因體大小相同。斑葉個體可塑性與光度的關聯結果顯示少部分斑葉型個體在高光度及低光度環境下,均可發育綠色的新生葉;綠葉型個體在高光度及低光度環境下則仍然發育綠色的新生葉。 視覺性植食者的取食偏好結果顯示植食者傾向於先跳至綠葉型個體,實驗結束時,亦傾向停留於綠葉型個體上。另外,綠葉型個體被取食的葉面積與植食者停留於綠葉上的時間,均顯著高於斑葉型個體,再次證實斑葉具有降低植食者危害的意義。 綜合上述,推測綠葉型與斑葉型水鴨腳秋海棠的適存度沒有差異。斑葉亦具有可塑性,但並未具有光保護能力。斑葉其生態意義為預防被植食者取食,進而使自身的族群不至於被植食者取食而大量減少。Natural foliar variegated plants are occasionally found in forest understoreys. Pigmental type (chemical color) and structural type (physical color) are two main mechanisms of foliar variegation, have been reported. Some plants keep variegation throughout their life history, some only show this feature at the juvenile stage, and still others display this feature before flowering time. Anti-herbivory and photoprotection are two main hypotheses of the ecological meaning of foliar variegation. Begonia formosana (Begoniaceae), a shade herb native to Taiwan, has variegated and green form in nature. The aims of this study are to: 1) describe morphological differences between green and variegated leaves; 2) elucidate the reproductive differences between variegated and green forms with a view to understanding fitness differences between the two forms; 3) clarify the interaction between variegation and visual herbivores. In this study, adult female grasshopper, Atractomorpha sinensis, is chosen to represent the visual herbivore for understanding the herbivore preference. The leaf morphological study shows the number of multiseriate unbranched hair, and there is no difference between the two forms. The polygonal-shaped adaxial epidermal cells significantly vary in size. The green area of a variegated leaf has the largest polygonal-shaped adaxial epidermal cells, and the following is the green leaf. The white area of a variegated leaf has the smallest one. There is no size difference between guard cells of different leaf areas, but the green area of a variegated leaf has the smallest subsidiary cells, and the white area of a variegated leaf has the lowest stomatal density. Few druse-form oxalate crystals were found only in the adaxial epidermal cells of the white area of a variegated leaf. The variegated form of Begonia formosana accounts for around 9% of total population in Qingshan Waterfall Trail area, but the herbivore damage in the variegated leaves is significantly fewer than in the green leaves. This observation support the anti-herbivory hypothesis. In the aspect of the reproductive organs, there is no significant difference in the number of male flowers, female flowers, fruits and seeds between variegated and green form. More detail characteristics, including the size of flower petals, 2D projected stigmata, fruits and the number of anthers also show the same pattern. However, the variegated form has significantly wider pollen grains and bigger seeds than the green form. This reproductive difference may reflect higher photosynthetic reserves in the variegated form potentially due to lower herbivory on the variegated plant, allowing it to produce larger pollen grains and seeds. The genome size between the variegated and green form showed no difference. The variegated form showed the leaf plasticity in the high and low light environment. Some variegated form individuals grew green leaves in the high and low light environment. The variegated and green form are different for the visual herbivores. The grasshoppers stayed significantly longer and caused larger damage area on the green form leaf than the variegated form. They showed the same preference at the beginning and the end of the experiment. These results strongly indicate the little fitness difference between the variegated and green form. Although the variegated form grow green leaves in the different light environment, they are not for photoprotection. The ecological meaning of foliar variegation in Begonia formosana should be anti-herbivory, providing the prevention of visual herbivores to whole population.摘要 i Abstract iii 目錄 v List of Figure vii List of Table x 第一章、 前言 1 一、 斑葉與其機制介紹 1 二、 斑葉與植物生存的意義 4 三、 斑葉的生理生態 6 四、 研究目的 7 第二章、 材料與方法 9 一、 研究材料 9 二、 樣點位置 11 三、 研究方法 12 (一) 斑葉特性的野外調查 12 (二) 葉部形態 13 (三) 繁殖器官形態 16 (四) 基因體大小 (Kuo et al., 2017) 18 (五) 斑葉個體可塑性與光度的關聯 18 (六) 視覺性植食者的取食偏好 19 (七) 資料整理與分析軟體 19 第三章、 結果 20 一、 斑葉特性的野外調查 20 (一) 斑葉特性的族群百分比 20 (二) 斑葉特性的遠軸面葉顏色 21 (三) 斑葉被植食者取食與否調查 23 (四) 斑葉特性與花朵及果實數量的比較 24 二、 葉部形態 29 (一) 近軸面的多列無分支毛數量 29 (二) 近軸面表皮細胞面積 29 (三) 遠軸面的保衛細胞與副細胞面積及氣孔密度 31 (四) 葉肉組織內晶體 32 三、 繁殖器官形態 33 (一) 雄花與雌花的花被片大小 33 (二) 雄花的花藥數 34 (三) 雌花二維投影的柱頭面積 35 (四) 花粉外觀及尺寸 35 (五) 花粉萌芽率 37 (六) 果實尺寸 38 (七) 種子總重量及總數目 39 (八) 種子外觀及尺寸 41 四、 基因體大小 42 五、 斑葉個體可塑性與光度的關聯 44 六、 視覺性植食者的取食偏好 47 第四章、 討論 50 一、 斑葉特性的野外調查與葉部形態 54 二、 繁殖器官形態 55 三、 基因體大小 56 四、 斑葉個體可塑性與光度的關聯 56 五、 視覺性植食者的取食偏好 57 第五章、 參考文獻 5

    Improvement of PEMFC Performance by Coating Reduced Graphene Oxide on the Anode Gas Diffusion Layer

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    質子交換膜燃料電池具有高轉換效率、能量密度很高、操作快速容易、零污染等優點。但一般燃料電池的製作仍須要克服很多挑戰,如觸媒分散性不佳、白金價格昂貴、水管理不容易掌握等都是造成PEMFC效能無法提升的問題之一,因此研究第一部分主要探討如何增加Pt在碳黑載體上的分散性,本研究使用雙氧水對碳黑表面進行表面改質,使碳黑表面佈滿含氧官能基,增加碳黑在水中的分散性,由XRD圖可以看到Pt晶粒尺寸從6.56 nm減小到4.26 nm,TEM圖則證實確實有助於減少Pt團聚現象的發生,因而提高了電池的輸出功率。 第二部分會將一維的碳黑結構與二維的石墨烯混合形成新的3D複合結構,期望藉由石墨烯高比表面積的特性來增加碳黑的分散性,使Pt在還原時分佈更均勻,粒徑更小,但從SEM及TEM結果發現還是有團聚現象的發生,造成電流密度及輸出功率會隨著石墨烯的添加量增加而下降,主要是由於製作的石墨烯無法達到理論比表面積,且與Pt交互作用不佳所導致。 第三部分主要會去探討在陽極氣體擴散層上塗佈石墨烯來改善水管理,且利用石墨烯高導電率的特性來降低極化現象的發生,由接觸角分析結果發現隨還原氧化石墨烯塗佈量增加接觸角有下降的趨勢,表示親水性增加,能達到潤濕的效果幫助氫離子傳遞,在65 ℃操作溫度下,塗佈2.52mg/cm2還原氧化石墨烯的電流密度由0.395 W/cm2增加為0.538 W/cm2,證實塗佈還原氧化石墨烯於氣體擴散層上,確實有助於效率的提升。Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have the advantages of high conversion efficiency, high energy density, fast and easy operation, and zero pollution. However, the production of fuel cells still needs to overcome many challenges. The poor dispersion of catalysts, the high price of platinum, and the difficulty in mastering water management are all problems that cannot improve the performance of PEMFC. Therefore, the first part of the experiment will mainly discuss how to increase the dispersibility of Pt particles on the carbon black carrier. In this study, the surface of carbon black was surface-modified with hydrogen peroxide, and the surface of carbon black was filled with oxygen-containing functional groups to increase the dispersibility of carbon black in water. From the XRD pattern, the Pt particle size decreases from 6.56 nm to 4.26 nm.It was confirmed that the surface treatment of carbon black by hydrogen peroxide really reduce the occurrence of Pt agglomeration. The second part will combine the one-dimensional carbon black structure with two-dimensional graphene to form a new 3D composite structure. It is expected that the high specific surface area of graphene will increase the dispersion of carbon black and make Pt more distributed during reduction. However, it was found by SEM and TEM that agglomeration occurred, and the current density decreased with the increase of graphene addition, mainly due to the poor interaction between graphene and Pt. The third part will mainly discuss the coating of graphene on the anode gas diffusion layer to improve water management and use the high conductivity of graphene to reduce the occurrence of polarization. From the contact angle analysis results, it is found that the contact angle decreases with the increase of the amount of reduced graphene oxide coating, indicating that the hydrophilicity is increased, and the wetting effect can be achieved to help the hydrogen ion transfer. At 65°C operating temperature, the power density of coating 2.52mg/cm2 reduced graphene oxide increased from 0.395 W/cm2 to 0.538 W/cm2. It was confirmed that coating graphene oxide on anode gas diffusion layer can really increase efficiency.摘要 i Abstract ii 總目錄 iii 圖 目 錄 vi 表 目 錄 viii 第一章 序論 1 1.1 前言 1 1.2 研究動機 1 第二章 基礎原理與文獻探討 3 2.1 燃料電池簡介 3 2.1.1 燃料電池發展歷史 4 2.1.2 燃料電池的種類 4 2.1.3 質子交換膜燃料工作原理 5 2.1.4 質子交換膜燃料電池關鍵材料與元件 6 2.2 燃料電池水管理 10 2.3 電極反應動力學 12 2.3.1 極化曲線 12 2.3.2 活化極化 13 2.3.3 歐姆極化 13 2.3.4 濃度極化 13 2.4 載體之分散 13 2.5 觸媒製作方法 16 2.6 石墨烯簡介 18 2.7 石墨烯製備 19 第三章 研究方法 22 3.1 藥品與材料 22 3.2 實驗儀器 23 3.3 實驗流程 23 3.3.1 氧化石墨烯製備 23 3.3.2 還原氧化石墨烯製備 25 3.3.3 碳載體前處理 27 3.3.4 鉑/碳黑(Pt/C)觸媒製備 27 3.3.5 Nafion的前處理 28 3.3.6 膜電極(MEA)的製備 29 3.3.7 塗佈還原氧化石墨烯的MEA製備 30 3.4 實驗儀器分析原理 30 第四章 結果與討論 36 4.1 碳黑表面處理之特性 36 4.1.1 晶體結構分析 36 4.1.2 微結構與表面形貌分析 38 4.1.3 表面官能基分析 43 4.1.4 電化學分析 44 4.1.5 單電池測試系統 45 4.2 石墨烯之特性 46 4.2.1 晶體結構分析 47 4.2.2 拉曼分析 48 4.2.3 表面官能基分析 49 4.3 不同含量RGO用於觸媒載體之特性 50 4.3.1 微結構與表面形貌分析 50 4.3.2 電化學分析 53 4.4 不同含量RGO塗佈於氣體擴散層之特性 55 4.4.1 表面形貌分析 55 4.4.2 表面電阻分析 56 4.4.3 接觸角分析 57 4.4.4 單電池測試系統 59 4.4.5 單電池內電阻分析 64 第五章 結論 66 參考文獻 6

    Ion exchange-prepared Pb-Sb-Se nanoparticles: A new solar absorber material for quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

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    本論文主要是以合成新型三元素化合物Pb-Sb-Se做為太陽能電池中的吸光材料。Pb-Sb-Se奈米顆粒(nanoparticles - NPs)是由Pb-Sb-S前驅物透過離子交換法製備而得。Pb-Sb-S前驅物是使用連續離子層吸附反應法( Successive ionic layer absorption and reaction - SILAR) 並經過退火將三元化合物量子點合成於多孔性TiO2薄膜內。在XRD (X-ray diffraction) pattern中可以清楚得知,經由Pb-Sb-S前驅物變為Pb-Sb-Se時,XRD的峰明顯向左偏移0.8-1.3度。能量色散X射線光譜(Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy - EDS) 成功證實經由離子交換(S2-Se2-) 完全,得到Pb-Sb-Se相。其光學特性則使用紫外-可見光譜儀(UV-Vis Spectroscopy)做分析與計算平均能隙約為1.45 eV,其低於Pb-Sb-S前驅物(約1.75 eV)。 Pb-Sb-Se NPs 首次被合成且應用在液態量子點敏化太陽能電池上。目前,最佳樣品,在100 % AM 1.5太陽光下,得到電池轉換效率為1.15 %,開路電壓為0.28 V、短路電流為12.01 mA/cm2、填充因子FF為34.22 %;於10 % AM 1.5太陽光下可以得到的電池功率轉換效率為4.18 %、開路電壓為0.26 V、短路電流為3.07 mA/cm2、填充因子為52.25 %。This thesis describes the new ternary semiconductor sensitizer lead antimony selenide (Pb-Sb-Se) for solar cells. Pb-Sb-Se nanoparticles (NPs) have been prepared from a lead antimony sulfide (Pb-Sb-S) precursor by the solution-based Se2- anion exchange reaction. The Pb-Sb-S precursor was grown on a mesoporous TiO2 electrode using the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) process. To analyze the property the as-prepared materials were characterized by UV-Visible, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). XRD shows that the synthesized Pb-Sb-Se NPs have the same crystal structure as the Pb-Sb-S precursor with the diffraction angles significantly down-shifted around 0.8-1.3˚. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) confirms the complete anion exchange from Pb-Sb-S and formation of the Pb-Sb-Se phase. UV-visible spectroscopy reveals the Pb-Sb-Se NPs optical energy gap (Eg) to be ~ 1.45 eV that is lower than the Pb-Sb-S precursor (~1.75 eV). Liquid-junction semiconductor-sensitized solar cells were fabricated from the synthesized Pb-Sb-Se semiconductor with polysulfide electrolyte and Pt electrode as counter electrode. The best cell yields a short-circuit current (Jsc) of 8.3 mA/cm2, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.3 V, a fill factor (FF) of 32.8 %, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 1.15 % (one sun) and 4.18 % (10 % sun), respectively.第一章 緒論 1 1-1前言 1 1-2研究動機 4 1-2-1利用半導體材料取代有機染料作為敏化太陽能電池 4 1-2-2以Pb-Sb-Se三元化合物作為光吸收材料 5 第二章 文獻回顧與原理 6 2-1文獻回顧 6 2-1-1 Pb5Sb8S17半導體材料 6 2-1-2 Se2-離子交換反應法 (ion exchange reaction method) 9 2-2 液態半導體敏化太陽能電池之工作原理 12 2-3半導體敏化太陽能電池優勢 13 2-4 連續離子層吸附反應法 (Successive ionic layer absorption and reaction - SILAR) 15 2-4-1 SILAR法製作流程 16 2-4-2 SILAR法的優點 [18-19] 17 2-4-3 SILAR法的缺點 17 2-5半導體敏化太陽能電池的結構和功能 18 2-5-1透明導電玻璃 (Transparent Conducting Oxide, TCO) 18 2-5-2 緻密層(Titanium isoproproxide, Ti-ip) 19 2-5-3 TiO2傳導層 20 2-5-4 TiO2光散射層 [22] 21 2-5-5 光敏化劑 21 2-5-6 ZnSe包覆層 [24-26] 22 2-5-7電解液(electrolyte) 23 2-5-8金屬對電極 24 2-6 太陽光光譜 25 2-7半導體敏化太陽能電池效能分析 27 第三章 實驗製程 32 3-1實驗儀器與實驗藥品列表 32 3-2 QDSSC製作流程介紹與量測 37 3-2-1切割FTO玻璃及清洗 37 3-2-2 TTIP製作 37 3-2-3 TiO2吸收層與散射層製作 38 3-2-4 合成Pb-Sb-S量子點 40 3-2-5將Pb-Sb-S前驅物以離子交換得到Pb-Sb-Se 44 3-2-6 ZnSe包覆層(ZnSe passivation layer) 45 3-2-7 對電極製作 46 3-2-7-1 前置作業 46 3-2-7-2 Pt對電極製作 46 3-2-7-3 Au對電極製作 47 3-2-8 電解液製作 47 3-2-9電池封裝 48 3-3樣品之製作 49 3-3-1 X-光繞射 (X-ray diffraction, XRD)樣品之製作 49 3-3-2 UV-VIS穿透光譜樣品之製作 50 3-3-3 TEM樣品製作 50 第四章 結果與討論 51 4-1 XRD分析 51 4-2 UV-vis Spectroscopy 分析 52 4-3 TEM分析 55 4-4 EDS分析 56 4-5 Pb-Sb-Se半導體敏化太陽能電池轉換效率分析 59 4-5-1 不同SILAR cycle之影響 59 4-5-2 利用ZnSe包覆層來提升電池效率 61 4-5-3 不同對電極對於轉換效率的影響 63 4-5-4 Power dependence 量測分析 64 4-6 外部量子效率分析 67 4-7 實驗之比較以及研究上的限制 70 第五章 結論 71 第六章 未來工作 72 第七章 文獻資料 7

    Evaluation Streptomyces sp. BT-05 on feeding inhibition and lethal efficacy of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L.

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    微生物殺蟲劑 (microbial insecticide) 是一種生物性殺蟲藥劑,主要是利用細菌、真菌或病毒等微生物或其產生的代謝物質所開發成。微生物性殺蟲藥劑可被運用於現代整合性害蟲管理系統 (integrated pest management, IPM),以降低使用化學殺蟲劑對於環境與人體健康所造成的衝擊。本研究主要係與百泰生物科技股份有限公司共同合作,自其種源庫中,篩得一株對小菜蛾 (Plutella xylostella) 幼蟲具取食抑制與殺蟲效果之鏈黴菌 (Streptomyces sp.;代號BT-05)。浸葉試驗結果可以得知至少以106顆BT-05之孢子於Mannitol Soya Flour (MS or SFM) 培養液發酵五日之發酵液具最佳活性,取食抑制與殺蟲效果均可達70%或以上,且冷藏於4℃下四周後活性依然可達80%。經離心之BT-05發酵液之上清液對小菜蛾幼蟲並無影響,而其菌體沉澱物回溶於RO水或MS培養液對幼蟲均有活性,顯示其活性物質應是來自於菌體內部;此外,發酵液經由4倍之稀釋後即失去活性。另外將BT-05靜置於溫度54℃下2週,結果BT-05在1週後即喪失活性。檢測BT-05發酵液穩定性之試驗,結果顯示以80℃熱處理10分鐘後仍具有活性,但在100℃下處理10分鐘後活性顯著下降,且經由滅菌處理後活性喪失;此活性物質在pH值3~11之環境下24小時,仍具有活性;並且在UV-B光能下照射12小時也仍對小菜蛾幼蟲具活性。最後,網室內植株試驗的結果呈現,高麗菜植株在經過BT-05處理後具有良好的防治效果。綜合上述結果顯示,BT-05具有開發潛力,未來可作為新穎性生物農藥,以防止小菜蛾對十字花科作物之危害。Microbial insecticides, a type of biopesticides, are mainly made from microorganisms and/or their metabolites. Combining microbial insecticides in integrated pest management (IPM) could reduce impacts of chemical pesticides on the environment and human health. In the present study, we collaborated with the Biontech Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Miaoli County, Taiwan) and focused on one Streptomyces sp., coded BT-05, which it showed the deterrent effect on Plutella xylostella. On results of the leaf-dip tests, the fermentation broth of Streptomyces sp. BT-05 (106 spores, fermenting for 5 days) in Mannitol Soya Flour (MS or SFM) medium showed still had over 70% feeding inhibition rate and mortality against P. xylostella larvae. Also, BT-05 culture in MS medium stored at 4°C still had 80% feeding inhibition rate and mortality after 4 weeks compared to the cultures fermented with other medium. The supernatant of the BT-05 fermented broth had no notable effect against P. xylostella larvae, yet the RO water- or MS-resuspended pellets showed the effect, indicating that the active substances of feeding inhibition and lethal efficacy may originate from the inside of BT-05 cells. However, the RO water-resuspended pellet lost the activity after 4 fold dilution. The test on the active substance stability of BT-05 culture resulted that feeding inhibition and lethal efficacy were remained even at temperature 80°C for 10 minutes, and slightly decrease on the 100°C. However, the activity totally lost after sterilization by autoclave. Moreover, BT-05 culture almost wholly lost activity at 54°C for 1 week. Further, the activity of BT-05 still existed after treated in pH 3~11 for 24 h. There had no significant effect on feeding inhibition and lethal efficacy of BT-05 UV-treatment (UV-B) for 12 hours. The results of the plant tests showed that spraying BT-05 had good protective effect against diamondback moth larva feeding on the cabbage plants. In conclusion, the above results revealed that Streptomyces sp. BT-05 has a considerable potential to be developed as a novel biopesticide to prevent P. xylostella damage on the cruciferous crops.目  錄 中文摘要--------------------------------------------------------------------------i 英文摘要-------------------------------------------------------------------------iii 前言--------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 前人研究--------------------------------------------------------------------------3 一、 小菜蛾介紹-----------------------------------------------------------3 (一) 小菜蛾之形態特徵與生活史----------------------------------3 (二) 小菜蛾的危害與防治-------------------------------------------4 二、 病蟲害整合管理系統與微生物農藥-----------------------------5 (一) 病蟲害整合管理系統-------------------------------------------5 (二) 微生物農藥-------------------------------------------------------6 三、 鏈黴菌屬 (Streptomyces) 細菌---------------------------------9 (一) 鏈黴菌介紹------------------------------------------------------9 (二) 鏈黴菌的抗生素與其應用------------------------------------10 材料與方法---------------------------------------------------------------------13 一、 供試昆蟲------------------------------------------------------------13 二、 本土鏈黴菌 (Streptomyces sp.) BT-05之菌種保存---------13 三、 本土鏈黴菌BT-05孢子計算法----------------------------------14 四、 本土鏈黴菌BT-05菌種發酵之製備----------------------------14 五、 發酵液對小菜蛾之影響分析試驗------------------------------14 (一) 非選擇性試驗---------------------------------------------------15 (二) 選擇性試驗------------------------------------------------------15 六、 小菜蛾取食抑制率之計算及轉換與死亡率之校正-----------15 (一) 取食抑制率------------------------------------------------------16 (二) 校正死亡率------------------------------------------------------16 七、 不同發酵條件對小菜蛾幼蟲取食之影響-----------------------16 (一) 不同發酵日數之影響------------------------------------------16 (二) 不同初始孢子數發酵之影響------------------------------16 (三) 不同培養基之發酵液之影響---------------------------------17 八、 發酵液之耐受性試驗----------------------------------------------17 (一) 54℃加速模擬試驗---------------------------------------------17 (二) UV-B光能對發酵液活性之影響----------------------------17 (三) 酸鹼性變化對發酵液活性之影響---------------------------18 (四) 溫度對發酵液活性之耐受性---------------------------------18 (五) 高溫高壓滅菌對發酵液活性之影響------------------------18 九、 發酵液之活性成分分析------------------------------------------19 十、 發酵液噴灑於菜苗植株試驗------------------------------------19 十一、 統計分析---------------------------------------------------------19 結果------------------------------------------------------------------------------21 一、 Streptomyces sp. BT-05發酵液對小菜蛾3齡幼蟲活性測試--21 A. 非選擇性取食情況下之影響---------------------------------21 B. 選擇性取食情況下之影響------------------------------------21 二、 BT-05之最佳發酵條件探討-------------------------------------21 A. 發酵日數---------------------------------------------------------22 B. 起始孢子數--------------------------------------------------------22 C. 不同培養基之發酵液對BT-05活性及安定性之影響------23 三、 發酵液之有效成份之分佈-----------------------------------------24 A. 上清液活性之結果---------------------------------------------24 B. 菌體活性之結果------------------------------------------------24 C. 菌體之稀釋倍數之活性測試-----------------------------------25 四、 發酵液之耐受性試驗---------------------------------------------25 A. 溫度及滅菌處理對發酵液活性之耐受性------------------26 B. 54℃加速模擬試驗---------------------------------------------26 C. 酸鹼性變化對發酵液活性之影響---------------------------27 D. UV-B光能對發酵液活性之影響----------------------------27 五、 菜苗植株試驗------------------------------------------------------28 討論------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 一、 鏈黴菌BT-05對於小菜蛾幼蟲取食之影響-------------------29 二、 BT-05最佳發酵條件----------------------------------------------29 三、 鏈黴菌BT-05活性物質------------------------------------------31 四、 鏈黴菌BT-05穩定性---------------------------------------------31 五、 菜苗試驗--------------------------------------------------------33 參考文獻------------------------------------------------------------------------35  圖目錄 圖一、非選擇性取食情況下,BT-05發酵液對於小菜蛾幼蟲的影響-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------43 圖二、選擇性取食情況下,BT-05發酵液對於小菜蛾幼蟲的影響---44 圖三、不同發酵日數之BT-05發酵液對於小菜蛾幼蟲的影響--------45 圖四、不同起始BT-05孢子數之發酵液對於小菜蛾幼蟲的影響-----46 圖五、以ISP2培養液發酵之BT-05冷藏於4°C下不同時間,觀察其對小菜蛾幼蟲的影響-----------------------------------------------------------47 圖六、以LB發酵液發酵之BT-05冷藏於4°C下不同時間,觀察其對小菜蛾幼蟲的影響-------------------------------------------------------------48 圖七、以M1發酵液發酵之BT-05冷藏於4°C下不同時間,觀察其對小菜蛾幼蟲的影響--------------------------------------------------------------49 圖八、以MS發酵液發酵之BT-05冷藏於4°C下不同時間,觀察其對小菜蛾幼蟲的影響--------------------------------------------------------------50 圖九、BT-05發酵液離心後之上清液對於小菜蛾幼蟲之影響--------51 圖十、BT-05發酵液離心後之菌體沉澱物對於小菜蛾幼蟲之影響--52 圖十一、BT-05菌體沉澱物經不同倍數之RO水回溶對於小菜蛾幼蟲之影響-----------------------------------------------------------------------------53 圖十二、經不同溫度處理之BT-05發酵液對小菜蛾幼蟲之影響-----54 圖十三、BT-05發酵液在54°C下放置2週對於小菜蛾幼蟲之影響---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------55 圖十四、BT-05發酵液酸鹼性變化後對於小菜蛾幼蟲之影響--------56 圖十五、BT-05發酵液照射UV-B光能對小菜蛾幼蟲之影響--------57 圖十六、溫室植株試驗-------------------------------------------------------5

    Using Hierarchical Bayes Choice-Based Conjoint Analysis for Taiwanese Mobile Payment Market Analysis: The Theory of Two-Sided Market

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    面臨國際三大行動支付的登台,讓台灣市場競爭日趨激烈,台灣廠商該如何找到行動支付服務的目標市場,發展適當產品策略以提升競爭優勢,成為相關業者未來經營挑戰。行動支付是具有雙邊市場 (Two-sided market) 特性的產業,消費者與商家分別處於平台兩端,因此瞭解兩端使用者對行動支付的需求偏好就顯得相當重要。本研究以層級貝氏-選擇式聯合分析法 (Hierarchical Bayes Choice-Based conjoint analysis) 探討行動支付平台兩端的消費者與商家如何在不同的行動支付方案間取捨而作出採用決策,以找出消費者與商家的行動支付屬性偏好,接著再利用集群分析 (Cluster analysis) 依個別偏好資訊分群了解消費者與商家的市場區隔,以及運用判別分析 (Discriminant analysis) 以人口變數、消費行為檢視分群特性,讓台灣廠商可以針對其目標族群以平台觀點擬定差異化產品策略、市場定位。本研究以某台灣廠商為例,並且建議個案廠商針對小額支付市場以學生族群及小型餐飲攤販族群作為目標族群,提供適當的行動支付服務來滿足消費者、商家需求。另外將台灣廠商定位為簡易、方便的行動支付品牌,以增加行動支付使用人數及達到臨界量形成群聚效應,提升台灣廠商行動支付採用率。In recent years, mobile payment services have been widely used in our daily life. It not only changes payment methods to consumers, but also influences merchants' business model. With the arrival of Apple Pay, Samsung Pay, and Google Pay in Taiwan have increased the competition in mobile payment industry. How to catch up with this trend under sheer competition from global mobile payment players becomes an important issue for Taiwanese mobile payment service providers. This study uses Hierarchical Bayes Choice-Based conjoint (HB-CBC) analysis to determine the preferences of consumers and merchants on mobile payments. This method allows respondents to experience simulated consumption situation and capture their trade-offs between products attributes. Based on individual preference, market segments of Taiwanese mobile payments could be identified and mobile payment service providers could determine appropriate services to their target segments. With a clearly defined target audience, Taiwanese mobile payment providers could develop their product strategies to keep up with competitors and sustain continuous market growth.第一章 緒論 - 1 - 第一節 研究背景 - 1 - 第二節 研究動機 - 2 - 第三節 研究目的 - 3 - 第二章 文獻探討 - 5 - 第一節 行動支付介紹 - 5 - 第二節 行動支付採用因素 - 7 - 第三節 行動支付策略分析 - 10 - 第三章 研究方法 - 12 - 第一節 確認重要產品屬性與水準 - 13 - 第二節 問卷設計及樣本收集 - 14 - 第三節 評估屬性偏好 - 16 - 第四節 市場區隔與產品策略分析 - 16 - 第四章 資料分析與策略建議 - 19 - 第一節 台灣行動支付市場案例背景 - 19 - 第二節 聯合分析法結果 - 19 - 第三節 市場區隔分析結果 - 22 - 第四節 策略建議與管理意涵 - 24 - 第五章 結論 - 28 - 參考文獻 - 30 - 附錄一 - 35 - 附錄二 - 43

    Evaluation of emulsifying properties of milk fat globule membrane and its application to ice cream manufacture

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    乳脂肪球膜(milk fat globule membranes;MFGM)為富含生物活性物質之三層磷脂結構,於乳汁中包覆於三酸甘油酯表面以形成乳脂肪球,使乳脂肪能均勻存於乳汁中。而乳脂肪球膜富含之生物活性物質,包括磷脂質與醣蛋白等,其中又以磷脂質被指出具乳化特性,故乳脂肪球膜為一具高機能性之乳原料。一般市售冰淇淋之脂肪含量超過10%,因此添加適當之乳化劑以避免油水相分離有其必要性,但近年來消費者逐漸重視健康及養身之觀念,因此以添加天然乳化劑以取代人工合成之冰淇淋逐漸成為未來市場之銷售趨勢。故本試驗旨在探討不同MFGM製備方法之乳化性質,與取代冰淇淋乳化劑對冰淇淋品質之影響,以期確立MFGM做為天然乳化劑之潛力。 本試驗中以檸檬酸鈉(sodium citrate;SC)及氫氧磷灰石(hydroxyapatite; HA)前處理,並通過微過濾(microfiltration)所得之MFGM,分別使用0.01%、0.1%、0.2%、0.5%及1.0%,並與脫脂乳粉(non-fat dry milk powder;NFDM)、酪乳粉(buttermilk powder;BTM)及僅添加去離子水之控制組(control;C),使用10%之黃豆油進行乳化試驗。顯微鏡觀察結果顯示,乳化效果隨各處理組使用比例越高,有提升之趨勢,並以使用1.0%之乳脂肪球膜處理組具最小粒徑顆粒,具最佳乳化效果;冰淇淋質地結果顯示,以添加乳脂肪球膜做為天然乳化劑之冰淇淋組具最緩慢之融化速率,並以使用氫氧磷灰前處理所得乳脂肪球膜分離物組別之膨脹率顯著高於其他處理組,顯微結構圖以未使用乳化劑之組別具最大且密集之冰晶分布,並以乳脂肪球膜蛋白組別具小顆粒冰晶均勻分布表現;冰淇淋於儲藏六個月中之整體風味接受度與質地則以使用0.5% HA及SC皆與商業用乳化劑無顯著差異(p <0.05)。綜合以上,MFGM具一定之乳化效果,且效果隨使用之比例愈高而有提升之趨勢,並具作為冰淇淋天然乳化劑之潛力。Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) is rich in biologically active substances, including phospholipids, glycoproteins and others, which in turn are characterized as having emulsifying properties of phospholipids. MFGM is known to be composed mainly of polar lipids and proteins which encloses the fat droplets in milk and contributes to stabilizing milk as an emulsion. Generally, the commercial ice cream has a high fat content of more than 10%. Therefore, it is necessary to add an appropriate emulsifier to avoid oil-water phase separation. Furthermore, in recent years, consumers have paid attention to the concept of health and natural food. So, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the emulsion properties of MFGM and its application to ice cream manufacture as a replacer for commercial emulsifier. The MFGM obtained from microfiltration with either sodium citrate (SC) or hydroxyapatite (HA) pretreatment. The emulsion properties of SC and HA (0.25%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1.0%), non-fat dry milk powder (NFDM), buttermilk powder (BTM), and deionized water (Control) were compared in a soy bean oil system. The micrograph showed that the emulsifying property was higher in the high concentration of all MFGM, where the 1.0% concentration of milk fat globule membrane treatment group with no matter SC or HA treatment showed the smallest particle size, indicated that the better emulsifying property of them. The texture evaluation of ice cream showed that the ice cream group with milk fat globule membrane as the natural emulsifier had the slowest melting rate, and the overrun of the HA group was significantly higher than that other treatment groups. The sensory evaluation of ice cream showed that the overall flavor acceptance and texture of the ice cream during storage for six months were shown in both HA and SC group, where there were not significantly different from commercial group (p <0.05). In summary, MFGM has a certainly emulsifying property, and has the potential for application as a natural emulsifier for ice cream.中文摘要 i Abstract ii 表次 v 圖次 vi 第一章 前言 1 1. 研究動機 1 2. 研究目的 1 第二章 文獻探討 2 1. 乳脂肪球膜之組成份 2 1.1極性脂質 2 1.2膜蛋白 4 2. 乳脂肪球膜之結構與形成機制 7 3. 乳脂肪球膜分離機制 11 3.1去除三酸甘油酯核心策略 13 3.2去除水溶性蛋白質策略 14 4. 乳脂肪球膜機能性價值 16 5. 冰淇淋 17 第三章 材料與方法 18 1. 試驗設計 18 2. 乳脂肪球膜製備 20 2.1酪乳製備 20 2.2解離酪蛋白膠粒 20 2.3微過濾 21 2.4蛋白質電泳 21 3. 乳脂肪球膜乳化性能 27 3.1 乳濁液製備 27 3.2 巨觀影像 27 3.3 顯微結構 27 4. 冰淇淋 28 4.1試驗設計 28 4.2冰淇淋物理性質 32 4.3冰淇淋感官品評 33 4.4統計分析 33 第四章 結果與討論 34 1. 酪乳經酪蛋白解離前處理對乳脂肪球膜蛋白組成之影響 34 2. 酪乳與乳脂肪球膜球膜分離物對乳化性能之影響 36 2.1以巨觀影像評估酪乳與乳脂肪球膜分離物之乳化性能 36 2.2以微觀結構評估酪乳與乳脂肪球膜分離物之乳化性能 39 3. 添加不同乳化劑於冰淇淋中對其整體質地與感官之影響 44 3.1冰淇淋之物理性質分析 44 3.2冰淇淋之感官品質分析 58 第五章 結論 62 第六章 參考文獻 6

    The Study on the Relationship between Internal Control and Administrative Efficiency-Evidence from Changhua Local Taxation Bureau

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    在全球化的衝擊之下,政府面臨了更嚴峻的挑戰,而適當、合宜且有效的內部控制制度,可協助政府達成提高行政效能、撙節施政成本等目標。尤其是稅務機關,其所進行之課徵行為與人民權利、義務息息相關,且稅收為財政之母,影響國家發展甚鉅,因此其現行各項內部控制制度是否能達成上述目標,自然為人民所重視。 本研究係以COSO內部控制五大要素及內部控制有效性作為基礎,探討彰化縣地方稅務局現行各項內部控制制度及其內部控制有效性與該機關行政效能間是否具有相關性?為何種相關性?在問卷設計上,除以內部控制五大要素及內部控制有效性為問項基礎外,並參考行政院頒訂之「各機關內部控制制度自行評估原則」及彰化縣地方稅務局內部控制專案小組所訂定「彰化縣地方稅務局內部控制制度」中的各類自行評估表,以里克特五點量表(5-point Likert scale)進行問卷設計。 研究發現,該機關依COSO內部控制五大要素所設計之各項內部控制制度及其內部控制有效性,與行政效能間皆呈正向關,且根據對各構面依人口變項進行單因子變異數分析結果顯示,除職等別人口變項外,其餘各人口變項對資訊與溝通構面以外各構面的部分題項,存有顯著性差異。另根據研究結果,為提升政府行政效能,本研究對政府機關提出下列建議:1、擴大機關內部控制組織參與層面。2、落實內部控制相關教育訓練。3、明定獎懲辦法。4、落實內部控制自我評估機制。Abstract Under the impact of globalization, the government is facing more severe challenges, and an appropriate, appropriate and effective internal control system can help the government achieve the goals of improving administrative efficiency and cost of administration. In particular, the tax authorities are closely related to people's rights and obligations, and taxation is the mother of finance, which affects the country's development. Therefore, whether its current internal control system can achieve the above objectives, naturally for the people. Pay attention to it。 Based on the five elements of COSO internal control and the effectiveness of internal control, this study explores whether the internal control system of Changhua County Local Taxation Bureau and its internal control effectiveness are related to the administrative effectiveness of the agency. What is the relevance? In the design of the questionnaire, in addition to the five elements of internal control and the effectiveness of internal control as the basis of the question, and reference to the 'self-assessment principle of internal control system of each agency' issued by the Executive Yuan and the internal control project team of Changhua County Local Taxation Bureau Various self-assessment forms in the 'Internal Control System of Local Taxation Bureau of Changhua County' were established, and questionnaires were designed using the 5-point Likert scale。 The study found that the internal control system designed by the agency based on the five elements of COSO internal control and its internal control effectiveness are positively related to administrative effectiveness, and the single factor variation is based on demographic variables for each facet. The results of the analysis show that, apart from the demographic variables such as demobilization, there are significant differences between the other demographic variables for some of the various aspects of the information and communication facets. According to the research results, in order to improve the administrative efficiency of the government, this study proposes the following recommendations to government agencies: 1、Expand the level of internal control organization participation. 2、Implement internal education and related education and training. 3、Mingding reward and punishment methods. 4、Implement an internal control self-assessment mechanism。第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究動機及背景 1 第二節 研究目的 3 第三節 研究流程 3 第二章 文獻檢閱 5 第一節 內部控制的定義 5 第二節 行政效能的意涵 13 第三節 內部控制與行政效能之關聯 17 第三章 彰化縣地方稅務局現行內部控制分析 23 第一節 沿革及運作歷程 23 第二節 現況說明 26 第三節 探討分析 29 第四章 研究設計 31 第一節 研究對象 31 第二節 研究架構 32 第三節 操作性定義與衡量方法 33 第四節 研究假說 34 第五節 資料分析方法 36 第五章 實證分析 39 第一節 研究對象人口結構資料分析 39 第二節 信度分析 40 第三節 敘述性統計分析 42 第四節 單因子變異數分析 53 第六章 結論 89 第一節 研究發現 89 第二節 研究限制 91 第三節 建議 92 參考書目 95 附 錄 101 附錄一 問卷設計 101 附錄二 「公務員廉政倫理事件」自行評估表 105 附錄三 「各項收入事項審核作業」自行評估表 107 附錄四 「內陞標準作業」自行評估表 109 附錄五 「採購業務」自行評估表 113 附錄六 「年度施政計畫及施政績效評估作業」自行評估表 117 附錄七 各構面信度分析 119 附錄八 整體構面信度分析 123 附錄九 各構面均數分析 125 附錄十 控制環境構面次數分配分析 129 附錄十一 風險評估構面次數分配分析 131 附錄十二 控制活動構面次數分配分析 133 附錄十三 資訊與溝通構面次數分配分析 135 附錄十四 監督構面次數分配分析 137 附錄十五 內部控制執行有效性構面次數分配分析 13

    The Organizational Socialization of the Administrative Staff in Public Junior High School-The Case of Taichung Municipal Shuang Shih Junior High School

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    自1996起的一連串國家教育政策頻繁變革,教師會、家長會共同參與校務運作的趨勢,種種教育行政環境的改變,造成學校行政職務已不同於傳統,也連帶影響了教師擔任行政職務的意願。 既有的研究文獻,多從教育環境、校園氛圍、校長領導、個人特性等這些方面來討論其成因。然而,從這些文獻中也可以發現,學校行政體系組織社會化的方式,以及行政職教師的社會化程度,可能對其留任意願、行政壓力、行政效能產生影響。因此,本研究希望從「組織社會化」此一新角度,來探討這些常見的議題,也希望藉此了解行政職務教師的社會化學習過程。 研究方法方面,本研究以一家臺中市立國民中學為對象,進行兼任行政職務教師組織社會化過程及其影響的個案研究。在資料蒐集方面,採取質性研究取向之半結構式訪談法,以便利抽樣選擇受訪對象共7位。研究發現分為二大部份: 一、教師兼任行政職務時之組織社會化過程的特點 (一)在「工作熟練」方面,除了正式研習訓練、職務前手說明外,文書檔案、通訊軟體、網際網路資訊、業務關聯廠商,亦為重要方式。 (二)推動新的教育政策、業務項目時,兼任行政職務教師主要透過集體的方式進行學習。 (三)學校組織內的部分正式制度,是行政職務教師組織社會化的重要場合之一。 (四)在「組織目標與價值」方面,教育局、學校的社會化策略作為影響力微弱。 (五)教師在學校教學系統內的社會化是否成功,對其兼任行政職務時,在行政系統內的社會化,佔有重要影響。 (六)能培養團隊合作素養的學歷背景、私部門工作經歷,對於教師進入公立學校後是否適合擔任行政工作,有重要幫助。 二、影響行政職務教師之留任意願與工作壓力的社會化因素 (一)「工作熟練」面向:須高度專業性知能的業務、工作上人的管理,形成行政職務教師之工作壓力。 (二)「人際關係」面向:當行政職務教師在學校專任教師團體裡的人際熟識度不足時,其執行行政工作容易遭質疑,進而導致留任意願低落。 (三)「價值目標」面向:行政職務教師對行政體系的價值目標認同度低,認為行政工作無意義,長期累積形成離職念頭。From a series of frequent changes in National Educational Policy, the tendency of teachers associations and parents associations together joining school operation, these changes in educational administration environment made the school administrative duty become different from before. The changes also influenced the willing for teachers to take on administrative works. Most of the existing research documents discussed the causes from educational environment, campus environment, lead of principal, and personal characteristics. However, in these documents, it can be found that socialization tactics of the school administrative system, and how much the teachers who are on administrative duty are socialized can influence the teachers' retaining willing, administrative pressure, and administrative productivity. Therefore, this research is aimed to discuss these common issues from the new aspect of organizational socialization, and to understand the socializational process of the teachers who are on administrative duty. In respect of the research methods, we took a Taichung junior high school as the case to conduct the research of socializational process of the teachers serving concurrently as administrators and how the process influenced each teacher. As for data collection, we adopted research-oriented semi-structured interview, and used the convenience sampling method to pick 7 respondents. The research results can be divided into two main parts: 1.The features in the socialization process of the teachers serving concurrently as administrators: i) In respect of 'performance proficiency,' besides formal study trainings and explanation of predecessors, documents, communication software, Internet information and business-related firms are also important manners. ii) When promoting new educational policies and projects, the teachers serving concurrently as administrators mainly learn through a collective way. iii) Part of the formal system within the school organization is one of the important occasions for the socialization of the teachers who are on administrative duty. iv) In respect of 'goals and values,' the influence of socialization strategies by Education Bureau and school are weak. v) Whether teachers' socialization in school educational system is successful or not has important influence on teachers' willing to concurrently take on administrative works. vi) Having the educational background and private sector working experiences that can build up team work literacy is of great help to teachers' suitability for taking on administrative works after entering public schools. 2.Socialization related factors influencing the retaining willing and work pressure of the teachers serving concurrently as administrators: i) In respect of 'performance proficiency': Business that requires highly professional knowledge and personnel management in work give pressures to the teachers who are on administrative duty. ii) In respect of 'people': When the teachers who are on administrative duty have insufficient interpersonal familiarity among the school full-time teachers, their administrative works may be questioned, which leads to low retaining willing. iii) In respect of 'goals and values': The teachers who are on administrative duty have low recognition toward the values and goals of the administrative system. They think administrative works are meaningless. The long term accumulation of these thoughts causes the idea of quitting job.第一章 緒論 1 第一節 研究背景與動機 1 第二節 研究目的與問題 3 一、 研究目的 3 二、 研究問題 3 三、 名詞解釋 4 第三節 研究方法與流程 4 一、質的研究方法 4 二、採質性研究方法之理由 5 三、資料蒐集方法 6 四、研究流程 7 第二章 文獻回顧與理論探討 9 第一節 公立國中行政系統簡介 9 一、學校行政組織 9 二、單位人員編制與法定職責 11 三、參與學校行政運作三團體 11 四、學校行政運作的狀況 13 第二節 組織社會化之概念及階段過程 15 一、預先社會化階段(Anticipatory socialization) 19 二、適應階段(Accommodation) 19 三、角色管理階段(Role management) 20 四、社會化結果(Outcomes) 20 第三節 機構的組織社會化策略 21 一、集體的(Collective)與個別的(Individual)社會化過程 22 二、正式的(Formal)與非正式的(Informal)社會化過程 23 三、序列的(Sequential)與隨機的(Random)社會化過程 24 四、固定的(Fixed)與變動的(Variable)社會化過程 24 五、伴隨的(Serial)與分離的(Disjunctive)社會化過程 25 六、賦予的(Investiture)與剝奪的(Divertiture)社會化過程 26 第四節 員工的資訊尋找行為 29 一、員工尋找資訊的方式(information seeking tactics) 29 二、員工決定尋找資訊方式的考量因素 30 三、資訊尋找行為與組織社會化之關係 31 第五節 組織社會化學習的內容 32 一、工作熟練(Performance proficiency) 33 二、人際關係(People) 34 三、政治(Politics) 34 四、語言(Language) 34 五、組織目標與價值(Organizational Goals and Values) 34 六、歷史(History) 35 第六節 兼任行政職務教師相關研究 37 一、無意願兼任行政職務 37 二、行政工作壓力 39 三、行政能力不足 40 一、探討留任意願成因相關研究 41 二、探討行政壓力成因相關研究 42 三、探討行政效能成因相關研究 42 第三章 研究設計 46 第一節 研究架構 46 第二節 訪談實施對象 48 第三節 訪談提綱 51 第四節 研究範圍與限制 62 一、研究範圍 62 二、研究限制 62 第四章 資料分析 63 第一節 資料整理與分析的方法 63 第二節 資料分析結果 76 一、個案學校所採取的行政體系組織社會化策略 76 二、行政職務教師個人的訊息尋找行為 83 三、與行政職教師社會化過程相關之其它關鍵詞-「輩分」 86 四、個案學校教師在行政體系之社會化程度 86 五、個案學校行政職務教師的留任意願、工作壓力 91 第五章 研究發現與建議 94 第一節 研究發現 94 一、教師兼任行政職務時之組織社會化過程的特點 94 二、影響行政職務教師之留任意願與工作壓力的社會化因素 97 第二節 本研究之實務建議 98 一、嘗試將領域專家納入行政職務教師既存的非正式學習網路社群 98 二、針對高度專業性工作,建立案例齊全的操作參考檔案範本 99 三、設法使行政職務教師在團隊工作上,具備取得其他人支援的能力 99 四、建立新進教師任職滿一定年資始得兼任行政職務的制度 99 五、師資培育課程提高對於學校行政方面課程的重視 100 六、教育局制訂政策、校長訂定目標,納入教育現場教師之意見 100 參 考 書 目 103 一、中文部分 103 二、西文部分 110 附 錄 113 附錄一 訪談提綱 113 附錄二 訪談逐字稿內容摘要表 119 附錄三 訪談逐字稿 13

    Comparative Research of Energy Saving Material for MRT Station

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    隨著科技日新月異,人類對地球的過度開發及造成的汙染日益嚴重,目前減緩全球暖化一直是我們很重要的議題,為了配合維護地球環境的浪潮,政府積極致力於節能減碳的各項推動,況我國能源供給高度依賴進口,面對全球溫室氣體減量壓力,以及國內能源需求持續成長等情勢下,如何減少溫室氣體之排放,以達成低碳家園之目標,則為當前重要的課題。 臺灣雖然無大量礦產資源,但蘊藏豐富的再生能源,如太陽能(太陽光電及太陽熱能)、風力能(離岸風力及陸域風力)、水力能、生質能、地熱能及海洋能等,若可充分開發,則可減輕我國能源依存度過高及環境污染等問題。 本研究透過文獻探討,蒐集、分析各種不同再生能源的優缺點,排除無法運用在捷運場站的再生能源,進一步比較分析若運用在捷運站對未來節能減碳之效益,更藉此比較節能減碳措施的不同以及應用捷運站做出相關分析,根據分析結果寫出本研究的結論與相關建議。With the advance and the innovation of technology, the overdevelopment and the pollution caused by human to the earth is more and more serious. Currently, slowing down the speed of global warming has always been a very important issue for us. In order to protect the earth , the government devotes to promoting and implementing carbon reduction actively. On the other hand, Taiwan is highly depends on the energy imports. Under these circumstances, how to reduce the greenhouse gas emission and achieve the goal of low-carbon house is an important issue for Taiwan. Even though there aren't large amount of mineral resources in Taiwan, there are still abundant renewable energies in it, such as solar energy, Wind energy, Hydraulic energy, Biomass energy, Geothermal energy and Marine energy. If they are well developed, the high dependence on energy, the environmental pollution, and other problems in Taiwan can be solved. Through the literature review, pros and cons of different kinds of renewable energies are collected and analyzed in the study. Moreover, renewable energies which are not able to be used in the MRT station is excluded in the study. Besides, the renewable energy which is suitable for the MRT station will be discussed further about its efficiency. Furthermore, different measures of carbon reduction and the activation of the MRT station will be analyzed in the study. In the end, the results and suggestions will be given in this study according to the former analyses.目錄 摘 要………………………………………………………………………………i ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………ii 目 錄………………………………………………………………………………iii 圖目錄………………………………………………………………………………iv 表目錄 ……………………………………………………………………………v 第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………………1 第一節 研究緣起………………………………………………………………1 第二節 研究動機………………………………………………………………2 第三節 研究目的………………………………………………………………4 第四節 研究架構………………………………………………………………5 第二章 文獻回顧……………………………………………………………………6 第一節 太陽光電………………………………………………………………7 第二節 風力能發電…………………………………………………………14 第三節 水力能發電…………………………………………………………15 第四節 生質能發電…………………………………………………………16 第五節 海洋能發電…………………………………………………………18 第六節 地熱能發電…………………………………………………………19 第七節 發電地板……………………………………………………………19 第三章 研究方法…………………………………………………………………22 第一節 概念性研究架構……………………………………………………22 第二節 目前台灣再生能源發電之比較……………………………………22 第三節 目前台灣捷運場站應用之技術……………………………………27 第四節 小結…………………………………………………………………28 第四章 研究結果分析……………………………………………………………29 第一節 太陽光電發電與發電地板之比較分析……………………………29 第二節 試算臺中捷運場站節能減碳措施之效益………………………………31 第五章 結論與建議………………………………………………………………35 第一節 結論…………………………………………………………………35 第二節 建議…………………………………………………………………36 參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………37 附錄一各年期大眾運具運量預測結果統計表………………………………………4

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