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Evaluation of utilizing eggshell in personal cleaning products
No full text雞蛋是國人動物性食品重要原料之一，然而伴隨著雞蛋消費所產生大量之廢棄蛋殼，亦成為一待解決之難題。具有去角質訴求之化妝品或個人清潔用品中，多會添加直徑小於1 mm之聚乙烯塑膠微粒，然而因其不易分解，會在自然環境中累積，更可能會釋出具有生物活性之化合物或吸附有機汙染物，影響環境中生物；若被生物吞食，亦會產生生物放大作用，對生態造成更大之危害，許多國家也逐漸開始立法禁用塑膠柔珠，故本研究中，試驗一利用40°C 90天之加速老化試驗，評估不同處理之蛋殼粉 (CON：對照組；PEB：塑膠柔珠組；CAL：燒結蛋殼粉組；ESP：蛋殼粉組) 添加於皂化型 (saponification type) 洗面乳中之應用性；試驗二則利用細胞毒性試驗及動物皮膚模擬試驗，評估添加此蛋殼粉之洗面乳的安全性。試驗一結果顯示：顏色部分，各試驗時間點CAL之L*值顯著低於其他組別 (p0.05)。泡沫穩定性部分，各組間皆無顯著差異 (p>0.05)。清潔力部分，以臨界微胞濃度 (critical micelle concentration, CMC) 作為樣品清潔力之判定標準，顯示各組於各試驗時間點之CMC皆介於0.080 wt%至0.083 wt%間，並無明顯差異。微生物部分，各組別於各試驗時間點之總生菌數皆小於10 CFU/g，符合衛福部小於1000 CFU/g之規定。試驗二結果顯示：細胞毒性試驗部分，ESP蛋殼粉對於HaCaT細胞或3T3細胞皆無細胞毒性；動物皮膚模擬試驗部分，CON、PEB、CAL及ESP等洗面乳皆不會對豬耳背皮膚之角質層造成嚴重的損害。綜上所述，考量各處理組對於樣品顏色之影響程度，於皂化型洗面乳中添加ESP蛋殼粉，對其原有之各項特性影響較小，不具有細胞毒性，且不致使皮膚角質層有過度的損傷，故蛋殼粉應具有取代個人清潔用品中常用塑膠柔珠的潛力。Egg is one of the most important animal products consumed globally. How to handle those large quantities of abandoned eggshell properly becomes critical. Currently, many exfoliating cosmetics or personal cleansing products might contain some polyethylene microbeads which have diameters less than 1 mm. Because these plastic materials do not degrade easily for years, such microbeads which have been accumulated in the natural environment may damage the ecological consequence. Mis-consumption those plastic microbeads by numerous animals may also cause a biomagnification in the food chain, thus lead to more serious damages. Many countries have started to ban the plastic microbeads. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential efficacy of applying different treatments of eggshell (CON: control; PEB: adding polyethylene microbeads; CAL: adding calcined eggshell powder; ESP: adding eggshell powder) in a saponification-type facial cleanser using a 90-day and 40°C accelerated aging test as well as a cytotoxicity assay and a porcine skin model test.
The result of experiment 1 showed that during the aging period, the L* value of CAL was significantly lower than those of the other treatments (p0.05). Except on day 90 of aging, the spreadability of CON was the highest, while the spreadability of PEB was significantly lower than the others during aging (p0.05). In the current study, the detergency was determined using a critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC value was between 0.080 wt% to 0.083 wt% for each treatment with less difference. The total microbial counts of the four facial cleansers were all conformed with the regulations of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. The result of experiment 2 showed that ESP did not exhibit cytotoxicity to HaCaT cell or 3T3 cell. In the animal skin simulation testing, the 4 treatments did not cause damage to the stratum corneum of porcine ear skin. In conclusion, ESP is recommended to be added in a saponification-type facial cleanser since it does not change the characteristics of the original samples, as well as not exhibit cytotoxicity and cause damage to stratum corneum of porcine ear skin. It is promising to substitute for the polyethylene microbeads currently commonly added in the personal exfoliating cleaning products potentially.中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
目次 iii
圖次 v
表次 vii
附錄目次 viii
壹、 前言 1
貳、 文獻探討 2
一、 蛋殼基本介紹 2
(一) 蛋殼之形成過程 2
(二) 蛋殼之構造與成分 2
(三) 廢棄蛋殼之再利用 3
二、 人類皮膚結構及功能簡介 8
(一) 表皮 8
(二) 真皮與皮下組織 9
三、 化妝品中之柔珠及其危害 12
四、 化妝品之安定性評估 14
(一) 延展性 14
(二) 起泡力及泡沫穩定性 15
(三) 清潔力 15
五、 化妝品之安全性評估 18
參、 試驗一：蛋殼柔珠洗面乳之特性及應用性評估 19
一、 材料與方法 19
(一) 蛋殼柔珠之製備 19
(二) 蛋殼柔珠特性之分析與觀察 20
(三) 替代柔珠洗面乳之製作 21
(四) 柔珠洗面乳之安定性試驗 23
二、 結果與討論 28
(一) 市售洗面乳柔珠含量分析 28
(二) 蛋殼柔珠之特性分析與觀察 29
(三) 替代柔珠洗面乳之特性分析 34
肆、 試驗二：蛋殼柔珠用於洗面乳中之安全性評估 52
一、 材料與方法 52
(一) 細胞毒性試驗 52
(二) 動物皮膚模擬試驗 55
二、 結果與討論 58
(一) 細胞毒性試驗 58
(二) 動物皮膚模擬試驗 62
伍、 結論 65
陸、 參考文獻 66
柒、 附錄 7
Association in Destination Image, Crowding Perception, Emotional Experiences, Satisfaction and Revising Willingness-A Study of the Comparison with Different Types of Night Market
No full text夜市已成為台灣在地文化特色，不只國人愛逛夜市，也有許多外國遊客來台旅遊也會到夜市去體驗台灣夜市之文化。夜市的類型也很多樣化，可依照空間分布來做分類、也可依照夜市發展模式來分類等不同分類方式。目的地意象的不同對於擁擠知覺程度有不同的影響，過去的研究中發現不同的空間對於擁擠知覺有差異性(劉家菁，2014)，然而擁擠知覺大部分被視為負面評價(蔡燿隆、蔡進士、卓佳旻，2012)，過往大部分的研究中顯示，高度擁擠知覺會造成負面情緒，而負面情緒則負向影響滿意度，滿意度進而影響重遊意願。
夜市為高密度建成環境，而過往對擁擠知覺的研究地點大多在自然環境中，此研究想了解高密度空間下的不同空間型態之差異，以及夜市這種較為特殊的場域，擁擠知覺對於情緒體驗會造成負面情緒嗎？
本研究採用便利抽樣問卷調查的方式，以花園夜市(廣場式)與逢甲夜市(街道式)的遊客為研究對象，有效問卷619份，有效率約為78.65%。路徑分析結果發現：在花園夜市中目的地意象對情緒體驗與重遊意願有達正向顯著影響；目的地意象對擁擠知覺無顯著影響；擁擠知覺對情緒體驗有達負向顯著影響；擁擠知覺對重遊意願無顯著影響；情緒體驗對滿意度有達正向顯著影響；滿意度對重遊意願有達正向顯著影響。在逢甲夜市中目的地意象對情緒體驗與重遊意願有達正向顯著影響；目的地意象對擁擠知覺無顯著影響；擁擠知覺對情緒體驗與重遊意願無顯著影響；情緒體驗對滿意度有達正向顯著影響；滿意度對重遊意願有達顯著影響。在路徑分析中結果只有在擁擠知覺對情緒體驗中的結果是不同的，在花園夜市是有達負向顯著影響，而在逢甲夜市中是無顯著影響，其餘路徑分析顯著結果並無差異。在多群組比較分析中發現，廣場型夜市與街道型夜市的目的地意象、擁擠知覺、情緒體驗、滿意度與重遊意願皆無差異。
過往的對擁擠知覺的研究多在於自然環境中，而本研究的場所為高密度建成環境空間，其結果與自然環境大不相同，且不同型態空間對擁擠知覺也與過往大部分研究結果也不相同。由於本研究採用結構式問卷，較無法深入了解原因為何，建議未來研究可以深入訪談去詳細了解此原因。本研究是到夜市發放問卷，可能只採集到會到夜市之遊客，缺少了不到夜市的樣本，因此無法詳細的全面了解大家對夜市的擁擠知覺與情緒體驗等看法與態度，建議未來的相關研究可以針對較常去夜市與較少去夜市之遊客做全面性深入的個案研究，完整地去了解原因。由路徑分析可知廣場型夜市與街道型夜市擁擠知覺對情緒體驗有所差異，未來政府機關在規劃夜市時，須考慮到空間形式對於擁擠知覺的情況，以及擁擠知覺對於遊客情緒的考量，讓來夜市的遊客都有美好的經驗。Night market is the Taiwanese local cultural characteristic. Not only people love to visit the night market, there are many foreign tourists to Taiwan will travel to the night market to experience the culture of Taiwan night market.According to the type of spatial distribution, night markets can be classified according to the spatial distribution, but also in accordance with the night market development model to classify different classification methods.Previous studies have found differences in perceived crowding and destination images in different spaces (Liu, 2014). Crowding perception is often related to negative effects (Tsai, Tsai & Chuo, 2012). Most previous studies have shown that high crowding perception leads to negative emotions. Negative emotions affect satisfaction negatively, and thus affects willingness negatively.
Night market is a high-density built environment. In the past, most of the research sites on crowded perception were in the natural environment. In the current study, I want to know the difference between different spatial patterns in high density space, such as night market. Do crowded perceptions create negative emotions for emotional experiences?
The questionnaire is a structured. I used a convenience sampling. I choose street night market in Taichung Feng Chian Night Market. And I choose square night market in Tainan Garden Night Market. Research objects are tourists and nearby residents. There were 619 valid questionnaires.The effective rate is about 78.65%.
Structural equation model analysis found that: Destination image positive impact emotional experiences and revising willingness; destination image no effect crowding perception; crowding perception negative impact emotional experiences; crowding perception no effect revising willingness; emotional experiences positive impact satisfaction; and satisfaction positive impact revising willingness in in Garden night market.Destination image positive impact emotional experiences and revising willingness; destination image no effect crowding perception; crowding perception no effect emotional experiences and revising willingness; emotional experiences positive impact satisfaction; and satisfaction positive impact revising willingness in Feng Chia night market.Research result shows that tourists in different types of night market are same with association in destination image, crowding perception, emotional experiences, satisfaction and revising willingness from multi-group analysis. It means that it's no difference, so the assumption unsupported.
The results of this study are different from those of the natural environment, and different types of space are also different from the previous studies. In this study, structured questionnaire can not be used to understand the reasons why, so it is suggested that the future research can provide in-depth interviews to understand the perceptions and attitudes of nighttime crowds and emotional experiences. Suggested future research can be more relevant to the night market and fewer visitors to the night market to do a comprehensive in-depth case study, a complete understanding of the reasons. Structural equation model analysis found that the square-style night market and street-style night market crowded perception of emotional experience is different. Future government agencies in the planning of the night market, taking into account the space form for the crowded perception of the situation, as well as crowded perception of the emotional considerations for tourists, so that the night market visitors have a good experience.謝誌 I
摘要 III
ABSTRACT IV
目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
圖目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究問題與目的 2
第三節 研究對象與範圍 3
第二章 文獻回顧 8
第一節 夜市定義與類型 8
第二節 目的地意象之內涵與相關研究 12
第三節 擁擠知覺之內涵與相關研究 19
第四節 情緒體驗之內涵與相關研究 23
第五節 滿意度之內涵與相關研究 25
第六節 重遊意願之內涵與相關研究 29
第三章 研究架構與設計 32
第一節 研究架構 32
第二節 研究假設 32
第三節 研究工具 33
第四節 研究對象與抽樣實施 33
第五節 研究方法與步驟 34
第六節 資料處理與統計分析 34
第四章 研究結果與討論 36
第一節 信度與效度分析 36
第二節 樣本分析與同質性比較 40
第三節 兩夜市不同社經背景變項在目的地意象、擁擠知覺、情緒體驗、滿意度與重遊意願之差異比較 49
第四節 花園夜市與逢甲夜市的目的地意象、擁擠知覺、情緒體驗、滿意度與重遊意願之關係與比較 78
第五章 結論與建議 78
第一節 結論 84
第二節 建議 84
參考文獻 92
中文部分 92
西文部分 96
附錄一 108
附錄二 11
A Method of Finding Switch Clusters with Load Balance in SDN
No full text在軟體定義網路中，為了因應日益增加的網路規模以及多樣化的應用，多控制器架構應運而生。而控制器的超載處理以及控制器之間的負載平衡是此架構需要面對的重要議題。在眾多使用交換器轉移的負載平衡演算法中，有些方法會利用交換器分群降低轉移成本，其中較著名的演算法為BalCon。此方法藉由分析交換器與交換器群體之間的流量找出連接較緊密的群體，以此做出最有效的轉移決策。
本篇論文改進現今交換器分群方法的缺陷，我們提出一個更快速而且更能適應拓樸環境的交換器群體找尋方法在控制器負載平衡演算上。針對交換器上的流程進行分類並賦予不同的流程模式權重，使其在不同拓樸環境下的負載平衡效果能夠有最好的表現。由於我們只針對要加入群體的候選交換器進行流量分析，無須對群體內部交換器之間做額外運算，因此整體演算法執行時間有顯著下降。本篇論文使用Matlab進行模擬，透過模擬實驗結果得知，在Fat-tree拓樸環境中，經過我們提出的交換器群體找尋方法改善後的負載平衡演算法，比原分群方法的不平衡百分比少1.48%。除此之外，在相同環境下的演算法執行時間也比原方法少30%。To deal with the increasing scalar of network and various applications on Software Defined Network(SDN), the multi-controller architecture was born. Handling with overloaded controller and load balancing between controllers is the most important issue that is concerned by this architecture. Among of the algorithms that are used on Switch Migration to implement controller load balancing, one of the methods is known as BalCon which decreases the migration cost by using Switch Grouping. By analyzing the flow rate between the SDN switches and the Cluster, the method collects the switches with strong connections to make the most effective decision of migration.
The disadvantage of Switch Grouping is the subject we have studied and improved in this paper. We propose a Switch Clusters finding method that is faster and more adaptive to many kinds of topologies. We specifically classify every flow on the switches and give weights on different flow patterns in order to have the best effect of the load balancing in various topologies. Without having computation between switches in the Cluster, we only aim at the candidate switches which are going to join the Cluster and analysis the flow patterns. Therefore, we decrease the whole computation time of the algorithm. In this paper, we implement the simulation with Matlab. The results show that the Percent Imbalance Matric of the load balancing algorithm improved by our proposed method is 1.48% less than the original method of Switch Grouping in fat-tree topology environment. In addition, the computation time of the algorithm is 30% less than the original one.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景介紹 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 3
1.3 論文架構 4
第二章 問題與文獻探討 5
2.1 多控制器負載平衡議題 5
2.2 多控制器上的負載平衡演算法探討 6
2.2.1 負載平衡方法 6
2.2.2 方法優缺點分析 7
2.2.3 交換器分群的缺陷 8
第三章 我們提出的控制器負載平衡演算法 11
3.1 系統模型 11
3.1.1 系統模型介紹 11
3.1.2 流程呈現 12
3.1.3 參數定義 13
3.2 負載平衡演算法 13
3.3 交換器群體找尋方法 15
3.3.1 流程模式的分類 16
3.3.2 選擇公式 18
3.3.3 權重調整 19
第四章 模擬結果與分析 21
4.1 評估指標及參數說明 21
4.1.1 效能評估指標 21
4.1.2 環境與參數設定說明 22
4.2 模擬結果分析與討論 23
4.2.1 公式權重分析 23
4.2.2 不同拓樸的效能比較 27
第五章 結論 32
參考文獻 3
Task Scheduling Mechanism and Resources Provisioning Management in Cloud Computing Systems
No full text隨著雲端服務平台的日益普及，在服務系統中如何進行資源配置與任務調度來維持服務水平是服務供應商面臨的主要挑戰之一。在論文中針對雲端系統資源配置、省電運作模式與任務調度機制進行了探討與分析。首先在系統阻擋率與任務響應時間的性能約束下，研究與設計有效地資源配置與省電機制來穩定服務水平與降低系統耗能。在論文中，我們根據不同的系統容量、資源配置與使用者行為來建立不同的分析模型，並利用排隊理論，分析系統容量對任務丟失率與系統性能的影響。在不同系統根據所需考慮的運作成本、系統耗能與性能要求，分別設置不同的目標函數與性能約束條件。在不同的省電機制下研究對於響應時間、運作狀態與運作成本的影響。我們所提出的演算法與三種省電運作模式能有效地進行資源配置、降低伺服器在閒置狀態下的耗能成本，並能在性能約束條件下求最佳解。
接著進一步探討當系統處在高負載的狀態時，如何在負載的限制下進行最佳的任務調度。在雲端服務系統中，開發任務調度機制的主要目標是降低任務的響應時間，讓任務能在處理期限內完成，同時進行壅塞控制，避免系統過載。最後我們所設計的方法和其他方法進行模擬比較，證明能夠改善系統性能與利潤。As cloud computing become more and more popular, how to manage resource provisioning and schedule tasks are several critical challenges for cloud providers. To analyze these issues, resources provisioning, power-saving policies and task scheduling in cloud computing are studied and analyzed in this research.
First of all, we try to design an effectively resources provisioning mechanism and power-saving policies according to system blocking probability and response time constraints, so as to meet performance guarantees and reduce power consumption. Different models are designed according to various system capacities, resources provisioning and user behaviors. The relationship between system capacity and task loss rates is analyzed based on different queuing models and system performance. According to incurred cost, power consumption and system performance, different objective functions with performance guarantees are proposed. The effect of energy-efficiency controls on response times, operating modes and incurred cost are demonstrated. Three power-saving policies are proposed to reduce idle power consumption, manage resources provisioning and solve the optimal solutions under a performance constraint.
Furthermore, how to develop an optimal task scheduling approach when the system is under heavy load is studied. The main purpose is to reduce response time, so as to make tasks complete within their deadline constraints. Simulation results show that the proposed approach outperforms other approaches in terms of system performance and profit.Abstract.........ii
Contents.........iii
List of Figures........v
List of Tables.........vii
Chapter 1 Introduction.....1
1.1 Background and Motivation.....1
1.2 Literature Review...5
1.2.1 Analysis of Capacity Provisioning.5.
1.2.2 Workload Control ........................7
Chapter 2 Cloud Service Models.........10
2.1 Service System with Different Buffer Sizes....10
2.1.1 A Multi-Servers System with Blocking Control..10
2.1.2 Performance Evaluation......13
2.1.3 Resources Provisioning Scheme....16
2.2 Performance Analysis............21
2.2.1 Experimental Results..........21
2.2.2 Comparison of Results.........25
2.3 Energy-Efficiency Controls......29
2.3.1 Related Works.....29
2.3.2 ISN Policy.....33
2.3.3 SN and SI Policies.....35
2.3.4 Queuing Models....38
Chapter 3 Optimization Problem Formulation.....43
3.1 Operational Cost................43
3.2 Performance Comparisons and the ECG Algorithm..........................................46
Chapter 4 Numerical Validation.....54
4.1 Experiments Results......54
4.2 Comparison of Results.....58
Chapter 5 Task Scheduling.....62
5.1 Scheduling Approaches.....62
5.2 Load-Based Scheduling Approach.....69
5.3 Experimental Environment......72
Chapter 6 Conclusion.....80
6.1 Conclusion.....80
Reference......82
Publication List.....9
An Experimental Investigation on Cutting Force and Surface Hardening of Workpiece for Milling Inconel 718
No full text鎳基合金(Nickel-based alloy)是航太產業常用於航空發動機的渦輪葉片、轉子等零組件的金屬材料，其中最具代表性的材料為Inconel 718，該合金在切削加工時常因材料加工硬化等特性而造成切削條件的改變，導致成品的品質變動，刀具壽命迅速降低，此主要肇因於材料特性所導致之切削力變動所致，故如何預估Inconel 718之切削力並掌握工件加工後表面硬化的特性乃是提升其切削特性能的基礎。有鑑於此，本研究探討不同加工參數下Inconel 718切削力係數的變化以及對於工件表面硬度的影響，因Inconel 718切削力受加工硬化影響程度高且材料價格昂貴，故本研究以田口試驗法找出影響表面硬化較大的因子來進行全實驗配置以降低成本，研究首部分先根據文獻之切削力模式進行推導，再根據實際量測的切削力來推導理論模式之切削力係數，並探討切削力係數與主軸轉速、每刃進給之關係；第二部分則是量測槽銑加工後工件表面之硬度，探討不同的加工參數對工件加工後表面硬化程度的影響。研究結果顯示，在固定主軸轉速和切深的切削條件下，切削力係數隨著每刃進給的提升而下降，表面硬度亦相同，而在固定每刃進給和切深的切削條件下，切削力係數隨著主軸轉數的提升而下降，表面硬度則相反。本研究結果所推導之Inconel 718切削力係數可作為數位製造之基礎，作為推估銑削Inconel 718時切削力的參考。Nickel-based alloy is metal material used for making turbine blades in aerospace industry. The most well-known one is Inconel 718, which may alter some cutting conditions, decline the quality, and shorten tool life due to work hardening. How to predict the cutting force of Inconel 718 and control the characteristic of work hardening are the fundamentals of improving the cutting conditions. Therefore, the thesis mainly discusses its variation of cutting force coefficients and surface hardening in different conditions. Because the cost of Inconel 718 is high, the research is conducted by Taguchi methods to lower cost instead. First, estimate theoretical cutting forces, then estimate the cutting force coefficients based on measuring cutting forces; find the connection between spindle speed and feed per cutting edge. Secondary, measure the surface hardening after slot milling to find out the influence of cutting conditions upon surface hardening. As a result, in the fixed spindle speed and cutting depth, cutting force coefficients will decline as feed per cutting edge increases; surface hardening identical. In the fixed feed per cutting edge and cutting depth, cutting force coefficients will decline as spindle speed increases; by contrast, surface hardening will not. In conclusion, cutting force coefficients of Inconel 718 can be the fundamentals of digital manufacture and the reference to cutting force.目 錄
摘 要 i
ABSTRACT ii
圖 目 錄 iiv
表 目 錄 vi
符 號 表 vii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 文獻回顧 1
1.2.1 鎳基合金Inconel 718 1
1.2.2 銑削力分析 3
1.2.3 Inconel 718切削分析 4
1.3 研究方法與步驟 7
1.4 論文大綱 7
第二章 銑削之切削力分析與田口實驗規劃法 9
2.1 銑削之切削力分析 10
2.1.1 切削力理論分析 10
2.2 田口試驗法 11
2.2.1 田口試驗法實驗步驟 11
2.2.2 田口試驗法直交表 12
第三章 銑削實驗規劃 14
3.1 實驗規劃 14
3.1.1 實驗銑削參數規劃 14
3.1.2 實驗設備 16
3.2 切削力量測 21
第四章 實驗結果與分析 23
4.1 田口試驗法結果 23
4.2 切削力係數結果與分析 23
4.3 表面硬度量測 30
4.4 切削力係數與表面硬度實驗參數擬合 37
第五章 結論與未來展望 41
參考文獻 4
Analysis and Simulation of Servo Feed Drive System
No full text工具機本質上為一機電整合系統，包含了機台結構、機構與伺服驅動控制模組，因此要藉由CAE分析技術來模擬機台動態特性，就需能建構整合機台結構、機構與伺服驅動控制模組的完整機電整合多體動力學數位模型，其中每一子系統模型的正確性，均會影響到整機動態模擬分析的結果。要正確建構各子系統模型，然後整合在一起，又需能有正確之界面模型，因此難度相當高。研究的重點在改善驅動器邏輯，藉由驅動器軟體來輔助系統鑑別，在MATLAB的Simulink 中建立伺服控制之模型，並分層驗證模型的準確性，速度迴路波德圖的整體增益與相位皆有符合實驗值，頻寬誤差平均在15Hz左右；位置迴路的部分，頻寬差 距都在7Hz以內，且高頻的部分與實驗值差距很小。建立虛擬伺服驅動控制器模型，進而整合機台結構/機構與電機系統模型，透過單軸直線來回與雙軸循圓運動來驗證之，完成整合伺服驅動器與雙軸同動進給系統數位模型之伺服機電整合模擬。Machine tool is a mechatronic system in nature which including structures, mechanisms, and servo-drive controller. A correct structure model, mechanism model and servo-drive control model are needed for building accuracy multibody dynamic mechatronic digital model that can be used in analyzing machine dynamic behavior by CAE technique. Any sub-system model’s correctness will affect the accuracy of total system’s model. The correctness of interface’s model between each sub-system will also affect the accuracy of total system’s model. In this study, we are focusing on improving the model of logic servo driver. It is done by using the software provided by the servo driver’s company to identify the control loop. The servo control loop model is built by Matlab Simulink software. The accuracy of every loop has been checked by comparing the Bode plot. The result from simulation has closed to the experiment data. The average error of bandwidth is 15 Hz in the velocity loop and 7 Hz in the position loop. And the error in high frequency is also small. The virtual controller model is established by integrating the structural system and electrical system. Then this model is verified by linear motion of X-axis and Y-axis, and the circular test. Finally, the servo driver system and X-axis and Y-axis feeding systems have been integrated together to perform the mechatronic simulation.摘要 i
Abstract ii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 xi
符號表 xiii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1前言 1
1.2文獻回顧 2
1.2.1伺服驅動器模型 2
1.2.2多體動力學數位模型建構 7
1.3研究目的 10
1.4論文架構 11
第二章 伺服進給系統理論推導與建立 12
2.1伺服控制系統模型建立 13
2.2工具機機械結構模型建立 16
第三章 實驗規劃 20
3.1實驗器材與架設 21
3.1.1實驗機台 21
3.1.2通訊型驅動器 23
3.1.3運動軌跡量測設備 25
3.2實驗流程 26
3.2.1通訊型驅動器伺服系統鑑別與驗證 27
3.2.2數位工具機台模型建立與驗證 28
第四章 實驗結果與分析 29
4.1通訊型驅動器系統實驗 30
4.1.1馬達黏滯摩擦係數 30
4.1.2速度迴路鑑別 32
4.1.3位置迴路鑑別 35
4.2工具機進給軸實驗 39
4.2.1 進給軸X、Y軸的直線來回測試 39
4.2.2 雙軸循圓 41
第五章 模擬結果與驗證分析 44
5.1伺服系統模型驗證 44
5.1.1速度迴路 44
5.1.2位置迴路 49
5.2伺服進給系統模型驗證 52
5.2.1單軸直線來回 54
5.2.2雙軸循圓 58
5.3模型修正前後的模擬比較 67
5.3.1單軸直線對照 67
5.3.2雙軸循圓對照 72
5.4模擬不同負載的情況 74
5.4.1單軸直線對照 74
5.4.2雙軸循圓對照 77
第六章 結論與未來展望 79
6.1結論 79
6.2未來展望 80
參考文獻 8
Detection of mast cell tryptase using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
No full text本實驗利用金奈米半球陣列生醫晶片量測肥大細胞類胰蛋白(tryptase)濃度。奈米半球具三維結構，可增加接附面積用以製成高靈敏度奈米生醫感測晶片。本實驗以電化學阻抗分析類胰蛋白濃度，並利用自我組裝層原理進行修飾。由於量化方式為電訊號，本實驗不需要使用二次螢光抗體標記，即可縮短檢測時間。相較於文獻中ImmunoCap的最低檢測極限約1ng/ml，本阻抗量測的最低檢測極限可以達到約1 pg/ml。本研究完成類胰蛋白濃度標準曲線，其中類胰蛋白阻抗是具有與濃度正相關之線性趨勢，R-squared為0.9828，將應用於臨床上麻醉科藥物過敏篩檢。由於過敏性休克往往屬於急性，會在極短的時間造成呼吸道腫脹，通氣困難而缺氧，使得手術中斷甚至造成致命可能。使用本實驗晶片對病患術前檢測是否對麻醉常用藥物過敏，應可降低無預期過敏性休克的發生率。同時，可將此生醫感測平台延伸至其他臨床藥物過敏的檢測。The present study investigates a gold nano-hemisphere array biochip for measuring concentration of mast cell tryptase. Three-dimensional structure of the nano-hemisphere that increases the attachment area of gold surface can be used to fabricate a nano-medical sensor chip with high-sensitivity. In the present experiments, antibody and antigen in the biochip were modified by self-assembled monolayers. The sensitivity of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement reaches 1 pg/ml that is much more sensitive than the value of 1 μg/ml for ImmunoCap as reported in previous literature. The experiments show a linear relationship between the measured impedance and the tryptase concentration with a high R-squared value of 0.9828. The nano-hemisphere array biochip of present investigation can be used to detect allergic reactions in general and anaphylactic shock in particular. Anaphylactic shock causes respiratory tract swelling, hypoxia and hypotension, which could interrupt the operation and even lead to death of the patient. Development of the present biochip is able to avoid some specific allergens for the patients and reduce the risk of anaphylactic shock. At the same time, this bio-sensing platform can be extended to other clinical allergy testing.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖表目錄 v
第一章、緒論 1
1.1研究動機與背景 1
1.2文獻回顧 3
1.2.1過敏現象 3
1.2.2 肥大細胞過敏反應 5
1.3研究目標 7
1.4論文架構 7
第二章、研究理論 8
2.1電化學 9
2.1.1電化學質傳現象 10
2.1.2電極雙層模型 11
2.1.3電化學電極量測 12
2.1.4電化學組抗分析法 14
2.2自我組裝層薄膜 21
2.2.1硫醇基鍵結於金基板 21
2.2.2 EDC與NHS錯合物修飾11-MUA 23
2.3抗體抗原專一性分析 24
2.3.1抗體抗原接合 24
第三章、實驗方法與材料 25
3.1抗體抗原調配 25
3.2奈米生醫檢測晶片 25
3.2.1奈米3D半球結構 26
3.2.2陽極氧化鋁膜背阻障層基板製作 27
3.2.3奈米半球AAO模具 28
3.2.4熱壓奈米半球PC試片 29
3.2.5奈米生醫感測晶片電極製備 30
3.2.6高溫退火 31
3.2.7奈米生醫感測晶片封裝 31
3.2.8電化學法沉積奈米金顆粒 32
3.3自我組裝薄膜 32
3.4接觸角 34
3.5抗體與抗原修飾 34
3.6 EC-LAB程式 35
第四章、結果與討論 36
4.1判定抗原專一性 36
4.2接觸角判斷MUA自我組裝層薄膜 37
4.3阻抗分析tryptase 38
4.3.1等效電路模型建立 38
4.3.2 Tryptase濃度標準曲線 42
4.3.3最低檢測極限 46
4.4電化學結果與現有檢測之比較 47
第五章、討論與未來展望 49
5.1結論 49
5.2未來展望 50
參考文獻 51
附錄 5
A Study on Factors of Affecting Customer Satisfaction-The Case of Coffee Chain Shop in Taiwan
No full text近年來臺灣咖啡市場蓬勃發展且消費量迅速攀升，但也導致龐大使用飲料杯對於環境造成相當大的負擔。考量永續經營與民眾綠色消費意識的崛起，業者如何擬訂綠色行銷策略，在降低環境衝擊外，同時提升企業形象已是重要的議題。
本研究透過498份調查問卷，鎖定網路市調品牌知名度前五名的連鎖咖啡店，透過敘述統計分析、信效度分析、因素分析、相關分析、迴歸分析及路徑分析等方法，了解影響消費者滿意度之關鍵因素，同時進一步暸解消費者涉入、企業形象、綠色行銷認知及顧客滿意度各變項間的關聯性，提供連鎖咖啡店業者在擬定綠色行銷策略時，能確切回應顧客的需求，以建立良好的形象並提升目標顧客的滿意度。
本研究主要結論如下:
1.消費者涉入與企業形象有正向顯著關係；
2.企業形象與顧客滿意度有正向顯著關係；
3.消費者涉入與顧客滿意度有正向顯著關係；
4.綠色行銷認知與企業形象有正向顯著關係；
5.企業形象對於消費者涉入與顧客滿意度之間具有中介效果。Taiwan''s coffee consumption has experienced booming growth in recent years. Due to the low recycle rate of disposable beverage cups, it has caused a severely burden to our environment. To reserve the living surrounding for the next generaion, public sector implements the relevant environmental protection measures and considers to raise the public awareness of green consumption.
This study focuses on the brand awareness of the top five coffee shop chains. 498 valid questionnaires were collected and analyzed to understand what the key factors to affect the consumer’s satisfaction on coffee and in developing of green marketing strategy. Descriptive statistical analysis, reliability and validity analysis, factor analysis, correlation analysis, regression analysis and path analysis were used to evlauate four diemensions, include consumer involvement, corporate image, green marketing awareness and customer satisfaction between the various variables, are considered in research.
Major conclusions are presented as follow:
1.Consumer involvement has a significant positive relationship with business image;
2.Business image and customer satisfaction significantly positive related to each other;
3.Consumer involvement positively related to customer satisfaction;
4.Green marketing awareness and corporate image has a significant positive relationship; and
5. Business image plays a mediator between consumer involvement and customer satisfaction.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
表目錄 v
圖目錄 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究範圍及限制 3
第四節 研究流程 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
第一節 消費者涉入 5
第二節 企業形象 9
第三節 綠色行銷認知 12
第四節 顧客滿意度 16
第三章 研究設計 19
第一節 研究架構 19
第二節 研究假說 20
第三節 研究變項的操作型定義及衡量 23
第四節 問卷設計與抽樣 27
第五節 研究方法與資料搜集 28
第四章 實證結果分析 33
第一節 敘述性統計 33
第二節 信效度分析 36
第三節 相關分析 45
第四節 迴歸分析 46
第五節 路徑分析 50
第五章 結論與建議 53
第一節 研究結論 53
第二節 管理意涵 55
參考文獻 57
附錄 6
An Efficiency Recognition System for License Plate
No full text交通工具的普及雖然為人們帶來了許多便利，同時也衍生出不少的問題。根據
2017 年台灣地區年交通部機動車輛登記數統計，機動車數量、道路交通事故肇事
數量及道路交通違規數量有的增加有的減少，但是這些為數不少的事故及違規事
件大部分還是依賴人工進行處理。為求方便，這些問題若能搭配一套完善的系統
協助處理，減少大量的人力消耗在處理這些問題上，便能將人員做更好的分配及
安排。
因此，我們於本論文中提出一種車牌辨識的演算法。對於取得的影像先進行車
牌的擷取，讓影像呈現水平狀態，再將影像做轉換並去除雜訊，接著將字元萃取
出來與資料庫做比對，最後輸出比對的結果。
而我們皆使用自網路取得的車牌影像來作測試。除了有標準的車牌影像之外，
也有各式各樣不同拍攝角度的車牌影像，只要是做跟車牌影像辨識有關研究的人
員，都可以到這些網站尋找適合測試的影像。相較於自行拍攝的影像，更具有參
考的價值。
從測試完的結果可以得知，對於大部分的車牌影像都可以辨識出結果，但若有
妨礙字元辨識的部分，例如車牌本身的髒汙及拍攝時產生的雜訊等等，或是車牌
傾斜角度過大的情形都是影響辨識的因素。Although the popularity of transportation brings great convenience to people, it
still causes a lot of problems. According to the statistics of motor vehicle registration
from the Ministry of Transportation and Communications in Taiwan in 2017, there
are increases and decreases in the number of motor vehicles, road traffic accidents,
and road traffic offences. However, most of these traffic accidents and traffic offences
are handled manually. For the sake of convenience, if these problems can be dealt
with a complete system, a large amount of manpower in these cases can be reduced,
personnel distributions and arrangements can be better.
Therefore, in this essay, we propose an algorithm for recognition of license plates.
First, we take out the part of the license plate in the images and we check whether
the license plate is presented in a horizontal state or not. Next, we convert the
images and remove the noise. Then we extract the characters and compare them
with those in the database. At last, we obtain the results of comparison.
For the images of the license plates that we use for testing, they were taken from
open data on the Internet. In addition to standard images, there are images taken
from different angles. People who do the research on recognition of license plates
can find images that are suitable for testing on these websites. Compare with photos
taken by ourselves, these images are more referential.
Based on the results of the test, we have known that most of the images of the
license plates can be identified. However, if the characters are obstructed, such as
the blurs of the license plates and the noise generated when photographing etc., or
the license plates incline too much, these factors will affect the process of identification.第 1 章 導論 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 研究背景. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 文獻回顧. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.3 研究動機. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 文章架構. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
第 2 章 車牌的擷取及處理. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4
2.1 邊緣偵測. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 直線偵測. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 仿射轉換. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 彩色圖轉灰階圖. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 除雜訊. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
2.6 數學形態學轉換. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
第 3 章 車牌字元的辨識. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1 字元萃取. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.2 字元分割. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
3.3 比對資料庫. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
3.4 演算法. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
第 4 章 車牌辨識測試 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.1 測試環境. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4.2 測試成功的結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
4.3 測試失敗的結果. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
第 5 章 結論與未來展望 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
5.1 結論. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
5.2 未來展望. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
參考文獻. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
附錄. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Elementary Student Population Prediction for 29 Administrative Districts in Taichung City：Years 2017-2031
No full text近年來臺灣因社經環境變遷及教育環境的普及等因素，使得育齡婦女生育率減幅劇增，新生兒人口逐年遞減。少子女化造成國小適齡兒童人數銳減，影響臺灣整體教育發展，加上都市化的過程造成人口遷移，使各縣市人口分布不均，加劇城鄉學齡人口失衡問題，偏鄉地區學生不斷流失，造成小校比率持續上升，而新興都會區因就業機會多，吸引青年人口移居，學生人數亦不斷增加，使該地區學校班級數增加或者籌建新學校。
對於地方政府而言，如何掌握未來城鄉間或區域間國小學齡人口分布變化，以針對生源減少提出因應政策與措施，提升國民教育品質及教育資源分配效能，有其重要性，本研究以臺中市各行政區之國小1年級學生數、出生數、死亡數及遷徒數等歷史資料，運用EXCEL及R軟體做為資料分析工具，分別建立迴歸分析、ARIMA時間數列法、灰預測及次級資料法等預測模型，推估未來106~120學年臺中市各行政區國小學生數可能的變化趨勢，以提供政府事先規劃政策之參考數據。In recent years, Taiwan''s social and economic environment changes. The popularity of education and other factors make birth rate drop dramatically and the newborn population decreases year by year.
The decrease in the number of young children affects the development of education in Taiwan and the urbanization process causes migration. Hence the distribution of population is unbalanced between urban and rural areas. The number of students in the districts is increasing, resulting in a continuous increase in the ratio of small schools. On the contrary, the number of students in the emerging metropolitan areas is increasing due to employment opportunities which attract young people and result in an increase in the number of school classes or new schools. It is important for local governments to understand the distribution for the elementary students between urban and rural areas in the future so that they can improve the quality of education and the distribution of educational resources.
Based on the historical data, such as the number of students, the number of births, the number of deaths, and the number of migrants, we apply the EXCEL and R software and use regression analysis, time series ARIMA method, gray model and secondary data method to estimate and predict the trend of the elementary students in years 106 to 120 for Taichung City administrative regions. The result can be provided to government for establishing policy in the future.摘 要 i
目 次 iii
表 次 v
圖 次 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究目的 5
第三節 研究問題 5
第四節 研究範圍及限制 5
第五節 研究流程 6
第二章 文獻探討 8
第一節 臺中市各行政區國小學生數現況分析 8
第二節 與學生人口相關之預測方法 14
第三節 學生人口預測文獻探討 18
第三章 研究方法 21
第一節 研究架構 21
第二節 迴歸分析 22
第三節 ARIMA時間數列法 25
第四節 灰預測 28
第五節 次級資料法 31
第六節 未來臺中市各行政區國小學生數預測模型 35
第四章 實證分析 36
第一節 迴歸分析 36
第二節 ARIMA時間數列法 43
第三節 灰預測 50
第四節 次級資料法 55
第五節 推估未來臺中市各行政區國小學生數 60
第五章 結論與建議 72
第一節 結論 72
第二節 建議 74
參考文獻 75
附錄一：105學年度臺中市各行政區國小分布 78
附錄二：歷年臺中市各行政區國小1年級學生數 79
附錄三：未來臺中市各行政區國小學生數預測結果-迴歸分析 82
附錄四：未來臺中市各行政區國小學生數預測結果-ARIMA 97
附錄五：未來臺中市各行政區國小學生數預測結果-灰預測 112
附錄六：未來臺中市各行政區國小學生數預測結果-次級資料法 12