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Action Research Applied to Share-Start Teaching Approach in Mathematics-Taking a Junior High School as an Example
No full text本研究採用行動研究法，旨在探討實施學思達教學法對國中學生數學學習成就與數學學習態度之影響。以研究者任教的國中七年級學生28位為研究對象，為了使蒐集的資料具有客觀性，在研究過程中蒐集與分析採質量並重方式，質性資料紀錄使用的研究工具包括觀察、訪談、教學省思札記與學生學習自省表；輔以量化資料蒐集包括定期評量測驗成績與數學學習態度問卷量表，進行描述性統計分析、相依樣本t考驗及單一樣本t檢定，整合質與量資料後，以瞭解並比較學生實施學思達教學法前後之改變。本研究主要結果顯示：
一、實施學思達教學法對於數學學習成就在數學學習成績上有顯著差異。
二、實施學思達教學法能夠改變影響學生數學學習態度，增加學生學習興趣與學習意願，大部分學生都認為自己在學習表現上是有進步的。
三、實施學思達教學法後學生學習態度較為積極主動，能夠提高自主學習能力。
最後根據本研究之發現，研究者提出運用學思達教學法對數學教學上具體建議，以供未來教學實務工作研究之參考。
關鍵字：學思達教學法This study applied to Action Research aims to explore the influence, by practicing Share-Start teaching approach, on junior high school students’ learning achievements and attitudes toward math while 28 students in the seventh grade from the researcher’s class are the main objects of study. With a view to making the collected information objective, data collection and research analysis are both qualitative and quantitative in the process of the study. The qualitative methods used in data record include observations, interviews, the journals on teachers’ teaching self-reflection, and the sheets on students’ learning self-reflection, which accompanied by quantitative tools such as scores of students’ periodic assessment and attitude scale toward learning math. To understand students’ differences between pre-adopting and post-adopting Share-Start teaching approach, the above analyzed information is combined with descriptive statistical analysis, t-test correlated samples, and one-sample t test. The results indicated as follows:
1. There are distinctive differences between students’ learning achievements and scores in math after the implementation of Share-Start teaching approach.
2. The Share-Start teaching approach can change students'' attitude, increase their interest and motivation for mathematics learning. Most students think that they have made progress in learning performance.
3. Students exposed to the Share-Start teaching approach are more active learners with a positive attitude toward autonomous learning .
Finally, according to the findings of this study, suggestions provided on mathematical teaching method are for reference to future teaching practice.
Key words：share-start teaching methods摘要---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
目次------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
表目次----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
圖目次-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi
附錄目次------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii
第一章 緒論----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
第一節 研究背景與動機----------------------------------------------------------------1
第二節 研究目的與待答問題----------------------------------------------------------------4
第三節 名詞解釋-------------------------------------------------------------------------------5
第四節 研究範圍與限制-------------------------------------------------------------------7
第二章 文獻探討----------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
第一節 學思達教學法探討-------------------------------------------------------------------9
第二節 學思達與傳統教學法比較--------------------------------------------------------22
第三節 學習成效探討-----------------------------------------------------------------23
第四節 學思達教學法學習成效相關研究-------------------------------------------27
第三章 研究方法--------------------------------------------------------------------------------33
第一節 研究情境分析-----------------------------------------------------------------------34
第二節 研究方法與架構--------------------------------------------------------------------39
第三節 教學行動方案設計-----------------------------------------------------------------45
第四節 研究工具-----------------------------------------------------------------------------52
第五節 資料蒐集與分析--------------------------------------------------------------------54
第四章 研究結果與討論-----------------------------------------------------------------------56
第一節 教學活動歷程--------------------------------------------------------------56
第二節 學思達教學法對學生數學學習成就影響--------------------------------------65
第三節 學思達教學法對學生數學學習態度影響--------------------------------------70
第四節 教學省思與成長--------------------------------------------------------------------78
第五章 研究結論與建議----------------------------------------------------------------------86
第一節 結論-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------86
第二節 建議-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------88
參考文獻-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------92
一、中文部分---------------------------------------------------------------------------92
二、英文部分---------------------------------------------------------------------------------9
kinetics of Ag+ ion adsorption by phosphorylated konjac glucomannan and Ag+ ion release from Ag@phosphorylated konjac glucomannan hydrogel
No full text在現代這個高齡化世代，可預見越來越多的老人和糖尿病患者，當他們一旦受傷就可能會有傷口癒合緩慢的情形。要解決這種問題有種方法是選擇適合的敷料。親水性敷料能有效提升癒合的時間。
本篇選擇葡甘露聚醣作為研究對象，其為蒟蒻中的主要成分。本身具有可吸水的性質，能做為親水性敷料的材料。
銀離子具有殺菌的功能，常被應用在醫療上的殺菌劑。利用其殺菌的特性，可做出抵抗細菌的敷料。葡甘露聚醣能夠成為銀離子的載體，本身帶有羥基，將其磷酸化後，對銀離子吸收動力學實驗。動力學上，不管是否磷酸化，兩者都是符合elovich equation的動力學模式。磷酸化者的r2=0.9685，未磷酸化者的r2=0.9207，代表銀離子和敷料的鍵結非常穩固，由銀離子帶正電，葡甘露聚醣帶負電，兩者間為靜電吸引力。
將銀@磷酸化葡甘露聚糖放置到模擬人體皮膚的膠原蛋白溶液中探討釋放銀離子之情況。使用銀離子選擇電極(ISE, silver ion selective electrode)測量銀離子的釋放量。銀@磷酸化葡甘露聚糖的銀離子釋放趨勢符合理想抗菌敷料。In the modern age, it is foreseeable that more and more elderly people and the diabetics may experience slow wound healing when they are injured. One way to solve this problem is to choose a suitable dressing. Hydrophilic dressings can effectively reduce the healing time.
This article selected glucomannan as the research object. It has water-absorptive properties and can be used as a material for hydrophilic dressings. Silver ions have a sterilizing function and are often used as medical disinfectants. With its bactericidal properties, it can make dressings resistant to bacteria. Glucomannan has a hydroxyl group which can be phosphorylated, the Glucomannan can be used as a silver ion carrier. In kinetics experiment, whether or not phosphorylated, both are kinetic models conforming to the elovich equation, representing there is electrostatic attraction between the silver ion and the dressing.
Silver@ phosphorylated glucomannan is placed in a collagen solution that simulates human skin to investigate the release of silver ions. Silver ions were measured using a silver ion selective electrode (ISE). The silver ion rekease concentration of silver @ phosphorylated glucomannan is in the effective antibacterial range.目錄
1前言.............................................1
1-1皮膚結構與傷口癒合..............................1
1-2敷料分類.......................................8
1-3敷料乾燥製程...................................15
2實驗原理與文獻比較................................17
2-1含銀離子敷料殺菌原理............................17
2-2濕式敷料優勢...................................17
2-3 水凝膠(Hydrogel)介紹..........................19
2-4 磷酸化醣類可吸收較多銀離子......................21
2-5含銀親水性敷料比較..............................22
3實驗動機.........................................32
4實驗方法.........................................35
4-1葡甘露聚醣製作..................................35
4-2吸水性測試.....................................35
4-3 含銀離子人工皮製作.............................36
4-4 含銀離子人工皮大量製作.........................38
4-5 材料特性鑑定...................................38
4-6實驗儀器........................................42
5結果與討論........................................43
5-1尋找最佳吸水的磷酸化葡甘露聚醣....................43
5-2磷酸化葡甘露聚醣對銀離子水吸收的動力學探討.........44
5-3 FT-IR.........................................53
5-4 TGA...........................................56
5-5 銀離子釋放.....................................58
6結論..............................................62
7參考資料..........................................6
A study of optimal productivity with automatic sorter operation under semiconductor process
No full text半導體產業一直以來都是台灣的重點產業之一，其產值於2017年已達到新臺幣2.46兆元，位居全球第三，也佔有臺灣GDP 15% 左右，重要性自然不言而喻。然而在投入大量的資源與複雜的製程研發競賽之中，縮短產品週期時間(Cycle Time)與提升產品良率(Yield)便成為提昇企業於市場上的競爭力的致勝關鍵策略。
然而，透過排程與派工系統來提升產品生產力在製造業雖然已經是相當成熟的應用，但無論使用任何一種理論或方法，皆只能針對生產線上靜態的工作排程予以最佳化，無法因應半導體複雜的生產線與瞬息萬變的現場環境來即時調整。本研究著重於半導體前段製程(Front End Process)時，利用分揀機(Sorter)預先將可被同時處理的在製品(Wait in Process, WIP)傳送到同一盒晶圓載具之中(Carrier)，使其機台在進行製程時，能在單一時間處理最多晶圓，避免機台因畸零片散落在現場環境，而浪費沒有義意的閒置與傳送時間與資源，進而提升產線的生產力。The semiconductor industry has always been one of Taiwan's key industries. Its output value has reached NT$2.46 trillion in 2017, ranking third in the world and accounting for about 15% of Taiwan's GDP. The importance is without saying. However, during the competitions of funding racing and complex process development, shortening the Cycle Time and improving the yield is a key strategy for winning the competitiveness of the company in the market.
Ideally, use scheduling and dispatching systems to improve product productivity is normal methodology, but no matter use any theory or method of scheduling and dispatching, it can only optimize the static jobs which schedule on the production line, it cannot dynamic adjust by the complex and changing production line of semiconductors factories to optimize productivity.
This research focuses on the semiconductor front-end process, and using the sorter tool to transfer wafers (or called Wait in Process, WIP) that can be processed simultaneously to the same carrier. When the machine is in the process, it can process the most wafers at the same time, reducing unnecessary carrier transfer time and avoiding additional waiting time due to wafers are scattered on the shop floor. Thereby increasing the productivity of the production line.誌謝辭 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 6
1.3 研究範圍與限制 7
1.4 研究步驟與方法 7
第二章 文獻回顧 9
2.1 製造派工排程簡介 9
2.2 自動化物料搬運系統簡介 11
2.3 晶圓製造派工法則選擇問題與搬運挑戰 13
第三章 資料蒐集與問題描述 17
3.1 晶圓拆、混批之背景探討 17
3.2 現場作業流程記錄 18
3.3 分揀機運作模式簡介 19
第四章 需求分析 21
4.1 系統軟體 21
4.2 系統特徵 22
第五章 系統設計 24
5.1 系統架構 24
5.2 資料設計 25
5.3 界面設計 28
第六章 系統建置與驗證 30
6.1 實驗方法 30
6.2 實驗結果 31
第七章 結論與未來展望 39
7.1 結論 39
7.2 未來展望 39
參考文獻 4
Low Complexity Detection Algorithms For Large-Scale MIMO-GFDM Systems
No full text在本篇論文中，為了因應現代的智慧形裝置的普及所帶來的高數據傳輸上網需求，第四代(4G)通訊系統即將面臨挑戰，一般常用於4G系統的正交分頻多工(OFDM)技術，具有高的帶外輻射功率(OOB)以及循環前綴(CP)使用上不具有頻譜效率，但隨著5G通訊系統的到來，物聯網、機器間通訊、感知無線電等多元化的使用場景使得正交分頻多工以不能適用，廣義分頻多工 (GFDM) 技術因此被提出，它基於脈衝整形濾波器的架構，有較低的帶外輻射功率(OOB)，並可以有相對較少的循環前綴(CP)，成為5G的候選波型之一。而為了滿足高數據傳輸的需求，於接收端或是發射端安裝大量多天線是必然的趨勢，也因為如此，使得檢測問題規模變大，我們常使用的最大似然檢測器(ML detector)，其複雜度隨著天線數明顯上升;而最小均方誤差解測器(MMSE detector)的效能表現也不能滿足需求，因此我們使用的低複雜度演算法，能夠在多用戶的大規模多輸入多輸出廣義分頻多工系統，能改善比ML更低之計算複雜度也能比MMSE達到更好的位元錯誤率效能。In the thesis, in order to demand for the high data rate on Internet applications brought by the popularity of modern smart devices, the fourth generation (4G) communication system is about to face challenges. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology, which is commonly used in 4G systems with high out-of-band radiated power (OOB) and cyclic prefix (CP) adding without spectral efficiency. The scenarios with the advent of 5G communication systems, such as machine type communication, IOT, and CR.the OFDM seems not to be a suitable candidate. Thus, the Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing (GFDM) is presented to fulfill these requirements, based on pulse shaping filter architecture which makes it lower out-of-band emission and relatively less cyclic prefix and become candidate for future system. In order to meet the demand of high data transmission, it is inevitable to install more antennas at the transmitter and receiver for capacity of communication systems can be scaled up. Because of this, the detection problem becomes larger, and the computational complexity of conventional Maximum Likelihood( ML) detector will grow highly and the performance of the Minimum Mean Mquare Error (MMSE) detector worsens strongly as the number of antennas and modulation level increase , so we proposed the low complexity algorithms improve the computational complexity lower than ML and achieve better bit error rate (BER) performance than MMSE.第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 動機 1
1.3 論文架構 4
第二章 研究背景 5
2.1 多輸入多輸出 (MIMO) 5
2.1.1大規模多輸入多輸出（LARGE-SCALE multi-input multi-output，MIMO，或另稱Massive MIMO） 6
2.2 空間多樣（Spatial Diversity）與空間多工（Spatial Multiplexing） 7
2.3 廣義分頻複用(Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing，GFDM) 9
2.3.1 未來5G應用場景 14
2.4 優化問題(optimization problem)的介紹及求解方法 15
2.5通道模型 18
2.5.1 多路徑傳播效應 19
第三章 多用戶之Large-scale MIMO-GFDM發射機 21
3.1 發射機架構(The Transmitter Architecture) 21
第四章 低複雜度之大規模多天線接收機 26
4.1 接收機架構(The Receiver Architecture) 27
4.2 一般ML問題轉至一般二次規劃問題過程(ML problem to Quadratic Programming (QP) 28
4.3 第一個偵測演算法: A Quadratic Programming (QP) Detector 31
4.3.1 內點法(interior point method，IPM)介紹 32
4.4 第二個偵測演算法: Twp-Stage Quadratic Programming (QP) Detector 33
第五章 複雜度的探討 35
第六章 模擬結果 36
第七章 結論 46
參考文獻 4
Using Bulge test for the Mechanical Behavior Study of Submicrometer TiNi Alloy Thin Films
No full text本研究利用鼓膜隔艙壓力試驗法(Bulge Test)來探討TiNi形狀記憶合金薄膜在濺鍍後不同熱處理條件下的機械性質與殘留應力，並以循環測試顯示TiNi薄膜之抗疲勞性，再藉由SEM和XRD觀察微結構與結晶相的變化與機械性質之間的關係。由SEM與XRD分析結果中可看出隨退火溫度增加，在大氣環境下退火的TiNi薄膜表面之Ti原子易與氧形成TiO2之脆性層，而在高真空及+N2環境下退火則能有效避免TiNi薄膜表面氧化，其中高真空環境的效果最好，且呈現出的結晶化程度明顯優於其它條件。在鼓膜實驗結果可得在退火溫度430度、500度和600度下，隨著溫度上升，殘留應力明顯下降，而楊氏係數隨著溫度上升而增加，由SEM與XRD分析的結果可判斷隨著退火溫度增加，使得表面TiO2與Ti3Ni4等析出相的形成，且R相引入沃斯田體母相，導致TiNi薄膜之楊氏係數增加。且在循環測試可看出循環後釋放的殘留應力隨著退火溫度上升而減少，由XRD分析FWHM變化，可判斷TiNi薄膜處於疲勞第一階段，顯示TiNi薄膜具有良好的抗疲勞性。In this study, the Bulge Test was used to investigate the mechanical properties and residual stress of TiNi shape memory alloy film under different post-annealing temperature. The fatigue test showed the fatigue resistance of TiNi film. The relationship between the change of the microstructure and the crystalline phase and the mechanical properties was observed by SEM and XRD. From the results of SEM and XRD analysis, we can observe that as the annealing temperature increases, the Ti atoms on the surface of the TiNi film annealed in the atmosphere easily form a brittle layer of TiO2 with oxygen, while annealing under high vacuum and in N2 environment can effectively avoid the surface of the TiNi film oxidized, and the condition under high vacuum environment had the best effect, and the degree of crystallization is obviously superior to other conditions. In the results of the bulge test. We can find that as the annealed temperature increase, the residual stress decreases obviously, and the Young's modulus increases. The results of SEM and XRD analysis can determine that the formation of precipitates such as TiO2 and Ti3Ni4 on the surface as the annealing temperature increases. The R phase was introduced into the austenite matrix, which leads to an increase in the Young's modulus of the TiNi film. In the fatigue test, the residual stress released after fatigue decreases as the annealing temperature increases. The FWHM changes are analyzed by XRD, and the TiNi film is judged to be at The first stage of fatigue shows good fatigue resistance.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 ix
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機與目的 5
1.3 文獻回顧 6
1.3.1 熱彈性麻田散體態 7
1.3.2 形狀記憶合金效應 8
1.3.3 擬彈性效應 15
1.3.4 TiNi薄膜成分對記憶合金結晶相與性質之影響 18
1.3.5 TiNi薄膜製程中的應力演變 20
1.3.6 TiNi受循環負載之疲勞現象 24
1.3.7 添加Cr元素對SMA之影響 25
第二章 鼓模試驗理論與計算 27
2.1 鼓膜試驗研究背景 27
2.2 圓形窗口理論 30
2.3 方形窗口理論 33
2.4 矩行窗口理論 40
2.5 複合膜之彈性模數與殘留應力 45
2.6 受殘留應力影響之壓力/位移與應力/應變曲線 46
第三章 研究方法 47
3.1 實驗流程架構 47
3.2 機械性質量測 48
3.2.1 單次鼓膜測試 48
3.2.2 疲勞測試 49
3.3 微結構與成分分析 50
3.4 XRD結晶相分析 50
3.4.1 常溫結晶相分析 51
3.4.2 疲勞晶相演變分析 51
第四章 試件製程與系統架設 52
4.1 Bulge試片設計 52
4.2 Bulge試片製程 53
4.2.1 濕式清洗 54
4.2.2 化學氣相沉積氮化矽(Si3N4)薄膜 55
4.2.3 黃光微影定義圖形 56
4.2.4 乾式蝕刻氮化矽薄膜 58
4.2.5 濕式蝕刻矽基板 59
4.2.6 物理氣相沉積金屬薄膜與後退火 60
4.2.7 後蝕刻矽基板 61
4.3 Bulge Test 量測系統介紹 62
4.3.1 壓力控制與傳感系統 63
4.3.2 光源位置感測系統 64
4.3.3 真空腔體設計與介紹 67
第五章 結果與討論 69
5.1 FESEM表面形貌觀察 69
5.1.1 高真空狀態退火之表面形貌 69
5.1.2 低真空+N2狀態退火之表面形貌 70
5.1.3 大氣下退火之表面形貌 71
5.2 EDS表面成分分析 73
5.3 XRD晶相分析 77
5.3.1 高真空狀態退火晶相分析結果 78
5.3.2 低真空+N2狀態退火晶相分析結果 79
5.3.3 結晶性與晶粒度分析 80
5.4 機械性質量測 81
5.4.1 壓力－位移曲線 81
5.4.2 應力－應變曲線 81
5.4.3 楊氏係數分析 86
5.4.4 殘留應力分析 87
5.5 循環測試分析 88
5.5.1 循環測試後之機械性質變化 88
5.5.2 循環測試後XRD分析FWHM與晶相變化 92
第六章 結論 96
參考文獻 9
Study of optical properties of flexible photonic crystal in polycarbonate and polyethylene
No full text本研究以陽極氧化鋁膜背阻障層均勻排列之奈米半球結構為基板，製作奈米模具，再利用奈米熱壓印技術將奈米半球結構轉印於不同材料，製備彈性光子晶體結構。為達成最佳壓印成效，本研究藉由實際實驗，分析溫度、壓力及持續時間等不同熱壓印參數對Polycarbonates (PC)及Polyethylene (PE)熱壓印成品之表面結構的影響，並分別找出最佳熱壓印參數；藉由搭配不同入射光及繞射光之角度，比較不同材料之結構顯色特性，並找出最佳顯色條件；再進一步藉由拉伸彈性光子晶體結構，分析結構顯色變化與拉伸形變之關聯性。In this study, the uniformly distributed nano-hemisphere array of the back barrier of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) was used as the substrate for making the nickel nano-mold. The nano-hemisphere structure was transferred to different polymers by nano hot embossing using the nickel nano-mold to produce flexible photonic crystal structures (FPCS).
In order to achieve the best imprinting results, this study analyzed the effects of different parameters of nano hot embossing such as temperature, pressure, and duration on the surface structure of the imprinted FPCS on polycarbonates (PC) and polyethylene (PE) by actual experiments. Optimal operation parameters for each material were obtained, respectively. By adjusting different angles of incident light and respective diffractive light spectrums, the structural coloration properties of each material were analyzed. In addition, we investigated the relationship between structural coloration and structural deformation by stretching elastic photonic crystal structure.摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 vi
表目錄 x
第一章、緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
第二章、文獻回顧 3
2.1 光子晶體 3
2.1.1 一維光子晶體 4
2.1.2 二維光子晶體 4
2.1.3 三維光子晶體 6
2.2 光子晶體之結構顯色 7
2.2.1 陽極氧化鋁光子晶體 8
2.3 奈米轉印技術(Nanoimprint Technology, NIL) 9
2.3.1 熱壓印技術(Hot embossing) 9
2.3.2 步進光感轉印技術(Step and Flash Imprint Lithography, S-FIL) 10
2.3.3 可撓性奈米轉印技術(Soft Lithography) 11
第三章、材料與方法 13
3.1 光子晶體薄膜之製備 13
3.1.1 陽極氧化鋁(AAO)製程 13
3.1.2 奈/微米電鑄鎳模具製作 17
3.1.3 奈米結構轉印製程 18
3.2 光子晶體表面特徵觀察及結構顏色觀測 20
3.2.1 熱場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡檢測 20
3.2.2原子力顯微鏡檢測 21
3.2.3 數位相片之拍攝裝置 21
第四章、結果與討論 23
4.1 陽極氧化鋁膜背阻障層及奈/微米電鑄鎳模具之表面奈米結構 23
4.1.1 陽極氧化鋁膜背阻障層之奈米半球結構觀測 23
4.1.2 陽極氧化鋁膜背阻障層及奈/微米電鑄鎳模具之表面奈米結構特徵分析 24
4.2 不同彈性材料之熱壓印參數設定 26
4.2.1 Polycarbonates (PC)材料之熱壓印參數 27
4.2.2 Polyethylene (PE)材料之熱壓印參數 32
4.3 熱壓印材料之表面結構特徵分析 36
4.4 不同彈性材料做為光子晶體之結構顏色探討 38
4.4.1 不同入射光角度與觀測角度之結構顏色 38
4.4.2材料彎曲變形對於結構顯色之影響 43
4.4.3材料拉伸變形對於結構顯色之影響 47
第五章、結論與未來展望 51
5.1 結論 51
5.2 未來展望 52
使用具有顏色之材料做為轉印材料 52
圖案化光子晶體 52
高彈性光子晶體 52
參考文獻 5
Remediation of Gasoline Station TPH Contamination:The Benefit Evaluation of Different Remediation Processes
No full text本研究彙整台北市加油站污染場址改善情形及相關資料，並就各污染場址之採行整治工法、平均改善期程進行統計分析，其中公告列管場址共有5處，其中4處為控制場址，1處為整治場址。已完成解列之列管場址共有25處，均為控制場址。油品類土壤污染物為BTEX、TPH，地下水污染物為苯、甲苯、甲基第三丁基醚及萘，台北市地下儲槽污染場址之土壤整治工法以土壤氣體抽除法最多，其次為開挖處理法；地下水整治工法則以空氣注入法最多。整治成效以1~1.5年最普遍。並針對污染加油站設置年進行統整分析，以土壤及地下水整治法(89年公告施行)為門檻，無論是中油體系或是其他民營加油站，污染場址設置年份均在89年度以前，顯示早期加油站防漏設施均未有良好設計規劃，容易造成污染外洩。
並針對其中3處曾展延之污染場址進行探討，其展延原因主要為現場人員疏忽、整治期程過短、初步規劃不夠周全及整治工法的選用，根據統計資料，其變更計畫之整治經費270~988萬元整，整治期程為3個月~1年，Q場址展延後之1m3花費11,993元、Y場址展延後之1m3花費150,794元、Z場址展延後之1m3花費225,000元，依照污染程度不同而有所差異，故不僅無法如期解列，更容易造成業者付出巨額的整治費用，造成不必要的開銷。然展延原因應都可避免，無論整治前的細部規劃作業、溝通協調作業已及整治期間的工安維護重要性，每個環節都有其重要性。This research compiles the remediation status and relevant information of the Taipei City gas station contaminated sites, which includes statistical analysis of each contaminated sites' remediation method and average improvement period. Among them, 5 sites are announced listed control sites, 4 are control sites, 1 is a remediation site. 25 control sites were relieved from the announced control list. Oil type soil contaminants include BTEX and TPH, the groundwater contaminants include benzene, toluene, MTBE（methyl tert-butyl ether） and naphthalene. The Taipei Underground Storage Tank (UST) contaminated sites mainly adopt soil vapor extraction method for soil remediation, followed by excavation method. The major groundwater remediation method is the air sparging method. In general, the remediation period takes 1~1.5 years. A statistical analysis of the gas station founded date was done, using the Soil and Groundwater Pollution Remediation Act (stipulated in 2000) as baseline. Regardless of the gas station being associated with CPC Corporation or it was private owned, the contaminated sites' founded date was before 2000, which reveals the gas stations in earlier times did not have adequate design and planning of leak-proof facilities, which can easily cause leakage of contamination.
This research focuses on 3 extended-period contaminated sites, their reasons for extending remediation are mainly due to site personnel negligence, the remediation period being too short, preliminary planning was not comprehensive enough, and the method selected for remediation was not suitable. According to statistical analysis, the change of plan in remediation can cost 2.70~9.88 million, for a period of 3 months~1year. Site Q's remediation cost during extended period is 1m3 for 11,993 dollars; Site Y's remediation cost during extended period is 1m3 for 150,794 dollars; Site Z's remediation cost during extended period is 1m3 for 225,000 dollars. The costs are based on different levels of contamination, hence aside from failing to be relieved from the announced control list at the expected date, the business owners are susceptible to paying a considerable amount of remediation fee, resulting in unnecessary spending. However, the reason for extending the remediation period can be avoided, whether by detailed planning prior to remediation, communication and work coordination, and maintaining labor safety during the remediation period, each sector has its own significance.目 錄
第一章 研究緣起 1
第二章 文獻蒐集 3
2.1相關法令規定 3
2.2加油站污染物種類、特性 5
2.3土壤及地下水整治工法介紹 12
第三章 研究方法 23
3.1資料來源 23
3.2研究流程 23
第四章 結果與討論 24
4.1列管場址背景特徵 24
4.2場址整治成果分析 32
4.3整治效益分析 36
4.4新建加油站保護對策建議 49
第五章 結論與建議 58
5.1結論 58
5.2建議 58
參考文獻 6
Pickering Emulsion Prepared by Asymmetric Adsorption on Montmorillonite
No full text本論文研究方向是以蒙脫土以表面吸附陽離子型界面活性劑 , 雙十八碳長碳鏈之四級氯化銨 (dimethyl distearyl ammonium chloeide，DMDSAC)及吸附非離子型高分子聚乙烯?咯烷酮 (polyvinyl pyrrolidone，PVP）進行表面改質。利用不同界面活性劑來改變蒙脫土的表面性質，使改質蒙脫土成為一面親水一面親油之兩親性質，再將其作為水及甲苯系統之乳液穩定劑配製成皮克林乳液，探討DMDSAC、PVP分別與蒙脫土的重量比(D/M及P/M比)對乳液現象、粒徑、穩定性及相反轉之影響。
本研究中的系統分為兩大類：系統(I)為蒙脫土預先吸附PVP，再與DMDSAC配製成乳液；系統(II)為蒙脫土先與DMDSAC配製成乳液再添加PVP。
在系統(I)中可得知在蒙脫土含量足夠的情況下 (大於0.04 wt%)，乳液隨著D/M比降低有從W/O相反轉為O/W的情形發生。在0.04 wt%蒙脫土且固定P/M比為6.25之下，DMDSAC濃度由高至低，在相反轉前後乳液粒徑從167.6 μm上升至195.6 μm，最後下降至151.7μm，乳液粒徑呈現先上升後下降之趨勢，顯示穩定度呈先下降而後上升，原因為相反轉前連續相為油相，因此改質蒙脫土愈親油愈穩定，故降低D/M比乳液趨於不穩定，而相反轉後連續相轉為水相，此時改質蒙脫土變成愈親水愈穩定，因此降低D/M有助於乳液的穩定，此現象在其它0.04 wt%蒙脫土但不同P/M比下也能觀察到有相同趨勢出現。
系統(II)為蒙脫土先與DMDAC配製成乳液再添加PVP，在這個部分中，固定D/M比為0.33下改變P/M比，我們發現以蒙脫土濃度0.04 wt%配製之乳液相對於以0.02 wt%蒙脫土配製之乳液來的更穩定。我們用光學顯微鏡分析了以0.02 wt% MMT製備的乳液，但乳液在配完後5分鐘後即開始凝結及破裂，因此無法檢測到乳液粒徑。但在0.04 wt%蒙脫土之下，乳液會隨著P/M比自0.3上升到6.25，形狀由球型慢慢變為不規則形狀，乳液粒徑也從144 μm上升到175 μm。In this study , the research direction is aimed at the modification montmorillonite (MMT) surface by adsorbing the cationic surfactants, dimethyl distearyl ammonium chloride (DMDSAC) and nonionic polymer polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to modifiy the MMT surface. This process can modify MMT with one surface hydrophilic and the other surface hydrophobic. This modified MMT was used to prepare water/toluene emulsion system. The effect of the weight ratio of DMDSAC and PVP to MMT (D/M、P/M ratio) on the emulsion type、diameter、stability and phase inversion was discussed.
The preparation of Pickering emulsions are divided into two systems. System(I) is MMT pre-adsorbed PVP and then mixed with toluene containing DMDSAC to prepare the Pickering emulsions. System(II) is MMT pre-mixed with toluene containing DMDSAC to prepare the Pickering emulsion first and then add PVP into the Pickering emulsion.
In System(I), it can be seen that the emulsion encounters the phase inversion from W/O to O/W with a decrease in D/M ratio and above 0.04 wt% MMT. Under the addition of 0.04 wt% MMT and fixed P/M ratio at 6.25, we found that as the concentration of DMDSAC decreased from high to low , the particle size increased from 167.6 μm to 195.6 μm , and finally decreased to 151.7 μm when phase inversion occurred. This trend shows that the emulsion stability decreases first and then increases. The reason is explained that when the continuous phase before the phase inversion is the oil phase, the higher D/M ratio causes the modified MMT more hydrophobic and leads the emulsion stable. However, after the phase inversion , the continuous phase transforms into the water phase, and the modified MMT becomes more hydrophilic and more stable with the reduction of D/M ratio. Hence, the reduction of D/M ratio will contribute to the enhance of stability of emulsion. This phenomenon can also be observed in other P/M ratios for 0.04 wt% MMT.
In system(II), Pickering emulsions were prepared by mixing MMT suspension and toluene containing DMDSAC. Then PVP solution was added to make the emulsions. With D/M ratio fixed at 0.33 and P/M ratio between 0.15 to 6.25, the difference of emulsions was studied for 0.02 wt% and 0.04 wt% MMT. Observed by the optical microscope, the emulsions prepared by 0.02 wt% MMT were broken within 5 minutes. When the emulsions were prepared at 0.04 wt% MMT, with the increase of P/M ratio from 0.3 to 6.25, the diameter of droplets was increased from 144 to 175 μm.摘 要 i
表目錄 vi
圖目錄 vii
一、緒論 1
1.1 皮克林乳液簡介 1
1.2 Janus particle 簡介 2
1.3 奈米蒙脫土 (MMT)簡介 2
1.4 有機化改質黏土 (Organo-Clay) 3
1.5 乳液及乳化原理簡介 4
1.6 研究方向 6
1.7 實驗研究架構與流程 7
二、文獻回顧 9
2.1 蒙脫土吸附PVP高分子 9
2.2 改質蒙脫土配製皮克林乳液相關文獻 9
2.3 以Laponite配製皮克林乳液相關文獻 12
2.4 以其他固體粒子製備皮克林乳液相關文獻 15
三、實驗 18
3.1 實驗材料 18
3.2 實驗儀器 19
3.3 實驗步驟 20
四、結果與討論 22
4.1 蒙脫土吸附PVP 23
4.1.1. 熱重損失分析 (TGA) 23
4.1.2. 蒙脫土吸附PVP之吸附量計算 24
4.1.3. 蒙脫土吸附PVP之XRD分析 25
4.1.4. 蒙脫土預先吸附PVP，再與DMDSAC配製乳液XRD分析26
4.2 系統(I)：蒙脫土預先吸附PVP，再與DMDSAC於水/甲苯系統配製乳液 28
4.2.1. 固定蒙脫土總重及P/M = 0.3及D/M = 0.33，改變水相體積28
4.2.2. 固定0.04 wt% MMT及P/M = 6.25；改變D/M比 30
4.2.3. 固定0.04 wt% MMT及P/M = 3；改變D/M比 33
4.2.4. 固定0.04 wt% MMT及P/M = 0.3；改變D/M比 35
4.2.5. 固定0.04 wt% MMT及D/M = 0.33；改變P/M比 37
4.2.6. 固定0.02 wt% MMT及P/M = 0.3；改變D/M比 39
4.2.7. 固定0.02 wt% MMT及D/M=0.33；改變P/M比 41
4.2.8. 固定P/M=0.3及D/M=0.33；改變蒙脫土濃度 42
4.3 系統(II)：蒙脫土先與DMDSAC配製成乳液後，再加入PVP 44
4.3.1. 固定0.02 wt% MMT及D/M=0.3；改變P/M比 44
4.3.2. 固定0.04 wt% MMT及D/M=0.3；改變P/M比 46
五、結論 50
六、參考文獻 5
The Offensive and Defensive Electronic Warfare between R.O.C and P.R.C - The Case Study of Black Cat Squadron（1961—1974）
No full text中華民國政府在1949年撤退來台後，「反攻大陸」成為首要的政策。進入冷戰時期，美國欲情蒐中共以掌握其軍事實力，但美國又不想背負侵略他國領空之名，恐引發戰爭。因為地緣關係及政治關係，美國遂找上中華民國政府，與我國簽訂快刀計畫進行情報合作。雙方協議成立一支偵察部隊，由我方提供飛行員、美方負責訓練及提供U-2偵察機。黑貓中隊駕駛U-2高空偵察機進入中國大陸領空蒐集情報，亦特別關注中共核子武器發展。
中華民國空軍第35中隊－黑貓中隊在執行偵照任務過程中，多次與解放軍第543地對空導彈部隊進行電子戰攻防。解放軍導彈部隊第2營營長岳振華發明「近快戰法」並廣為其他各營使用。在1961到1974年間，解放軍第543導彈部隊共擊落5架U-2偵察機，我方飛行員陣亡3人、被俘2人。雙方在電子反制與電子反反制的過程中，彼此的電子設備不斷進行修正改進以破解對方的頻率，將當代偵察方式帶進新的境界，亦影響解放軍防空態勢演變。Ever since the R.O.C government retreated Taiwan in 1949, the “Return to the Mainland” was become as a paramount policy. During the Cold War, The United States of America wants to conduct reconnaissance for P.R.C to master its military strength. However, the United States does not want to carry the name of its aggression against the airspace of other countries, and it may cause war. Because of geographical and political relations, the United States has sought the government of the Republic of China and signed 'Project Razor 'with us for intelligence cooperation. The two sides agreed to set up a reconnaissance force. We will provide the pilots and the U.S. side with training and U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. The Black Cat Squadron drove the U-2 into Chinese territorial airspace to collect intelligence from the P.R.C, it also paid special attention to the development of the P.R. C’s nuclear weapons.
The 35th Squadron of the Republic of China Air Force, the Black Cat Squadron, conducted several electronic warfare offensive and defensive operations with the People’s Liberation Army’s 543th surface-to-air missile force during the execution of the investigation mission. Yue Zhenhua, the commander of the second battalion of the PLA’s missile force, invented the “near-fast approach” and was widely used by other camps. Between 1961 and 1974, the People''s Liberation Army''s 543th Missile Unit dropped a total of five U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. Three pilots were killed and two pilots were captured. In the process of electronic countermeasures and electronic counter-reactions, the two sides constantly revised and improved their electronic devices to crack the other’s frequency, bringing contemporary reconnaissance methods into a new realm. It also affected the evolution of the People''s Liberation Army''s air defense situation.中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iv
圖表目錄 vi
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究回顧與研究架構 3
第三節 研究範圍與研究方法 9
第四節 研究限制 10
第二章 中華民國空軍第35中隊-黑貓中隊 11
第一節 快刀計畫 11
第二節 黑貓中隊飛行員們與空軍照相技術中隊 23
第三節 偵照任務與中共核子試爆 35
第三章 電子戰對抗 65
第一節 雷達與解放軍第543地對空導彈部隊 65
第二節 機動設伏與近快戰法 74
第三節 電子反制與電子反反制 79
第四章 黑貓中隊與解放軍導彈部隊電子戰的影響 108
第一節 黑貓中隊的折損 108
第二節 中華人民共和國以「擊落U-2事件」做宣傳 136
第三節 解放軍的空防佈局及裝備革新 146
結論 153
附錄 156
附錄一、黑貓中隊地勤政戰官—羅德隆上校的訪談紀錄 156
附錄二、時任中華民國情報署長—衣復恩將軍 158
附錄三、黑蝙蝠中隊電子官—李崇善退役少校的訪談紀錄 160
附錄四、高空的勇者－黑貓中隊特展 162
附錄五、與本論文有關之中解放軍機 165
附錄六、我國原子能發展 170
徵引書目 17
A Preliminary Investigation of UAV-LSPIV for Measuring Water Surface Velocities
No full textVelocity of river flow measurement technologies are divided into intrusive and nonintrusive methods. Intrusive method requires infield operations. The deployment of intrusive methods are time consuming, and likely to cause damages of operator and instrument. Nonintrusive methods is safe for operators and can reduce instrument damages from directly attaching to the flow. Nonintrusive measurements may use radar or image velocimetry to measure the velocities at the surface of water flow. The image velocimetry, such as large scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) accesses not only the point velocity but the flow velocities in an area simultaneously. Flow properties of an area hold the promise of providing spatially information of flow fields. This study attempts to construct a mobile system UAV-LSPIV by using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with LSPIV to measure flows in fields.
The mobile system consists of a six-rotor UAV helicopter, a Sony nex5T camera, a gimbal, an image transfer device, a ground station and a remote control device. The activate gimbal helps maintain the camera lens orthogonal to the water surface and reduce the extent of images being distorted. Ground Reference Points (GRPs) are positioned with total station. The image transfer device can monitor the captured image instantly. The operator controls the UAV by remote control device through ground station.
The mobile system was then applied to high flow and low flow condition of field experiments at Han River, Taichung Taiwan. The deviation of velocities in low flow condition measured by UAV-LSPIV of field experiments and handhold Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) is under 8%. The deviation of velocities in high flow condition measured by UAV-LSPIV of field experiments and PTV(Particle Tracking Velocimetry) is under 4.37%.流速的現場觀測方式分為接觸式及非接觸式，接觸式方法主要倚靠觀測人員運用儀器接觸水面量測，不僅耗費時間亦可能造成儀器的損壞，且有觀測人員安全之疑慮。非接觸式方法中的大尺度影像質點量測方法(Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry, LSPIV)由單次量測即可獲得流場面的資訊，且可減少操作人員並降低儀器的損壞。分析自然河道之流速時，相較於單點流速資料，流場面的資訊能夠分析河川整體之流速分佈。本研究建立出一套機動性觀測流場系統UAV-LSPIV，以無人飛行載具(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle, UAV)作為影像紀錄載具，擷取影像後以LSPIV技術分析流場。
本研究自行建置之UAV-LSPIV包含六旋翼飛行器、電子可調式雲台、Sony nex5T相機、影像傳輸模組及地面控制站，影像傳輸模組能即時於飛行中觀測水流影像，於地面控制戰的操作人員可調整雲台旋轉相機鏡頭角度，使UAV拍攝時能正攝水面減少影像之變形，再利用全測站經緯儀測量地面控制點做影像校正。
運用建置之UAV-LSPIV分別進行高、低流量之室外實驗，室外實驗區域於台中市旱溪積善橋下游河段，低流量試驗與手持式ADV量測流速相較差異低於8%，高流量試驗與PTV(Particle Tracking Velocimetry)量測平均差異為4.37%。目錄
摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iii
圖目錄 iv
表目錄 vi
第一章 前言 1
1.1 研究動機與目的 1
1.2 本文架構 2
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2.1 現地流速量測的方法 4
2.2 影像質點追蹤法(Particle tracking velocimetry, PTV)6
2.3 大尺度的影像質點量測法(Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry, LSPIV) 7
2.4 影像擷取設備載具UAV之探討 9
第三章 UAV-LSPIV系統之原理與建立 16
3.1 LSPIV處理 19
3.2 現地座標轉換 21
3.3 影像處理 22
3.4 UAV-LSPIV建立 29
第四章 研究材料與方法 30
4.1 室內實驗環境與設備 30
4.2 室內實驗流程 31
4.3 室外實驗環境與設備 39
4.4 室外實驗流程 52
第五章 結果與分析 58
5.1 室內實驗討論 58
5.2 室外實驗討論 71
第六章 結論與建議 86
6.1 結論 86
6.2 建議 87
參考文獻 8