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Investigation of Engineering Behavior on Deep Excavation Adjecent to Underground Tunnels
No full text本研究主要使用PLAXIS 2D有限元素程式探討台中地區卵礫石層鄰近地下隧道深開挖之相關力學行為，以預測工程進行時可能遇到之狀況，加以預防並降低其所造成之傷害。
本研究模擬了兩種隧道斷面及兩種管線預留深度，分別為：(1)明挖覆蓋工法箱型斷面寬10公尺高5公尺。(2)地下潛盾工法斷面半徑8公尺。(3)管線預留深度5公尺。(4)管線預留深度10公尺。又依開挖區域分為單側開挖及雙側開挖，共八種案例。
研究結果顯示:鄰近明挖隧道、單側開挖、隧道深度較深之斷面模型所造成之開挖隆起沉陷、擋土臂體剪力彎矩、隧道壁體垂直變位及開挖內支撐力相對較大，若未來於斷面較寬之道路進行捷運地下化工程，為使鄰近地下隧道深開挖所造成之影響最低，隧道應選擇潛盾斷面，隧道深度則應越淺越佳。隧道完成後周圍基地進行單側開挖時應慎加防範開挖隆起、擋土結構變形及隧道壁體變形所造成之施工災害。This study mainly uses PLAXIS 2D finite element program to explore the relevant mechanical behaviors of deep excavation adjacent to underground tunnels near the gravel layer in Taichung area, in order to predict the conditions that may be encountered during the project,and to prevent the damage.
This study simulates two types of tunnel sections and two pipelines reserved depths: (1) The open-cut cover method is formed as 10 meters wide and 5 meters hieght. (2) The underground shield method has a section radius of 8 meters. (3) The pipeline has a reserved depth of 5 meters. (4) The pipeline has a reserved depth of 10 meters. According to the excavation area, it is divided into one-side excavation and double-side excavation. There are eight cases in this study.
The results show that the higher value of excavation uplift subsidence,shearing force and bending moment of the retaining wall, vertical displacement of the tunnel wall and force of internal support are caused by the adjacent excavation tunnel, one-side excavation, and the deeper section of the tunnel. If the MRT underground project is carried out on a road with a wide section in the future, in order to minimize the impact of deep excavation, the tunnel should select the submerged shield section, and the tunnel depth should be shallower. Construction damage caused by excavation bulge, deformation of retaining structure and deformation of tunnel wall should be carefully observed when one-side excavation is progressing after completion of the tunnel.目錄
中文摘要..................................................i
Abstract..................................................ii
目錄....................................................iii
表目錄...................................................vi
圖目錄..................................................vii
符號表..................................................xvi
第一章 緒論...............................................1
1.1 前言...............................................1
1.2 研究動機與目的.....................................2
1.3 研究方法...........................................3
第二章 文獻回顧...........................................5
2.1 卵礫石土層性質.....................................5
2.2 台中市地下水位性質.................................6
2.2.1 台中地區水文地質............................7
2.2.2 台中盆地地下水位............................7
2.3 台中卵礫石層擋土構造形式..........................10
2.4 台灣大道斷面模型及地下管線預留深度................14
2.5 擋土支撐力學行為..................................16
2.5.1 擋土支撐力學行為的基本原理.................16
2.5.2 土壤之土壓力計算...........................18
2.5.3 外視土壓力.................................20
2.6 深開挖擋土臂體變形特性............................22
2.7 有限元素法........................................24
2.7.1 基本理論...................................24
2.7.2 平面應變...................................25
2.7.3 有限元素分析步驟...........................25
2.8 都市隧道..........................................27
2.9 分析程式介紹......................................30
2.9.1 輸入單元(Input).............................32
2.9.2 計算單元(Calculation)........................33
2.9.3 輸出單元(Output)............................34
第三章 分析方法..........................................35
3.1 前言..............................................35
3.2 莫爾-庫倫模式.....................................35
3.3 莫爾-庫倫基本參數.................................36
第四章 研究範例之模型建立................................37
4.1 前言..............................................37
4.2 研究範例說明......................................37
4.3 材料參數使用......................................44
第五章 數值分析結果......................................47
5.1 分析步驟..........................................47
5.2 研究範例一........................................50
5.3 研究範例二........................................60
5.4 研究範例三........................................70
5.5 研究範例四........................................78
5.6 研究範例五........................................86
5.7 研究範例六.......................................100
5.8 研究範例七.......................................114
5.9 研究範例八.......................................126
5.10 研究範例分析結果比較.............................138
第六章 結論與建議.......................................146
6.1 結論.............................................146
6.2 建議.............................................147
參考文獻................................................148
表目錄
表2-1 擋土工法彙整表...................................11
表2-2 擋土工法之優缺點比較.............................13
表4-1 土壤參數.........................................44
表4-2 擋土柱及隧道壁體參數.............................45
表4-3 支撐材料參數.....................................45
表4-4 研究範例總表.....................................46
表5-1 鄰近潛盾隧道分析流程圖...........................47
表5-2 鄰近明挖隧道分析流程圖...........................48
表5-3 研究範例一─水平支撐最大軸力彙整表.................59
表5-4 研究範例二─水平支撐最大軸力彙整表.................69
表5-5 研究範例三─水平支撐最大軸力彙整表.................77
表5-6 研究範例四─水平支撐最大軸力彙整表.................85
表5-7 研究範例五─水平支撐最大軸力彙整表.................99
表5-8 研究範例六─水平支撐最大軸力彙整表................113
表5-9 研究範例七─水平支撐最大軸力彙整表................125
表5-10 研究範例八─水平支撐最大軸力彙整表................137
表5-11 鄰近潛盾隧道深開挖行為分析結果彙整表...........138
表5-12 鄰近明挖隧道深開挖行為分析結果彙整表...........139
圖目錄
圖1-1 研究步驟圖........................................3
圖2-1 台中地形圖........................................6
圖2-2 大安溪沖積平原俯視圖..............................7
圖2-3 潭子觀測井水位變化圖..............................8
圖2-4 南屯觀測井之水位變化圖............................9
圖2-5 30.00M以上公路使用公路用地設施位置示意圖.........15
圖2-6 靜止土壓力示意圖..................................16
圖2-7 主被動土壓力示意圖................................17
圖2-8 外視土壓力分佈圖..................................21
圖2-9 擋土臂開挖過程變形示意圖..........................22
圖2-10 明挖覆蓋工法施工流程圖............................28
圖2-11 潛盾工法施工剖面圖................................29
圖2-12 三角形平面元素節點示意圖..........................33
圖4-1 研究範例一─潛盾隧道深度5m雙側開挖...............40
圖4-2 研究範例二─潛盾隧道深度10m雙側開挖..............40
圖4-3 研究範例三─潛盾隧道深度5m單側開挖...............41
圖4-4 研究範例四─潛盾隧道深度10m單側開挖..............41
圖4-5 研究範例五─明挖隧道深度5m雙側開挖...............42
圖4-6 研究範例六─明挖隧道深度10m雙側開挖.............42
圖4-7 研究範例七─明挖隧道深度5m單側開挖..............43
圖4-8 研究範例八─明挖隧道深度10m單側開挖.............43
圖5-1 研究範例一─變形網格.............................52
圖5-2 研究範例一─總變位圖.............................52
圖5-3 研究範例一─總水平位移...........................53
圖5-4 研究範例一─總垂直變位圖.........................53
圖5-5 研究範例一─左側擋土結構水平位移圖...............54
圖5-6 研究範例一─右側擋土結構水平位移圖...............54
圖5-7 研究範例一─左側擋土結構剪力圖...................55
圖5-8 研究範例一─右側擋土結構剪力圖...................55
圖5-9 研究範例一─左側擋土結構彎矩圖...................56
圖5-10 研究範例一─右側擋土結構彎矩圖...................56
圖5-11 研究範例一─潛盾隧道水平位移圖...................57
圖5-12 研究範例一─潛盾隧道垂直位移圖...................57
圖5-13 研究範例一─潛盾隧道剪力圖.......................58
圖5-14 研究範例一─潛盾隧道彎矩圖.......................58
圖5-15 研究範例二─變形網格.............................62
圖5-16 研究範例二─總變位圖.............................62
圖5-17 研究範例二─總水平位移...........................63
圖5-18 研究範例二─總垂直變位圖.........................63
圖5-19 研究範例二─左側擋土結構水平位移圖...............64
圖5-20 研究範例二─右側擋土結構水平位移圖...............64
圖5-21 研究範例二─左側擋土結構剪力圖...................65
圖5-22 研究範例二─右側擋土結構剪力圖...................65
圖5-23 研究範例二─左側擋土結構彎矩圖...................66
圖5-24 研究範例二─右側擋土結構彎矩圖...................66
圖5-25 研究範例二─潛盾隧道水平位移圖...................67
圖5-26 研究範例二─潛盾隧道垂直位移圖...................67
圖5-27 研究範例二─潛盾隧道剪力圖.......................68
圖5-28 研究範例二─潛盾隧道彎矩圖.......................68
圖5-29 研究範例三─變形網格.............................72
圖5-30 研究範例三─總變位圖.............................72
圖5-31 研究範例三─總水平位移...........................73
圖5-32 研究範例三─總垂直變位圖.........................73
圖5-33 研究範例三─擋土結構水平位移圖...................74
圖5-34 研究範例三─擋土結構剪力圖.......................74
圖5-35 研究範例三─擋土結構彎矩圖.......................75
圖5-36 研究範例三─潛盾隧道水平位移圖...................75
圖5-37 研究範例三─潛盾隧道垂直位移圖...................76
圖5-38 研究範例三─潛盾隧道剪力圖.......................76
圖5-39 研究範例三─潛盾隧道彎矩圖.......................77
圖5-40 研究範例四─變形網格.............................80
圖5-41 研究範例四─總變位圖.............................80
圖5-42 研究範例四─總水平位移...........................81
圖5-43 研究範例四─總垂直變位圖.........................81
圖5-44 研究範例四─擋土結構水平位移圖...................82
圖5-45 研究範例四─擋土結構剪力圖.......................82
圖5-46 研究範例四─擋土結構彎矩圖.......................83
圖5-47 研究範例四─潛盾隧道水平位移圖...................83
圖5-48 研究範例四─潛盾隧道垂直位移圖...................84
圖5-49 研究範例四─潛盾隧道剪力圖.......................84
圖5-50 研究範例四─潛盾隧道彎矩圖.......................85
圖5-51 研究範例五─變形網格.............................88
圖5-52 研究範例五─總變位圖.............................88
圖5-53 研究範例五─總水平位移...........................89
圖5-54 研究範例五─總垂直變位圖.........................89
圖5-55 研究範例五─左側擋土結構水平位移圖...............90
圖5-56 研究範例五─右側擋土結構水平位移圖...............90
圖5-57 研究範例五─左側擋土結構剪力圖...................91
圖5-58 研究範例五─右側擋土結構剪力圖...................91
圖5-59 研究範例五─左側擋土結構彎矩圖...................92
圖5-60 研究範例五─右側擋土結構彎矩圖...................92
圖5-61 研究範例五─明挖隧道上側垂直位移圖...............93
圖5-62 研究範例五─明挖隧道上側剪力圖...................93
圖5-63 研究範例五─明挖隧道上側彎矩圖...................94
圖5-64 研究範例五─明挖隧道下側垂直位移圖...............94
圖5-65 研究範例五─明挖隧道下側剪力圖...................95
圖5-66 研究範例五─明挖隧道下側彎矩圖....................95
圖5-67 研究範例五─明挖隧道左側水平位移圖................96
圖5-68 研究範例五─明挖隧道左側剪力圖....................96
圖5-69 研究範例五─明挖隧道左側彎矩圖....................97
圖5-70 研究範例五─明挖隧道右側水平位移圖................97
圖5-71 研究範例五─明挖隧道右側剪力圖....................98
圖5-72 研究範例五─明挖隧道右側彎矩圖....................98
圖5-73 研究範例六─變形網格.............................102
圖5-74 研究範例六─總變位圖............................102
圖5-75 研究範例六─總水平位移..........................103
圖5-76 研究範例六─總垂直變位圖........................103
圖5-77 研究範例六─左側擋土結構水平位移圖..............104
圖5-78 研究範例六─右側擋土結構水平位移圖..............104
圖5-79 研究範例六─左側擋土結構剪力圖..................105
圖5-80 研究範例六─右側擋土結構剪力圖..................105
圖5-81 研究範例六─左側擋土結構彎矩圖..................106
圖5-82 研究範例六─右側擋土結構彎矩圖..................106
圖5-83 研究範例六─明挖隧道上側垂直位移圖..............107
圖5-84 研究範例六─明挖隧道上側剪力圖..................107
圖5-85 研究範例六─明挖隧道上側彎矩圖..................108
圖5-86 研究範例六─明挖隧道下側垂直位移圖..............108
圖5-87 研究範例六─明挖隧道下側剪力圖..................109
圖5-88 研究範例六─明挖隧道下側彎矩圖..................109
圖5-89 研究範例六─明挖隧道左側水平位移圖..............110
圖5-90 研究範例六─明挖隧道左側剪力圖..................110
圖5-91 研究範例六─明挖隧道左側彎矩圖..................111
圖5-92 研究範例六─明挖隧道右側水平位移圖..............111
圖5-93 研究範例六─明挖隧道右側剪力圖..................112
圖5-94研究範例六─明挖隧道右側彎矩圖...................112
圖5-95研究範例七─變形網格.............................116
圖5-96研究範例七─總變位圖.............................116
圖5-97研究範例七─總水平位移...........................117
圖5-98研究範例七─總垂直變位圖.........................117
圖5-99研究範例七─擋土結構水平位移圖...................118
圖5-100研究範例七─擋土結構剪力圖......................118
圖5-101研究範例七─擋土結構彎矩圖......................119
圖5-102研究範例七─明挖隧道上側垂直位移圖..............119
圖5-103研究範例七─明挖隧道上側剪力圖..................120
圖5-104研究範例七─明挖隧道上側彎矩圖..................120
圖5-105研究範例七─明挖隧道下側垂直位移圖..............121
圖5-106研究範例七─明挖隧道下側剪力圖..................121
圖5-107研究範例七─明挖隧道下側彎矩圖..................122
圖5-108研究範例七─明挖隧道左側水平位移圖..............122
圖5-109研究範例七─明挖隧道左側剪力圖..................123
圖5-110研究範例七─明挖隧道左側彎矩圖..................123
圖5-111研究範例七─明挖隧道右側水平位移圖..............124
圖5-112研究範例七─明挖隧道右側剪力圖..................124
圖5-113研究範例七─明挖隧道右側彎矩圖..................125
圖5-114研究範例八─變形網格............................128
圖5-115研究範例八─總變位圖............................128
圖5-116研究範例八─總水平位移..........................129
圖5-117研究範例八─總垂直變位圖........................129
圖5-118研究範例八─擋土結構水平位移圖..................130
圖5-119研究範例八─擋土結構剪力圖......................130
圖5-120研究範例八─擋土結構彎矩圖......................131
圖5-121研究範例八─明挖隧道上側垂直位移圖..............131
圖5-122研究範例八─明挖隧道上側剪力圖..................132
圖5-123研究範例八─明挖隧道上側彎矩圖..................132
圖5-124研究範例八─明挖隧道下側垂直位移圖..............133
圖5-125研究範例八─明挖隧道下側剪力圖..................133
圖5-126研究範例八─明挖隧道下側彎矩圖..................134
圖5-127研究範例八─明挖隧道左側水平位移圖..............134
圖5-128研究範例八─明挖隧道左側剪力圖..................135
圖5-129研究範例八─明挖隧道左側彎矩圖..................135
圖5-130研究範例八─明挖隧道右側水平位移圖..............136
圖5-131研究範例八─明挖隧道右側剪力圖..................136
圖5-132研究範例八─明挖隧道右側彎矩圖..................137
圖5-133開挖隆起沉陷直條圖..............................140
圖5-134擋土結構水平位移直條圖..........................140
圖5-135擋土結構剪力彎矩直條圖..........................141
圖5-136隧道變位分析直條圖..............................141
圖5-137隧道剪力彎矩直條圖..............................142
圖5-138支撐分析結果直條圖..............................14
Microbial-induced carbonate Precipitation for Strength Improvement in Mortar
No full text混凝土常利用添加卜作嵐材料的方式來改善其弱相界面，本研究則利用微生物誘導碳酸鈣沉澱的技術，以礦化作用的方式膠結材料來改善混凝土弱相界面。研究中使用Bacillus pasteurii菌種，取水灰比0.4、0.5及0.6，變化微生物濃度、添加鈣源與營養源差異及改變養護方式下，製作不同水泥砂漿立方試體，以試驗方式探討微生物誘導碳酸鈣沉澱對於水泥砂漿抗壓強度的影響。
研究結果顯示，水灰比越低的試驗組，以微生物誘導碳酸鈣沉澱強化抗壓強度越為有利，並在相同水灰比的條件下，微生物濃度較高的試驗組，有15%最大的抗壓強度增加；添加鈣源後增加水泥砂漿整體含鈣量，可使初齡期抗壓強度增加，但因拌合水中在早期會產生碳酸鈣粉粒，超過一定比例後會使抗壓強度下降；循環養護雖可增強微生物誘導碳酸鈣沉澱反應，但與標準養護相比，持續地保持水化反應與供應尿素源，對於強度發展更為有利；營養源中含有多醣體，添加過量至水泥砂漿中將會抑制水化作用進行，不利於早期強度發展。The addition of Pozzolan material is a common way to improve concrete's weak interface between aggregate and cement. In this study, Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation technology is applied to cement materials and improve the weak interface of concrete. The tests of this study design the different water-cement ratio 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, varying concentration of Bacillus pasteurii, calcium, and nutrient and changing the curing mode to make mortar cubes. Supposed to explore what the effect of Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation on the compressive strength of cement mortar.
The results show the lower the water-cement ratio, the better the effect of Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation on compressive strength. Under the same water-cement ratio, 15% maximal compressive strength increased in the higher microbial concentration tests. Adding calcium increases the amount of calcium in the mortar and further increases the compressive strength at early age, but the calcium carbonate particles at certain percentage in the mixed water will reduce the compressive strength. Compared with normal curing, cycle curing can enhance Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation. However, the normal one continuously maintaining the hydration reaction and supplying of urea is better for the development of the compressive strength. Nutrient contains polysaccharides, which will inhibit the hydration effect if added too much to the cement mortar. It is therefore not conducive to the development of compressive strength at early age.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目次 iii
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
照片目錄 viii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2研究動機及目的 2
1.3研究內容及方法 3
1.4研究流程圖 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
2.1介面過渡區 5
2.2微生物誘導酸鈣沉澱 6
2.3微生物作用之原理 7
2.4外在條件對於酸鈣沉澱之影響 8
2.5微生物誘導酸鈣沉澱之應用 9
2.5.1降低材料之滲透性 9
2.5.2裂縫之修補 10
2.5.3砂柱之膠結 11
2.6微生物誘導酸鈣沉澱應用於混凝土強度之研究 11
第三章 試驗規劃 16
3.1試驗目的 16
3.2試驗材料 16
3.3試驗設備 17
3.4試驗方法及試體製作 18
3.4.1菌液濃度之定量 18
3.4.2砂漿配比設計 19
3.4.3砂漿試體製作方法 20
3.4.4抗壓強度試驗與設備說明 20
3.4.5微觀試驗及試驗設備說明 21
第四章 結果與討論 33
4.1微生物添加量對水泥砂漿強度之影響 33
4.1.1水灰比0.6試驗組強度比較 33
4.1.2水灰比0.5試驗組強度比較 34
4.1.3水灰比0.4試驗組強度比較 34
4.2添加鈣源對水泥砂漿強度之影響 35
4.2.1水灰比0.6試驗組強度比較 35
4.2.2水灰比0.5試驗組強度比較 36
4.2.3水灰比0.4試驗組強度比較 36
4.3養護方式對水泥砂漿強度之影響 37
4.3.1水灰比0.6試驗組強度比較 37
4.3.2水灰比0.5試驗組強度比較 37
4.3.3水灰比0.4試驗組強度比較 38
4.4營養源添加對水泥砂漿強度之影響 38
4.5 FE-SEM微觀分析 40
第五章 結論與建議 63
5.1結論 63
5.2建議 64
參考文獻 6
The Liquefaction Potential of Gravelly Soil with Cyclic Triaxial Test
No full text由於台灣位於歐亞板塊與菲律賓海板塊的交接處，亦是環太平洋地震帶西側，每年發生地震次數頻繁，引發致災性的地震使土壤產生液化現象，造成地層下陷、結構物損壞…等災害。一般學者認為飽和砂土層或粉土質細砂較容易發生液化現象，但在1999年集集大地震中發現，霧峰地區之礫石土層有發生液化的現象，所以針對其發生之原因需進一步探討。
本研究選定曾發生過礫石土液化之霧峰福田橋下的高灘地作為研究之取樣場址，進行大型室內反覆動三軸試驗(試體直徑15cm、高度30cm)，探討土體在不同之礫石含量(30%、40%)與相對密度(30%、40%、45%)下，量測土體之孔隙水壓與電阻間的變化關係。用已量測之電阻結果，探討在不同礫石含量與相對密度之關係，評估礫石土之液化潛能。
研究結果顯示，在進行大型室內反覆動三軸試驗時，所量測之土體超額孔隙水壓會隨著作用次數增加，而土體之電阻會下降；隨著土體之礫石含量與相對密度之增加，礫石土液化阻抗會提高，可以說明礫石含量與相對密度皆是影響液化現象因素之一；隨著礫石含量(GC)與相對密度(Dr)增加，由迴歸模式可求得土體之電阻 ΩR = 0.0031 * (GC) + 0.0045 * (Dr) - 0.08 (R²=0.909)。Because Taiwan is located at the junction of the Eurasian plate and the Philippine Sea plate, it is also on the west side of The Pacific Ocean seismic zone. The number of earthquakes is frequent each year, causing disasters that cause liquefaction of the soil, causing subsidence of the formation, structural damage, etc. . The general scholars believe that saturated sand or silty sand is more prone to liquefaction. However, in the 1999 earthquake, it was found that the gravel layer in the Wufeng area was liquefied, so the reasons for its occurrence need to be further explored.
In this study, the high beach area under the Futian Bridge, which had been liquefied by gravel soil, was selected as the sampling site for the study. A large-scale indoor anti-Cyclic Triaxial Test (sample diameter 15cm, height 30cm) was carried out to investigate the different gravel content of the soil. (30%, 40%) and relative density (30%, 40%, 45%), measure the relationship between the pore pressure and the resistance of the soil. Using the measured resistance results, the relationship between different gravel content and relative density was investigated to evaluate the liquefaction potential of gravel soil.
The results show that in the large-scale indoor Cyclic Triaxial Test, the measured excess pore pressure will increase with the number of applications, while the resistance of the soil will decrease; with the gravel content and relative density of the soil As the increase, the liquefaction resistance of gravel soil will increase, which indicates that both gravel content and relative density are one of the factors affecting liquefaction; as gravel content (GC) and relative density (Dr) increase, soil can be obtained from regression mode. The resistance is ΩR = 0.0031 * (GC) + 0.0045 * (Dr) - 0.08 (R² = 0.909).摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
表目錄 viii
圖目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1研究背景與目的 1
1.2研究方法 2
1.3論文內容 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 土壤液化 4
2.2 礫石土壤之工程特性 4
2.3 礫石土液化相關案例之研究 5
2.4 土壤液化之機制 10
2.4.1 土壤液化現象 10
2.4.2 土壤液化名詞解釋 11
2.4.3 影響液化之因素 12
2.5反覆動三軸試驗 16
2.5.1 反覆動三軸試驗 16
2.5.2 反覆動三軸試驗之原理 16
2.6 探討反覆動三軸試驗之電阻與砂土液化關係 22
2.6.1 土壤組成與量測電阻之因素探討 23
2.6.2 土體受剪過程中之導電特性結果與分析 25
2.7室內試驗相關因素對液化抗阻之影響 26
2.8液化評估之方訪 28
2.8.1 Seed 簡易分析法 30
2.8.2 反覆動三軸試驗之液化潛能評估法 34
2.8.3 三軸試驗發生誤差之因素 38
第三章 試驗內容 39
3.1 研究試驗場址之地質狀況 39
3.2 室內試驗規劃 43
3.3 探討反覆動三軸試驗之破壞形式 47
3.4 探討反覆動三軸試驗之因子 48
3.4.1 模擬粒徑分佈曲線 48
3.4.2 試體之相對密度 49
3.4.3 橡皮膜之貫入效應 (Membrane Compliance Effect) 50
3.5 反覆動三軸試驗之儀器 51
3.5.1 反覆動三軸試驗之試體製作 59
3.5.2 儀器之率定 59
3.5.3 反覆三軸試驗流程 60
第四章 試驗結果與討論 62
4.1反覆動三軸試驗之結果 62
4.2 不同礫石含量與相對密度對液化抗阻之影響 62
4.3 初步礫石土之液化潛能評估公式 81
五、結論與建議 86
5.1結論 86
5.2建議 87
參考文獻 8
A Preliminary Study on the Identification Method of Mixing with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement
No full text為減少二氧化碳之排放量，減輕地球暖化之影響，政府持續推動「節能減碳，資源再生」之政策，由於瀝青混凝土具有可回收利用之特性，不但可減少新料的添加使用量，減少砂石之開採，以達到資源再利用的成果，近年來隨著路面鋪設中添加一定量之刨除料的情況逐漸增加，導致回收刨除料時，經常使用太多或多次重複使用之刨除料，使得黏滯度逐年愈漸升高，故本研究針對刨除料添加量探討檢測方法。
本研究針對回收刨除料進行再生瀝青混凝土馬歇爾配合設計，以孔隙率4%時，決定最適合油量，對不同回收刨除料取代量分別為0%、40%、80%進行成效試驗，再經由真空濃縮機蒸餾回收瀝青膠泥，因為依不同極性可將瀝青組成分為飽和族（Saturate）、芳香族（Aromatic）、膠質（Resin）與瀝青精（Asphaltene），瀝青材料各成份老化過程，依序為環烷芳香族轉換成極性物質，經氧化後再逐漸變成瀝青質。隨著時間的延續，瀝青質成份逐漸增加，瀝青因此變硬變脆且與粒料間黏結效果變差。故可透過傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀，利用其光譜圖趨勢來判斷其不同含量區間，接著依據分析結果觀察刨除料不同取代量之瀝青混凝土試體各項工程性質之關係，藉以瞭解回收瀝青含量對再生瀝青混凝土品質之影響。
研究結果顯示: 1.取代量40%及80%時試體之浸水殘餘強度相對於新料，其折減率分別為86.2%及80.9%，顯示提高取代量時，再生瀝青混凝土對於水侵害有明顯的強度損失。2.隨著浸水養治時間的增加，取代量越高的再生瀝青混凝土其強度減少的比率大幅的增加，顯示再生瀝青混凝土的間接張力強度損失率較新瀝青混凝土高，因此再生瀝青混凝土對於抵抗水的侵害比新瀝青混凝土來得差。3.在傅立葉光譜圖中顯示，亞碸(Sulfoxide)的吸收峰波數位於1030 cm-1，隨著瀝青老化程度增加而增加；羰基(Carbonyl) 的吸收峰位於1700 cm-1，且生成量都隨著瀝青老化程度增加，瀝青氧化指標之官能基有增加趨勢，顯示瀝青老化與該區間有對應關係。In order to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide emissions and reduce the impact of global warming, the government continues to promote the policy of 「energy saving and carbon reduction, resource recycling」. Due to the recyclable nature of asphalt concrete, it can reduce the amount of new materials added and reduce sand. In the mining of stone, in order to achieve the results of resource reuse, in recent years, with the addition of a certain amount of planing material in the pavement laying, the situation has gradually increased, resulting in the use of too much or multiple reused planing materials. Viscosity is increasing year by year, so this study explores the detection method for the amount of recycled asphalt pavement added.
In this study, the recycled asphalt concrete Marshall design was designed for the recovery of the recycled asphalt pavement. When the porosity is 4%, the most suitable oil quantity is determined. The add amount of the different recycled asphalt pavement is 0%、40%、80% respectively. Then, the asphalt cement is distilled and distilled through a vacuum concentrator, because the pitch composition can be divided into Saturate, Aromatic, Resin and Asphaltene according to different polarities, and the components of the asphalt material are aged. The cycloalkane aromatic is converted into a polar substance in sequence, and gradually becomes asphaltene after oxidation. As time goes on, the asphaltene composition gradually increases, and the asphalt becomes hard and brittle and the bonding effect with the pellets deteriorates. Therefore, the fourier transform infrared spectrometer can be used to judge the different content intervals by using the spectrum trend of the spectrum. Then, according to the analysis results, the relationship between the engineering properties of the asphalt concrete samples with different addition amounts of the planing materials can be observed, so as to understand the recycled asphalt content to the recycled asphalt. The impact of concrete quality.
The results show that: 1. When the substitution amount is 40% and 80%, the water immersion residual strength of the sample is 86.2% and 80.9%, respectively. Compared with the new material, the reduction ratio is 86.2% and 80.9%, respectively. Significant loss of strength. 2. With the increase of water immersion treatment time, the ratio of strength reduction of recycled asphalt concrete with higher substitution rate is greatly increased, indicating that the indirect tensile strength loss rate of recycled asphalt concrete is higher than that of new asphalt concrete.therefore, the recycled asphalt concrete is more resistant to water damage than the new asphalt concrete. 3. In the Fourier spectrum, the absorption peak of Sulfoxide is located at 1030 cm-1, which increases with the aging of asphalt; the absorption peak of Carbonyl is 1700 cm-1, and the amount of production As the degree of asphalt aging increases, the functional group of the asphalt oxidation index has an increasing trend, indicating that the asphalt aging has a corresponding relationship with the interval.目錄
摘要 i
Abstract iii
目錄 v
表目錄 x
圖目錄 xii
第一章緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2研究動機 1
1.3研究目的 2
1.4研究範圍與流程 2
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1瀝青混凝土之工程性質 5
2.1.1單位重 5
2.1.2穩定值 6
2.1.3流度值 6
2.1.4空隙率(Va) 6
2.1.5粒料間空隙率(VMA) 7
2.1.6瀝青填充率(VFA) 8
2.2粒料及級配設計 8
2.2.1粒料品質要求 10
2.2.2粒料之聯鎖行為 12
2.2.3粗細粒料對級配影響 14
2.3再生瀝青混凝土 15
2.3.1再生瀝青混凝土粒料 16
2.3.2 RAP黏結料特性 17
2.3.3 RAP的粒料性質 17
2.3.4 RAP的高變異性 18
2.3.5再生瀝青混凝土的黑石頭行為 19
2.3.6 RAP對再生瀝青混凝土之影響 21
2.4瀝青老化過程與再生過程 24
2.5黏結理論 26
2.6水侵害產生之機制 27
2.7傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀(Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy FTIR) 31
2.7.1傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜儀原理 32
2.7.2瀝青老化與官能基之影響 33
第三章 研究方法 36
3.1研究範圍 36
3.2試驗材料 37
3.2.1粒料與設計級配 37
3.2.2瀝青膠泥 38
3.2.3礦物填充料 38
3.3粒料基本物性試驗 38
3.3.1比重試驗 38
3.3.2粒料扁平率及破碎顆粒試驗 40
3.3.3洛杉磯磨損率試驗 41
3.3.4粒料健度試驗 42
3.3.5含砂當量試驗 43
3.3.6填縫料液性限度及塑性指數 43
3.4瀝青膠泥物性試驗 44
3.4.1黏度試驗 44
3.4.2針入度試驗 44
3.4.3閃火點試驗 45
3.4.4瀝青比重試驗 45
3.5刨除料物性試驗 45
3.6瀝青混凝土試驗 46
3.6.1再生瀝青混凝土配合設計試驗 46
3.6.2穩定值與流度值試驗 52
3.6.3滯留強度試驗 52
3.6.4間接張力試驗 53
3.6.5 Cantabro 磨耗試驗 54
3.7 萃取瀝青膠泥 55
3.8傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜試驗 56
第四章 試驗結果與討論 58
4.1材料物性試驗 58
4.1.1粒料物性試驗 58
4.1.2膠泥物性試驗 60
4.2馬歇爾配合設計分析 61
4.3成效試驗分析 69
4.3.1滯留強度試驗分析 69
4.3.2間接張力試驗分析 71
4.3.3 Cantabro 磨耗試驗分析 73
4.4 傅立葉轉換紅外線光譜試驗分析 74
第五章 結論與建議 77
5.1結論 77
5.2建議 78
參考文獻 7
Applying Nonparametric Methods and Statistical Learning to Hydro-Climatic Analysis and Groundwater Level Prediction
No full text因統計方法的高度應用性及強健表現，多種類的水文相關應用一直以來被視為重要研究課題。本研究旨在展示如何利用數種無母數與統計學習方法於分析與預報台灣屏東平原之地下水資料。蒐集的資料包含屏東平原區域之地下水位（151口監測井），另有蒐集河川流量(14站)與水位（5站），以及鄰近中央氣象局局屬氣象站之日均溫觀測資料（2站）與雨量觀測資料（20站）。本研究大致分為兩大部分，第一部分採用無母數統計進行長期趨勢變化分析，包含資料（以年為單位）之變異點分析與趨勢分析，變異點分析採用 Mann-Whitney-Pettitt為檢測前述資料是否存在統計上顯著的年份變異點，趨勢分析採用Mann-Kendall檢定搭配Sen Slope法計算資料變動趨勢。研究第二部分利用從支撐向量機（Support Vector Machine, SVM）衍生之支撐向量迴歸方法建立模式，用來預報屏東平原部分地區地下水位（以月為單位）之升降，預報因子會往前遞延由一至十二個月作為其領先時間（lead time）。
趨勢變化分析結果顯示，屏東平原之年降雨量及降雨日降雨強度變化趨勢大致持平，豐枯水期降雨特性亦無多大變化，顯示基本補注量應無太大改變。年溫度及潛勢能蒸發散量有顯著上升趨勢。另年逕流量分析雖呈現下降趨勢，但可能為2000年前資料闕遺較多無法反應前期的中低流量導致。而地下水位變化總體而言呈下降趨勢。地下水位變異點前下降區域與佳冬、枋寮及林邊鄉等地層下陷位置大致吻合，變異點後東部水位下降趨勢是否會帶動進一步的地層下陷仍有待探討。SVM迴歸結果顯示月地下水位有一定程度的可預報性，然無論是以地文條件分類選取扇頂、扇央及扇尾的三個目標測站或是依據趨勢分析結果選取最顯著上升或下降各前五測站，其地下水位預報的結果幾乎都是在領先前三個月內的表現較佳。Owing to the high applicability and robust performance of statistical methods, various hydrology-related applications have been regarded as a salient research track. This study aims to demonstrate the application of nonparametric methods and statistical learning for the analysis and forecasting of groundwater level in Pingtung alluvial plain in Taiwan. Data acquired in this region include groundwater level (151 monitoring wells), river flow (14 stations) and water level (5 stations), average daily temperature (2 stations) and rainfall (20 stations). This study consists of two major components: The first component is to adopt nonparametric methods to perform analysis of long-term yearly data, including using the Mann-Whitney-Pettitt test on detecting if there is a statistically significant change point in a yearly time series, and using the Mann-Kendall test in conjunction with the Sen Slope test on calculating the data trend. The second component is to apply support vector regression originated from Support Vector Machine (SVM) to forecasting monthly groundwater level in Pingtung alluvial plain. To examine optimal lead time, selected predictors are shifted from one to twelve months preceding groundwater level data.
In the first component, trend analysis reveals that no significant trend is found in annual precipitation amount or daily intensity, whether in the dry or wet period, indicating the basic recharge to the alluvial plain stays very much invariant in the recent decades. By contrast, annual temperature and potential evapotranspiration exhibit significant increasing trends. Annual runoff amount shows a decreasing trend, which might be caused by the lack of low-flow data prior to 2000. Regarding groundwater level, overall, a decreasing trend is found in the study region. In the second component, SVM regression shows that sources of predictability of monthly groundwater level can be identified. However, two different selections of target monitoring wells, one based on the spatial geographical characteristics and the other based on the results of trend analysis, both lead to the same conclusion that lead times can be extended to at longest three months to issue skillful forecasts.謝誌 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iv
目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 1
1.3 本文組織與架構 2
第二章 理論背景與文獻回顧 5
2.1 無母數統計檢定方法 5
2.2 支撐向量機 7
第三章 研究方法 10
3.1 無母數統計方法 10
3.1.1 趨勢檢定: Mann-Kendall檢定法 10
3.1.2 趨勢斜率檢定: Sen Slope推估法 11
3.1.3 變異點檢定: Mann-Whitney-Pettitt檢定法 12
3.2 支撐向量機 13
3.2.1 支撐向量迴歸 13
3.2.2 參數搜尋 16
3.2.3 SVM模式建置 17
第四章 研究區域與資料分析 19
4.1 研究區域概述 19
4.2 研究區域資料 21
4.2.1 屏東平原地下水監測井基本資料 21
4.2.2 屏東平原雨量站站況資料 25
4.2.3 屏東平原流量站站況資料 26
4.2.4 屏東平原水位站站況資料 27
4.2.5 鄰近中央氣象局局屬氣象站之日均溫觀測資料 28
4.3 氣候指標資料 28
第五章 結果與討論 31
5.1 屏東平原長期水文特徵 31
5.1.1 降雨特性變化趨勢分析 31
5.1.2 溫度及勢能蒸發散量變化趨勢分析 43
5.1.3 逕流特性變化趨勢分析 45
5.1.4 地下水位變化趨勢分析 51
5.1.5 屏東平原長期地下水位變動趨勢分析 62
5.16 小結 64
5.2 SVM檢定 64
5.2.1 SVM參數選擇 67
5.2.2 評鑑指標 67
5.2.3 SVM率定結果 68
5.2.4 SVM驗證結果 78
5.2.5 其餘測站SVM率定與驗證結果 88
第六章 結論與建議 109
6.1 結論 109
6.2 建議 110
參考文獻 111
附錄 屏東平原地下水位變化趨勢分析結果 11
A Study on Curriculum Planning Practice for Rural Seniors' Active Learning
No full text摘 要
農村高齡者的學習在目前的教育體系中是屬於較弱勢的族群，為其規劃適合學習的課程有其急迫與必要性。本研究於2015年09月至2017年01月，協同南投縣兩個社區發展協會提供社區資源，由南投縣某樂齡學習中心提供講師規劃活躍樂齡核心課程，為兩社區的高齡者進行此課程教學。本研究藉由課程的實作，研究目的如下：(一)探討農村高齡者參與活躍樂齡核心課程之學習歷程；(二)發展適合農村高齡者學習的活躍樂齡核心課程。
本研究採行動研究法，以南投縣兩個農村社區為研究場域，並以從兩個社區的重陽敬老活動中邀請來參與課程的農村高齡者為研究對象，共計八位。研究歷程共分三階段：第一階段為規劃期，進行活躍樂齡核心課程的規劃與教學方案設計，將地方特色及運用在地資源融入課程內容。第二階段為執行期，將規劃的課程內容進行教學研究。第三階段為評估與反思期，從參與觀察與省思中，探討農村高齡者的學習及分析課程的適切性。
行動研究中，研究者亦是教學者，開闢多元學習方式及以學習者為中心的教學理念，融入生活經驗並運用在地特色及資源以提升學員參與意願。課程中以口述故事形式進行提問，將研究對象即時的回答作成觀察記錄以形成質性資料，引以分析農村高齡者學習歷程，並輔以田野筆記、反思紀錄、專家諮詢等進行資料蒐集。
經討論與資料分析，結論如下：
一、 農村高齡者參與活躍樂齡核心課程之學習歷程，由健康層面、安全層面、參與層面趨向活躍老化目標。
二、 融入學員的生活經驗、結合地方特色及運用熟悉的在地資源，使活躍樂齡核心課程適合農村高齡者學習。
三、 透過參與活躍樂齡核心課程，有效提升農村高齡者的社會參與機會，並從中學習到面對老年的知識與態度，學習後期形成一個支持團體，共享豐華晚年。Abstract
This study, conducted from October 2015 to January 2016, studies the core curriculum in two rural communities for the elders in the Nantou County. With the help of co-educators, community leaders, and volunteers, this study aimed at (1) the study of the learning experience of these rural elders, and (2) the search for the appropriate core curricula for active learning.
Using action research, eight rural elders participating these courses have been interviewed to review their learning experiences. There are three stages for this study, which includes (1) designing courses that contains local resources and information, (2) real world application of these courses, (3) evaluate the appropriateness of these courses.
The educators as a researcher using many strategies to interpret the responses of rural elders to analyze the difference in attitude before the course and the attitude after the course. By studying these interviews, this study found that (1) by joining in this course, rural elders can achieve active aging by the health, the safety, and the participation perspectives, (2) local materials and the experiences of these elders should be included in the course, (3) by participating these courses, the rural elders can be more positive in their attitudes and the class itself has gradually become a support group for the rural elders.目錄
摘 要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
一、緣起 1
二、研究背景 1
三、研究動機 3
第二節 研究目的 6
第二章 文獻探討 7
第一節 農村高齡者的學習 7
第二節 樂齡學習的內涵與課程架構 9
一、樂齡學習的內涵 9
二、樂齡學習的課程架構 10
第三節 活躍樂齡課程規劃依循的理論基礎 11
一、活躍老化觀點 12
二、 需求層級理論 17
三、 McClusky需求幅度理論 18
四、學習障礙 20
第三章 研究設計與方法 23
第一節 研究架構 23
第二節 研究場域、對象、研究者背景簡介 23
一、研究場域 23
二、研究對象 24
三、研究者背景簡介 26
第三節 研究方法與步驟 27
一、研究方法 27
二、研究步驟 27
第四節 課程規劃 29
一、協同教學者的角色與定位 30
二、課程整體架構 34
第五節 資料蒐集與分析方法 38
第六節 研究者的嚴謹態度說明 39
一、研究倫理 40
二、研究者態度 40
第四章、研究結果分析與反思 41
第一節 農村高齡者參與學習的歷程分析 41
第二節 適合農村高齡者學習的活躍樂齡核心課程分析 52
一、 課程架構與規劃分析 52
二 、以學習者為中心的教學理念 56
第三節 課程規劃過程反思與心得 58
第五章 結論與建議 63
第一節 結論 63
第二節 建議 64
參考文獻 66
附錄 72
表目錄
表2-1 活躍老化、成功老化與優質老化指標比較 14
表2-2 高齡學習者的學習障礙研究 20
表3-1 研究對象基本資料表 25
表3-2 專家諮詢團體名單 30
表3-3 專家諮詢時間表與內容 31
表3-4 協同教學團體名單 33
表3-5 活躍樂齡核心課程類型與主題 34
表3-6 活躍樂齡課程整體架構表 35
表4-1 活躍樂齡核心課程行動研究分析歷程 42
表4-2 活躍樂齡核心課程與圖2-1 比較分析 52
表8-1 教學規劃表1 72
表8-2 教學規劃表2 75
表8-3 教學規劃表3 78
表8-4 教學規劃表4 80
表8-5 教學規劃表5 82
表8-6 教學規劃表6 84
表8-7 教學規劃表7 86
表8-8 教學規劃表8 88
圖目錄
圖2-1 活躍老化核心課程圖 11
圖3-1 研究架構 2
The Study of Sol-gel Prepared Sb2S3 Containing Quantum Dot Sensitized Solar Cell
No full text本實驗使用溶凝膠法合成Sb2S3量子點敏化太陽能電池。利用四異丙醇鈦溶液與量子點及乙醇混合後，以旋轉塗佈法製作太陽能電池中的光反應層。我們使用光學顯微鏡，SEM，X-ray了解光反應層的表面形貌與結晶狀況，並用交流阻抗與量測I-V曲線分析電池的電性。實驗結果顯示，製作光反應層的最佳化的參數為，使用硫化納作為Sb2S3量子點中硫的來源，且塗佈溶液中TiO2：Sb2S3的莫耳比為1：0.1，與酒精混合的濃度為1M且pH為4，在FTO玻璃上旋轉塗佈轉速為2000 rpm，塗佈6層每層30秒，然後在450℃進行溫度處理2小時，最後以0.1M SbCl3溶液浸泡10分鐘進行去鈉處理。結果顯示最佳的電池轉換效率為0.24%，開路電壓為0.38V，短路電流密度為1.30 mA/cm2，填充因子為47.73%。透過SEM表面形貌的觀察發現，光反應層的表面的TiO2約為30nm的顆粒且顆粒之間有孔隙及團聚效應，此團聚效應利於電子在TiO2間的傳遞，而孔隙則利於電解液的滲入並進行電子的交換，這可能為電池光電轉換效率高的原因。Sensitized solar cells containing Sb2S3 quantum dots semiconductor are prepared by Sol-gel method. The sol solution, which is prepared by mixing of Titanium isopropoxide, alcohol and the Sb2S3 quantum particles, is spin coated on Fluorine doped Tin Oxide glass. The thickness, the morphology, and the crystallization of the coated films are investigated by optical microscope, SEM and X-ray diffraction. The efficiencies of the cells are obtained by measuring I-V curves. The efficiency of the best cell is 0.24%, while, the other parameters of this cell are Voc=0.38V, Jsc=1.30mA/cm2, and FF=47.73%. This cell is prepared according to the following procedures: Sodium sulfide is used as precursor of sulfide, sol solution is prepared with TiO2(mol)/Sb2S3(mol)=1:0.1 in alcohol with 1M concentration, and pH value is 4, the film is coated with 6 layers with coating speed 2000rpm, and then the film is subjected to 450oC heat treatment for 2hrs, and sodium ions are removed by soaking in 0.1M SbCl3 solution for 10mins. The charge transportation mechanism is elucidated by ac impedance measurements. The micrograph of SEM shows the aggregation phenomenon of TiO2 particles.摘要.............i
ABSTRACT.........ii
目錄.............iii
表目錄............v
圖目錄............vi
第一章 緒論...................1
1-1 前言.....................1
1-2 研究動機..................7
第二章 實驗原理................8
2-1 太陽能電池簡介.............8
2-2 溶凝膠法..................11
2-3 QDSSC工作原理.............12
2-4 QDSSC元件組成結構..........14
2-4-1 光電極組成...............16
2-4-2 光敏化材料...............17
2-4-3 電解質(electrolyte).....17
2-4-4 金屬對電極...............18
2-5 交流阻抗分析...............18
第三章 實驗製程................27
3-1 實驗藥品及設備.............27
3-2 QDSSC實驗製作流程..........29
3-3 FTO基板切割與清洗..........29
3-4 緻密層製作.................31
3-5 SB2S3量子點合成............33
3-6 材料分析...................35
3-7 對電極製作..................37
3-8 多碘電解液製作..............37
3-9 電池封裝...................37
3-10 樣品量測..................38
3-10-1 I-V曲線量測.............38
3-10-2 交流阻抗量測.............39
第四章 結果討論.................40
4-1 SB2S3量子點太陽能電池效率分析..................40
4-2 SB2S3量子點中不同硫元素來源比較................41
4-3 SB2S3量子點莫耳比與電池封裝有無反射層比較.......45
4-4 不同塗佈溶液濃度之比較.........................49
4-5 量子點層去鈉處理..............................52
4-6 量子點層不同恆溫時間比較.......................55
4-7 不同PH值量子點溶液所製備的樣品比較..............58
4-8 最佳化條件下不同塗佈層數比較....................64
4-9 交流阻抗分析..................................67
第五章 結論.......................................74
參考文獻..........................................76
表1.1 太陽電池種類比較...................................6
表3.1 實驗藥品列表......................................27
表3.2 實驗儀器列表......................................28
表4.1 以DMSO製備量子點不同塗佈層數電池效率比較.............42
表4.2 DMSO與NA2S製備SB2S3量子點電池效率比較...............43
表4.3 不同量子點比例下的效率比較..........................46
表4.4 電池封裝有無反射層的效率比較........................48
表4.5 不同的量子點體積莫耳濃度的效率比較...................50
表4.6 不同去NA+時間下的效率比較...........................54
表4.7 量子點不同恆溫時間下的效率比較......................56
表4.8 不同量子點溶液的PH值下的效率比較....................59
表4.9 不同PH值量子點溶液所製成的光反應層TIO2顆粒大小.......61
表4.10 最佳化條件下不同層數的效率比較.....................65
表4.11 EDS元素比例表，掃描樣品為塗佈層數6層...............66
表4.12 不同層數量子點層的交流阻抗等效電路擬合參數..........72
表4.13 不同層數的量子點層的交換電流密度...................72
表4.14 不同量子點層數中電子在TIO2的擴散長度，量子點厚度與 G MODEL擬合的弛豫時間的比較...............................73
圖1.1 太陽能電池分類圖。................................2
圖1.2 單晶矽、多晶矽、非晶矽結構示意圖....................3
圖2.1 太陽能電池等效電路................................9
圖2.2 太陽能電池典型的電流-電壓，功率-電壓曲線圖..........11
圖2.3 QDSSC工作原理...................................13
圖2.4 QDSSC結構圖.....................................15
圖2.5 段燒溫度對TCO面電阻之影響.........................15
圖2.6 SnO2，TiO2，Sb2S3的導電帶與價電帶能階圖...........16
圖2.7 (a)RC串聯電路，(b)RC串聯阻抗圖...................20
圖2.8 (a)RC並聯電路，(b)RC並聯阻抗圖...................22
圖2.9 電雙層示意圖....................................23
圖3.1 實驗流程圖......................................29
圖3.2 鑽石切割機......................................31
圖3.3 對電極孔洞位置..................................31
圖3.4 Ti-ip塗佈範圍...................................32
圖3.5 量子點塗佈區....................................34
圖3.6 量子點熱處理升溫曲線圖...........................35
圖3.7 電池封合示意圖..................................38
圖4.1 實驗參數流程圖..................................40
圖4.2 以DMSO製備量子點，不同層數下的J-V圖...............42
圖4.3 DMSO與Na2S製備Sb2S3量子點J-V圖..................43
圖4.4 DMSO製成量子點溶液(a)與Na2S製成量子點溶液(b)的比較..44
圖4.5 DMSO所製成量子點層(a)與Na2S所製成量子點層(b)的比較..44
圖4.6 使用(a) 二甲基亞碸，(b) Na2S 所製成的光反應區的SEM照片，放大倍率為一萬倍...................................................45
圖4.7 不同量子點比例下的J-V圖..........................46
圖4.8 電池封裝有無反射層的J-V圖........................47
圖4.9 不同量子點莫耳比下XRD圖，圖例括弧中的數字為JCPDS的編號，▲旁數字表示TiO2晶面。.................................49
圖4.10 不同的溶液體積莫耳濃度的J-V圖...................50
圖4.11 不同溶液體積莫耳濃度所塗佈的光反應層XRD圖.........51
圖4.12 溶液體積莫耳濃度為(a) 0.5M，(b) 1M，(c) 1.5M，(d) 3M的光反應層SEM表面分析圖。..............................52
圖4.13 不同去Na+時間下的J-V圖..........................53
圖4.14 去鈉處理後的XRD分析圖...........................55
圖4.15 量子點層不同恆溫時間的J-V圖......................56
圖4.16 將量子點層置於450℃高溫爐恆溫 (a)0.5、(b)1、(c)2、(d)3 小時。................................................58
圖4.17 不同量子點溶液的pH值下的J-V圖.....................59
圖4.18 不同pH值的量子點溶液所製成的光反應層的XRD圖.........61
圖4.19 pH4的量子點溶液所製成的光反應層XRD局部掃描圖........61
圖4.20 不同pH溶液所製成的量子點層SEM分析圖，(a) pH=2， (b) pH=3，(c) pH=4，(d) pH=5，放大倍率為15萬倍..............62
圖4.21 最佳化條件下不同層數的J-V圖.......................64
圖4.22 EDS元素分析圖，掃描樣品為塗佈層數6層...............65
圖4.23 不同量子點塗佈層數的厚度，(a)未塗佈， (b)3層，(c)6層，(d)12層................................................67
圖4.24 不同量子點層厚度的交流阻抗圖，量測樣品未照光.........68
圖4.25 擬合模型電路圖...................................68
圖4.26 不同層數交流阻抗Nyquist圖，實心圓為數據點，實線為擬合結果。...................................................6
Investigation of Lateral Electric Field Distribution of Depletion Regions in MoTe2 Nano-flake and MoTe2/SnS2 Heterostructure Devices by Scanning Photocurrent Microscopy
No full text本實驗我們利用光電流顯微術探討二銻化鉬薄膜及二銻化鉬與二錫化硫異質結構之空乏區電場分布情況。藉由機械式剝離法及乾式轉印技術，我們將二銻化鉬與二錫化硫薄膜堆疊在300 nm厚的二氧化矽基板上，並使用標準電子束微影技術製作出鈦金電極(10 nm/90 nm)。光電流顯微術使用633 nm雷射搭配低雜訊電流放大器量測光電流分布，雷射光點約1.5 um。從電壓相關光電流強度分布，我們推得金屬/二銻化鉬接面能障約100 meV。利用電性量測、二次諧波訊號映射、拉曼映射及原子力顯微鏡確認其接面位障變動是因為二銻化鉬晶格結構從2H相位轉變成1T'相位造成的。二銻化鉬堆疊在二錫化硫上形成的異質結構在VDS = 1 V時，其開關比可達103、次臨限擺動約1.5 V/dec.。從變溫量測可得能障約250 meV。光電流結果證明二銻化鉬與二錫化硫異質結構是第二類能帶校準。另外，我們從光電流分佈發現不同堆疊方式其能帶結構會因介面的電子陷獲情況不同而發生改變，導致空乏區內的電場方向改變。最後我們發現光電流顯微術可以檢測一般光學顯微鏡所無法發現的材料表面缺陷。In this study, we investigate the properties of the depletion region in MoTe2 nano-flake and MoTe2/SnS2 heterostructure devices by scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM). We fabricated the multi-layer MoTe2 transistor devices and MoTe2/SnS2 vertical heterostructure transistor devices by the standard mechanically exfoliation method from MoTe2 and SnS2 flakes. The MoTe2 bulk material is obtained from natural mineral, and SnS2 flakes are grown by CVD method. The thickness of the MoTe2 and SnS2 are of the order of 10 nm. The 10-nm-Ti/90-nm-Au metal contacts are defined by e-beam lithography and lift off process. The sample is scanned by a focused 633-nm laser with a 1.5 um diameter on the focused plane and the drain-to-source photocurrent is collected via a low-noise current preamplifier. The DC transport measurements of the MoTe2 transistor shows an ON/OFF ratio about 103 and the field-effect mobility about 9.4 cm2/Vs at VSD = 0.5 V. From the bias dependence of the photocurrent peak obtained from the SPCM line scan data, we extract the contact barrier height of metal/MoTe2 to be about 100 meV. The areal mapping of the photocurrent shows a very large fluctuation near the junction between the metal and MoTe2, indicating that the barrier height is not uniform along the junction. The Schottky barrier fluctuations in metal/MoTe2 junction are identified to be caused by a non-uniform phase transition from a 2H semiconductor phase to a 1T' metallic phase due to long-term laser beam irradiation. Here we have used I-V transport data, SPCM measurements, second-harmonic-generation (SHG) mapping, and AFM topography to reach the conclusion. The tunnel field effect transistors based on multilayer MoTe2/SnS2 vertical van der Waals heterosturcture devices have been investigated. The device with a MoTe2 layer stacked on a SnS2 layer shows an ON/OFF ratio over 104 and the subthreshold swing is about 1.5 V/dec at VDS = 1 V in ambient air, which is equivalent to about 56 mV/dec. if the dielectric is scaled down to 10 nm equivalent oxide thickness. The energy barrier extracted from the temperature dependence of I-V characteristics at VGS = 30 V is about 250 meV. We use SPCM with a 1 uW 633nm laser to investigate the heterostructure devices. The photocurrent is most significant along the boundary of MoTe2 and MoTe2/SnS2 heterostructure and mainly on the MoTe2 side. This indicates that there exists a depletion region near this boundary. We also conclude that the MoTe2/SnS2 junction should possess a type III band alignment. Besides, we compare the transport and photocurrent results of devices with different stacked sequences, MoTe2/SnS2/SiO2 and SnS2/MoTe2/SiO2. We find that the band alignment between the bare MoTe2 and the heterostructure part is different for these two samples. This could be caused by different charge trapping effect of the layer materials on the substrate. Finally, we report the detection the micro-crack in a multilayer MoTe2/SnS2 heterostructure thin film field effect transistors (MoTe2/SnS2 FETs) by SPCM. The crack with a width less than 50 nm is confirmed by the image of Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). Near the crack inside the MoTe2/SnS2 heterostrucure, we observed an abnormal photocurrent signal that is due to the fracture in the SnS2 layer.Abstract (Chinese). . . . . . . . . . . . . .i
Abstract. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ii
List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vi
List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 MoTe2 and SnS2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Scanning photocurrent microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . .5
2. Samples preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 Exfoliation and thickness identification . . . . . . . .11
2.2 Device fabrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
3. Instrumentation and measurement methods . . . .18
3.1 Instrumentation of the I-V measurements . .18
3.2 Instrumentation of SPCM . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
3.3 Calibration and setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4. Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
4.1 MoTe2 FET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1.1 Electrical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
4.1.2 Schottky barrier variation . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.2 MoTe2/SnS2 Heterojunctions . . . . . . . . . . . .34
4.2.1 Temperature dependent transport . . . . 34
4.2.2 Band diagram and SPCM data . . . . . . 37
4.2.3 Surface charge trapping effect . . . . . . .41
4.2.4 Detection of invisible crack by using SPCM . . . . .45
5. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Appendix A: Design and construction a confocal microscope system. . . . .9
Utilization of physicochemical analysis, sensory evaluation and statistical methods to evaluate meat quality
No full text近年來大眾對於食肉品質愈加重視，牛肉及豬肉品質評定已行之多年，常以物化分析及感官品評等方式來測定多汁性、質地及風味等肉質特性；相較之下，雞肉則較少有客觀評定之標準。在臺灣，豬肉的販賣仍有部分以常溫模式販售，購買時消費者常以感官特性來作為選擇之依據。主成分分析法 (principal components analysis, PCA) 常用來縮減並得到較少且最主要之變數，且可解釋原有資料中大部分之變異，達到減化數據分析之目的；另一方面，感官品評中常以三角試驗 (triangle test) 等許多不同之測試方式來達成其測定目的。因此，本研究擬結合物化分析、感官品評及統計方法來評估畜禽肉品質之表現。試驗一，水煮紅羽公雞胸肉中心溫度達85°C後，持續烹煮0、20及40分鐘，分別代表不同多汁性之樣品，並測定其烹煮失重、水分含量及保水性等物化特性與描述性感官品評 (descriptive sensory)，再以PCA分析樣品之多汁性表現；試驗二，以12及16週齡紅羽公雞胸肉代表不同質地之樣品，並測定其截切值、總膠原蛋白含量及水溶性膠原蛋白含量等物化特性與描述性感官品評，再以PCA分析樣品之質地表現；試驗三，以三角試驗判別不同溫度貯放之溫體豬里脊肉的感官品質，並探討品評員用以判別的感官依據。
試驗一多汁性結果顯示，PCA分析中前4個主成分可以解釋80.0%之總變異，主成分計分圖 (score plot) 顯示，樣品可大致分為三個群集，由檢測項目負荷 (loading) 得知，影響PC1之主要項目為烹煮失重、水分含量及保水性；PC2重要之項目為保水性；PC3重要之項目為肌纖維外觀、食團中肉顆粒大小及雞肉風味強度等感官特性；PC4重要之項目為初嚼硬度 (initial hardness)、吞嚥後樣品殘留量 (residual loose particles) 及總接受度等感官特性。試驗二質地結果顯示，PCA分析中前4個主成分可以解釋84.6%之總變異，主成分計分圖顯示，樣品可大致分為兩個群集，由檢測項目負荷得知，影響PC1之重要項目為水溶性膠原蛋白含量；PC2重要之項目為總膠原蛋白含量與硬度、雞肉風味強度及總接受度等感官特性；PC3重要之項目為濕潤度 (moisture release)、吞嚥後樣品於口腔中滑順程度 (oily mouthcoat) 及雞肉風味強度等感官特性；PC4重要之項目為總膠原蛋白含量。試驗三豬肉三角試驗感官品評結果顯示，溫體豬肉於23±2°C貯放8小時及33±2°C貯放6小時與冷藏豬肉的感官特性上有顯著差異 (P 0.05)，顯示品評員並非僅依賴單一感官品評因素來區分樣品之差異。進一步觀察各項品評感官因素，以23±2°C貯放8小時組而言，正確答題者中有42.1%選擇質地為其判斷因素，然而無法正確答題者中亦有80%選擇質地為其主要判斷因素，此結果顯示，對於相對較有經驗的品評員而言，質地可能是一項較佳之判斷依據；但反之，對於相對較無經驗的品評員而言，反而可能亦容易造成其誤判，上述結果顯示，利用三角試驗感官品評，有助於判斷豬肉之品質特性，且可進一步瞭解品評員判別樣品的感官原因。此外，探討不同貯放條件下之溫體豬肉時，除了本試驗中所瞭解感官特性之差異性外，肉品之安全性，例如微生物之生長情形等亦應列入參考。綜上所述，適當地結合物化分析、感官品評及統計分析，除了可以瞭解與判定不同肉品之品質特性，更可以從中選取最重要之判定因子，更正確且有效率地評估畜禽肉的品質。Emphasis of the importance in meat qualities has been increased continuously recently. Evaluation the qualities of beef and pork has been conducted for years. Some characteristics, such as juiciness, texture and flavor of pork and beef are often determined using physicochemical analysis and sensory evaluation. In contrast, there is less an objectively assessed standard for chicken meat. In Taiwan, some pork is sold at the ambient temperature. Consumers choose and purchase meat according to the sensory characteristics of products. A multivariate statistical method namely principal component analysis (PCA) has been used to identify the most critical variables in a multivariate data matrix, thus analyze data more effectively and efficiently. Additionally, some methods including the triangle test have been applied in the sensory evaluation. Therefore, this study was intended to utilize of physicochemical analysis, sensory evaluation and statistical methods to evaluate pork and chicken meet quality. In the 1st experiment, Taiwan native chicken (TNC) breast was cooked in a 95°C water bath until the internal temperature of the meat reached 85°C for 0, 20 and 40 minutes. Cooking loss, moisture content, water holding capacity (WHC) and some descriptive sensory parameters were determined, followed by a PCA analysis, thus to determine the juiciness of meat samples. In the 2nd experiment, shear force, total collagen content, and soluble collagen content as well as some descriptive sensory parameters of breast from TNC which fed for 12 and 16 weeks were determined, followed by a PCA analysis to analyze the texture of samples. In the 3rd experiment, sensory panelists attempted to apply the triangle test to differentiate the pork loins stored at 23±2°C for 4, 6, and 8 h (M4h, M6h, and M8h) as well as at 33±2°C for 2, 4, and 6 h (H2h, H4h, and H6h) to the one stored at 7°C (COM).
The results of the 1st experiment showed that the four major principal components explained about 80.0% of the total variation. The PCA score plot showed a clear separation into the three clusters. According to the loadings, cooking loss, moisture content and WHC, as well as some sensory characteristics including moisture release, cohesiveness and oily mouthcoat were considered as the most effective variables for PC1, while WHC was most effectively to PC2. Sensory attributes including fiber texture, meat particle size, and chicken flavor intensity were effectively to PC3, while initial hardness, residual loose particles, and total acceptance were effectively to PC4. The results of the 2nd experiment showed that the four major principal components explained about 84.6% of the total variation. The PCA score plot showed a clear separation in two clusters. Base on the loadings, the soluble collagen content was effectively to PC1, while the total collagen content as well as some sensory characteristics including chew down hardness, chicken flavor intensity and total acceptance were the most effective variables to determine PC2. Three sensory attributes including moisture release, oily mouthcoat and chicken flavor intensity were effectively to PC3, while the total collagen content was effectively to PC4. The results of the 3rd experiment showed that the sensory characteristics of M8h and H6h samples significantly differed than those of COM (P 0.05), thus more than one sensory characteristics was applied by the panelist to differentiate the samples. For M8h samples, texture was chosen by the 42.1% of the panelists who successfully differentiate samples, while texture was also chosen by the 80% of the panelist who differentiate samples fail. The results implied texture might be an appropriate judge criterion for those experienced panelists to functionally successfully while texture might be the possible cause leading to the failure for those inexperienced panelists. In summary, PCA can be applied to select a number of physicochemical and sensory parameters to determine the juiciness and texture characteristics of Taiwan native chicken breast effectively. Triangle test can be applied to evaluate the qualities of pork stored at ambient temperatures for 6 to 8 hours. In addition to the sensory characteristics that evaluated in the current study, the safety of product (i.e., the microbiological) should be also addressed. In conclusion, it is promising to apply physicochemical analysis, sensory evaluation and statistical methods appropriately to evaluate meat quality more effectively and efficiently.中文摘要 i
Abstract iii
目次 v
表目次 ix
圖目次 x
附錄目次 xi
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻探討 2
一、影響生鮮畜禽肉品質之因子 2
(一)、品種 2
(二)、年齡 2
(三)、飼養方式 2
(四)、加熱處理 3
(五)、保存狀況 3
二、肉質評定 4
(一)、肉質評定之目的及重要性 4
(二)、豬肉及雞肉評定之概況 4
三、常用評定肉質之方法 5
(一)、物化分析 5
(二)、感官品評 6
四、主成分分析法 8
(一)、主成分分析法之基本概念 8
(二)、主成分分析法於動物與食品科學及肉品科學之應用 10
參、試驗一：以主成分分析法結合物化特性分析及感官品評來評估紅羽土雞 胸肉多汁性之表現 11
一、摘要 11
二、緒言 11
三、材料與方法 12
(一)、樣品來源、採樣及處理 12
(二)、檢測項目 13
(三)、統計分析 15
四、結果與討論 15
(一)、物化分析 15
(二)、描述性感官品評 16
(三)、相關性分析 17
(四)、主成分分析 18
五、結論 30
六、參考文獻 31
肆、試驗二：以主成分分析法結合物化特性分析及感官品評來評估紅羽土雞 胸肉質地之表現 34
一、摘要 34
二、緒言 34
三、材料與方法 35
(一)、試驗動物與採樣 35
(二)、檢測項目 36
(三)、統計分析 39
四、結果與討論 39
(一)、物化分析 39
(二)、描述性感官品評 40
(三)、相關性分析 41
(四)、主成分分析 42
五、結論 54
六、參考文獻 55
伍、試驗三：以三角試驗評估及判定不同溫度保存之溫體豬里脊肉的感官品質..58
一、摘要 58
二、緒言 58
三、材料方法 59
(一)、樣品來源及前處理 59
(二)、三角試驗感官品評 60
(三)、統計分析 61
四、結果討論 64
(一)、二項式分佈統計分析結果 64
(二)、Fisher's exact test 分析結果 66
(三)、三角試驗感官因素百分比 67
五、結論 84
六、參考文獻 85
陸、總結 86
柒、參考文獻 87
捌、附錄 9
Genome-wide association study for egg quality and feeding traits of Taiwan Country chicken
No full text全基因關聯性分析 (genome-wide association study, GWAS) 被廣泛應用於經濟動物上進行分子標誌等相關研究。GWAS 為使用生物晶片來找出影響目標性狀的基因多型性 (Single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)，此方法為近幾年發展且廣泛應用於家禽產業上的一項技術。本研究之目的為使用由 2010 年至 2013 年間由 24 隻L2 (公：6；母：18) 與 22 隻 R- (公：7；母：15) 正逆雜交後產生的 F2 品系共 743 隻進行產蛋性狀、蛋品質性狀和採食性狀的關聯性分析。本研究針對三個產蛋性狀，其中包含初產日齡 (AFE)、產蛋數 (EN)、產蛋率 (LR)；十四個蛋品質性狀，其中包含蛋重 (EW)、蛋殼顏色 (L*、a*、b*)、長軸 (EggL)、短軸 (EggW)、蛋型指數 (EggI)、蛋殼強度 (ES)、蛋黃重 (YolkW)、蛋白高度 (AH)、蛋殼含膜厚度 (EWM)、蛋殼無膜厚度 (EOM)、蛋殼膜厚度 (EMT)、蛋殼重 (ESW)；五個飼料性狀其中包含平均採食量 (AFI)、平均日增重 (ADG)、蛋量 (EggM)、飼料效率 (FE) 和採食殘差 (RFI) 進行 GWAS 的分析。分析方法採用 Plink 的 一般線性模式分析 (Generally Linear Model, GLM)、GEMMA 的線性混合模式分析 (Linear Mixed Model, LMM) 以及貝氏稀少線性混合模型分析 (Bayesian Sparse Linear Mixed Model, BSLMM)。結果顯示 LMM 產蛋性狀的 AFE 與 rs15037617 有關，此外 EN 和 LR 則發現與 GGaluGA165228 有關。蛋品質性狀方面發現蛋殼顏色的a* 與三個 SNP 有關分別為 rs15409520、rs13593225、rs14637358；蛋型指數發現與 rs15190652 有關；ES 則與兩個 SNP有關，分別是 GGaluGA320913、GGaluGA007314；蛋黃重則發現與兩個 SNP 有關，分別為 s14075934、GaluGA235913；EWM 發現與 GaluGA134929；EMT 發現與 GaluGA006669 有關；ESW 發現與 4 個 SNP 有關，分別為 s10721950、GGaluGA082982、rs13764758、GGaluGA264151。採食相關性狀則發現 AFI 與兩個 SNP 有關，分別為 GGaluGA114124 和 rs13841376；蛋量發現與兩個 SNP 有關，分別為 rs15008789、GGaluGA107494。在 BSLMM 的分析結果下，發現在蛋品質性狀中的蛋殼顏色 L* 與 GGaluGA000698 和 rs14099457 有關；另外在蛋殼顏色 a* 發現與 rs13746326、rs15409520 和GGaluGA000698 有關；ESW 則發現與 rs14480552、rs13764758 和 GGaluGA082982 有關。期望藉由以上所發現與產蛋性狀、蛋品質性狀和採食性狀的 SNP 位點，來制定育種計畫並縮短家禽改進時程。A genome-wide association study (GWAS) used a high density genotyping platform represents a method for identifying genetic variations influencing various traits, and the GWAS is the newest tool being proposed to the poultry breeding industry for improvement of animal agricultural species. The object of this study was found the significant and suggestive single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) which should influence the traits of the egg production, egg quality and the relevant of the feeding traits in our native chicken population. We used the F2 population of 743 individuals produced by crossing the Taiwan country chicken L2 line with and experimental line of Rhode Island Red layer R- provided by INRA in 2003.Total of 22 traits were analyzed which including egg number (EN), age at the first egg (AFE), laying rate (LR), egg weight (EW), egg color (EC), egg length (egg_L), egg width (egg_W), egg index (egg_I), eggshell strength (ES), yolk weight (YW), albumin height (AH), eggshell within membrane (EWM), eggshell without membrane (EOM), eggshell membrane thickness (EMT), eggshell weight (ESW), Average feed intake (AFI), Average daily gain (ADG), eggmass, feed efficiency (FE), Residual feed intake (RFI). There are three ways of the statistical analysis were used, including generally linear model (GLM) in software of plink, linear mixed model (LMM) and Bayesian sparse linear mixed model (BSLMM) in software of GEMMA. The results showed that the rs15037617 associated with AFE and GGaluGA165228 associated with EN and LR. There are 14 SNPs were found in LMM associated with 7 traits in egg quality. The traits of egg colour a* have three SNPs associated with rs15409520, rs13593225, rs14637358; egg index associated with rs15190652; ES associated with two SNPs including GGaluGA320913 and GGaluGA007314; there are two SNPs were found, s14075934、GaluGA235913, associated with yolk weight; the SNPs GaluGA134929 and GaluGA006669 were found associated with the traits EWM and EMT, respectively; there are four SNPs were found associated with ESW, including s10721950, GGaluGA082982, rs13764758, GGaluGA264151. There are five SNPs we found that associated with three feeding traits, including AFI, eggmasss and RFI. In the traits of AFI, we found two SNPs including GGaluGA114124 and rs13841376; there are also two SNPs associated with eggmass which named rs15008789 and GGaluGA107494; there are one SNP, GGaluGA020046, we found that associated with RFI. In the analysis of the BSLMM, we found the associated SNPs in egg quality traits only. The trait of egg colour L* associated with GGaluGA000698 and rs14099457; the egg colour a* was associated with rs13746326, rs15409520 and GGaluGA000698; the ESW was associated with rs14480552, rs13764758 and GGaluGA082982. In conclusion of this study, the SNPs may be improved the poultry breeding program rapidly.壹、 文獻探討 1
一、 動物育種發展 1
二、分子技術的演進 2
三、生物晶片的發展 5
四、分子標誌的尋找和應用 5
五、關聯性分析在雞的應用 8
六、標誌輔助選拔 (Marker-assisted selection，MAS) 10
貳、材料方法 12
一、模擬分析資料來源 12
二、試驗動物 13
三、配種模式 15
四、飼養管理 17
五、防疫計畫 19
六、分析性狀 20
七、SNP 測定和品質控管 22
八、統計分析 23
九、全基因組關聯性分析 24
參、結果與討論 25
一、表型資料處理 25
二、關聯性分析 33
肆、結論 52
伍、參考文獻 53
陸、附錄 6