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大豆蛋白複合配方產品之調節血脂功能評估
No full text本研究使用大豆蛋白、鈣等材料，設計一大豆蛋白複合配方作為樣品，在倉鼠模式下探討樣品調節血脂之能力，將倉鼠分成5組，餵予普通飼料(C)、高脂飼料(HF) (含14%油脂、0.2%膽固醇)及添加低(0.5X)、中(1X)及高(2X)劑量樣品之高脂飼料共8週。
實驗結果顯示，相較於高脂飼料組(HF)，中劑量(1X)與高劑量(2X)組可顯著(p < 0.05)降低血清三酸甘油酯濃度約22-24%，血清總膽固醇濃度下降約15-22%，血清低密度脂蛋白膽固醇濃度減少約26-37%，此外，與高脂控制組(HF)相比，高劑量組(2X)可顯著(p < 0.05)提高HDL-C / TC比值、降低LDL-C / TC和LDL-C / HDL-C之比值。在肝臟脂質方面，相較於高脂飼料組(HF)，中劑量(1X)與高劑量(2X)組能顯著(p < 0.05)降低肝臟三酸甘油酯約27-31%，肝臟總膽固醇下降約18-24%。在糞便脂質與膽酸方面，高劑量組(2X)與高脂飼料組(HF)相比，2X組能顯著(p < 0.05)增加糞便三酸甘油酯含量約74%，提高糞便總膽固醇約42%，糞便膽酸顯著(p < 0.05)增加了1.2倍。綜合以上結果，本研究之中劑量與高劑量大豆複合配方具有良好調節血脂的能力，且高劑量大豆複合配方能有效降低肝臟脂質與增加糞便脂質和膽酸之排出量。In this study, soy protein and calcium were used to develop a soy protein formula as an experimental sample. We used a hamster model to evaluate the blood lipid-lowering effects of the calcium-enriched soy protein formula. The hamsters were divided into 5 groups, fed with normal diet (C), high-fat diet (HF) (with 14% fat, 0.2% cholesterol), and high-fat diet with soy protein formula at different dosages (0.5X-2X) for 8 weeks.
The results showed that the middle-dose (1X) and high-dose (2X) groups, compared to the high-fat control group (HF), have significant (p < 0.05) lowered serum triglyceride concentrations (-22% to -24%), serum total cholesterol concentrations (-15% to -22%), and serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (26% to 37%). As compared to the high-fat control group (HF), significant (p < 0.05) reductions in LDL-C / TC and LDL-C / HDL-C ratios were observed in the high-dose group. The liver triglyceride and liver total cholesterol concentrations of the middle-dose (1X) and high-dose (2X) groups were also found to be significantly (p < 0.05) reduced by 27-31% and 18-24%, respectively against the high-fat control group (HF). The intake of high-dose diet (2X) significantly (p < 0.05) increased fecal triglyceride, fecal total cholesterol, and fecal bile acid levels by 74%, 42%, and 120%, respectively, relative to the high-fat diet group (HF).
In conclusion, our results have revealed that the consumption of soy protein formulas at the middle- and high-doses could regulate blood lipids in a positive manner, especially with the high-dose being effective in reducing liver lipid and increasing the excretions of fecal lipid and bile acid.目錄
頁碼
摘要 i
Abstract ii
目錄 iv
表次 vii
圖次 viii
1. 前言 1
1.1 心血管疾病 1
1.2 高血脂症 2
1.3 調節血脂功能評估 4
1.3.1三酸甘油酯 4
1.3.2膽固醇 5
1.3.3高密度脂蛋白膽固醇 6
1.3.4低密度脂蛋白膽固醇 6
1.4 高血脂症的治療 7
1.5 大豆蛋白 8
1.6 大豆蛋白對血脂之影響 9
2. 研究目的 11
3. 材料與方法 12
3.1 樣品配方設計 12
3.2 實驗動物飼養 12
3.3 動物飼料配方製備 15
3.4 動物血液取樣 17
3.5 動物糞便採集 17
3.6 動物犧牲 17
3.7 血清三酸甘油酯測定 18
3.8 血清總膽固醇測定 18
3.9 血清脂蛋白的分離 19
3.9.1血清高密度脂蛋白膽固醇測定 20
3.9.2血清低密度脂蛋白膽固醇測定 20
3.10 肝臟脂質之萃取 21
3.10.1肝臟三酸甘油酯含量之測定 21
3.10.2肝臟總膽固醇含量之測定 21
3.11 糞便水分測定 22
3.12 糞便脂質之萃取 22
3.12.1糞便三酸甘油酯含量之測定 22
3.12.2糞便總膽固醇含量之測定 23
3.13 糞便膽酸之萃取 23
3.13.1糞便膽酸含量之測定 24
3.14 統計分析 25
4. 結果與討論 26
4.1 倉鼠之體重、攝食量及生長情形 26
4.2 配方樣品對於倉鼠血脂之影響 30
4.2.1三酸甘油酯 30
4.2.2總膽固醇 32
4.2.3高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)與低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C) 34
4.3 配方樣品對於倉鼠肝臟重量與脂質之影響 39
4.4 配方樣品對倉鼠糞便水分含量之影響 43
4.5 配方樣品對倉鼠糞便脂質與膽酸之影響 45
4.6 鈣對血脂之影響 49
5. 總結論 51
6. 參考文獻 5
建立快速檢測方法以偵測食品中金黃色葡萄球菌腸毒素基因
No full textIn Taiwan, among various staphylococcus enterotoxins (SEs) produced by Staphylococcus aureus, SEA is the most related to food poisoning outbreaks, followed by SEB. In the United States, annually there are 185,000 cases of foodborne illnesses caused by SEs. Until now, more than 20 kinds of SEs have been reported. SEs have the superantigenic activities and can resist to heat and proteases in human gastrointestinal tract. The syndromes caused by SEs include diarrhea, vomiting, retching, abdominal cramping and prostration, and a toxin dose of less than 1 μg will cause these symptoms. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop rapid assays for detecting enterotoxic S. aureus in food. First, we developed an immunomagnetic bead (IMB) based method with the use of NeutrAvidin-tagged liposomal nanovesicles (NA-LNs) which encapsulated fluorescent dyes as the detection reagent to detect S. aureus containing sea gene. Through a PCR reaction, the target DNA was amplified and labeled with digoxigenin (Dig) and biotin. The amplified target DNA was then captured by IMB modified with anti-Dig-antibody and detected by NA-LNs. The developed assay could detect S. aureus and differentiate it from Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 101 CFU mL-1 without pre-enrichment. With a 2-hour pre-enrichment, this developed assay could detect as little as 1 CFU in 25 mL of milk. Furthermore, we developed a multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification (m-LAMP) combined with a lateral flow assay (LFA) for simultaneously detecting the sea and seb genes of enterotoxic S. aureus. The LOD of this assay was 102 CFU mL-1 S. aureus, which was 10-fold lower than that of a multiplex PCR; and this assay did not show any cross-reactivity as detecting other enterotoxic S. aureus strains or other food pathogens. After 4~6-hour enrichment, this developed assay could detect as low as 1 CFU mL-1 of S. aureus in four different food matrixes - milk, apple juice, cheese, and rice. Conclusively, these two developed methods can be completely finished within a workday, which can provide an alternative way to easily and quickly screen the contamination of enterotoxic S. aureus in food products or in food supply chains.Chinese Abstract i
English Abstract ii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vii
Abbreviations Table viii
1. Literature Review 1
1.1. Staphylococcus aureus 2
1.2. Staphylococcal food poisoning 4
1.3. Staphylococcal enterotoxin 7
1.4. Detection of Staphylococcus aureus or staphylococcal enterotoxin 13
1.5. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification 18
1.6. Lateral flow assay 20
1.7. Magnetic bead 24
1.8. Liposomal nanovesicles 26
2. Dual-labeled PCR-based immunofluorescent assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of enterotoxic Staphylococcus aureus using cocktail sized liposomal nanovesicles as signal enhancer 28
2.1. Abstract 29
2.2. Introduction 30
2.3. Materials and Methods 33
2.3.1. Materials 33
2.3.2. Preparation of immunomagnetic beads 33
2.3.3. Preparation of Neutravidin-tagged liposomal nanovesicles 34
2.3.4. PCR reaction 34
2.3.5. Bacterial growth 35
2.3.6. Preparation of contaminated food 35
2.3.7. Assay optimization and performance 35
2.3.8. Statistical analysis 37
2.4. Results and Discussion 38
2.4.1. Optimization of assay format 38
2.4.2. Effect of biotinylation position on assay signal 39
2.4.3. Optimization of IMB reaction conditions 40
2.4.4. Optimization of NA-LNs 41
2.4.5. Performance of IMB/ LNs fluorescence 43
2.5. Conclusion 45
3. Combined multiplex loop-mediated isothermal amplification with lateral flow assay (m-LAMP/LFA) to detect sea and seb genes of enterotoxic Staphylococcus aureus 55
3.1. Abstract 56
3.2. Introduction 57
3.3. Materials and Methods 59
3.3.1. Materials 59
3.3.2. Multiplex LAMP assay 59
3.3.3. Conventional multiplex PCR 59
3.3.4. Preparation of LFA strips and a format of m-LFA 60
3.3.5. Preparation of food sample 60
3.4. Results and Discussion 62
3.4.1. Optimization of m-LAMP 62
3.4.2. Optimization of multiplex LFA 62
3.4.3. Specificity and validation of the m-LAMP/LFA 64
3.4.4. Sensitivity of m-LAMP/LFA 64
3.4.5. Analysis of food sample 65
3.5. Conclusions 65
4. Conclusions 74
References 7
香杉芝菌絲體區分物對血糖調節酵素與抗氧化活性之評估
No full text糖尿病居國人十大死因之五，世界衛生組織更預測於2030年糖尿病會成為世界第七大死因。糖尿病為一慢性且會對生命造成威脅的代謝障礙疾病，易引起諸多併發症，且糖尿病與血糖調節酵素及氧化壓力亦有密切之關聯。藥用菇於世界各地均具悠久之使用歷史，許多傳統上對疾病發展之治療特性與增進健康之效果也已獲得研究證實。本研究目的，旨在評估藥用菇中的香杉芝 (Antrodia salmonea) 其菌絲體之70% 乙醇萃取物之乙酸乙酯、正己烷及氯仿區分物對血糖調節酵素與抗氧化之活性。
結果顯示，三種區分物對α-葡萄糖苷酶皆屬於混合型抑制，其中又以正己烷區分物效果最好，IC50值為0.32 mg/mL；而DPP4之抑制效果則以氯仿區分物最好，其IC50值為0.59 mg/mL。生理活性物質分析中，三種區分物之總酚含量為54.65-108.17 GAE mg/g fraction，以氯仿區分物之含量最高；而麥角固醇之含量則為3.77-8.10 μg/mg fraction，以正己烷區分物之含量最高。
抗氧化能力分析結果發現，清除DPPH自由基能力以氯仿區分物最好，EC50值為0.71 mg/mL；螯合亞鐵離子以乙酸乙酯區分物之效果最佳，EC50值為0.69 mg/mL；另乙酸乙酯、正己烷及氯仿區分物均有不錯的還原力，其EC50值依序為0.96、1.61、0.50 mg/mL，其中又以氯仿區分物最佳；清除ABTS自由基能力最佳者為氯仿區分物，EC50值為2.27 mg/mL，其trolox當量抗氧化力亦最高；清除一氧化氮方面，三種區分物之EC50值均＞2.5 mg/mL；清除超氧陰離子能力以氯仿區分物最好，EC50值為0.52 mg/mL；而抑制亞麻油酸自氧化方面，三種區分物在各個測定之時間點均具有相當不錯之抑制過氧化率，EC50值均＜0.5 mg/mL。
根據黃嘌呤氧化酶抑制試驗，三種區分物之抑制率範圍為9.70-29.45%，顯示效果都不是很好且不具有劑量效應；另在ACE抑制方面，所有區分物皆未測得抑制ACE之效果。抗蛋白質醣化方面，各區分物均有抑制糖化終產物生成之能力，其中又以氯仿區分物之效果最佳。
綜合以上結果，香杉芝菌絲體之70%乙醇萃取物之乙酸乙酯區分物、正己烷區分物及氯仿區分物，分別呈現了不同程度的酵素抑制、抗氧化，與抗蛋白質醣化之效果。Diabetes is a life-threatening chronic metabolic disease that can cause various complications. It was in the fifth position in the ten leading causes of death in Taiwan, and the World Health Organization projected that diabetes will be the world's seventh leading cause of death in 2030. Diabetes is also closely related to glucoregulation enzymes and oxidative stress. Medicinal mushrooms have a long history of use throughout the world, and many of their traditional therapeutic actions against the development of diseases and health promotion effects have also been proven. Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ethyl acetate fraction, hexane fraction, and chloroform fraction from 70% ethanolic extract from Antrodia salmonea mycelium on glucoregulation enzymes and antioxidant activity.
Results showed that all three fractions' inhibition type on α-glucosidase were mixed type inhibition, and the hexane fraction had the highest inhibition effect, its IC50 value was 0.32 mg/mL. As for DPP4 inhibition, chloroform fraction, with IC50 value of 0.59 mg/mL, exhibited the highest inhibition effect. In the analysis of bioactivity compounds, total phenolic contents of the three fractions ranged from 54.65 to 108.17 GAE mg/g fraction, with chloroform fraction having the highest value. The ergosterol content of the three fractions ranged from 3.77 to 8.10 μg/mg fraction, in which the hexane fraction had the highest ergosterol content.
Antioxidant assays indicated that the chloroform fraction displayed the highest scavenging activity towards DPPH radicals, with EC50 value of 0.71 mg/mL, while in ferrous ion chelating ability, the ethyl acetate fraction was superior to others, showing an EC50 value of 0.69 mg/mL. Ethyl acetate, hexane, and chloroform fraction all had a good reducing power, with EC50 value of 0.96, 1.61, and 0.50 mg/mL, respectively. The chloroform fraction also had the highest scavenging activity towards ABTS radicals (EC50 value: 2.27 mg/mL) as well as the highest highest trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity. Moreover, all three fractions' EC50 values were > 2.5 mg/mL in nitric oxide scavenging activity. For the superoxide anion scavenging activity, the chloroform fraction gave the lowest EC50 value (0.52 mg/mL). As for inhibition of linoleic acid autoxidation, all three fractions' abilities to inhibit peroxidation were great, and all of their EC50 values were < 0.5 mg/mL.
According to xanthine oxidase inhibition assay, the three fractions' inhibition rates were 9.70-29.45%, indicating that the fractions were not very capable of inhibiting the enzyme, and their effects were not dose-dependent. In case of ACE inhibition, none of the fractions were measured to have inhibition activity on ACE. As for protein glycation, all three fractions had the ability to inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end-products, with chloroform fraction possessing the best ability.
In conclusion, the ethyl acetate fraction, hexane fraction, and chloroform fraction from 70% ethanolic extract from Antrodia salmonea mycelium demonstrated different degrees of enzyme inhibition, antioxidant, and antiglycation activity.表目錄 ix
圖目錄 xi
前言 1
文獻回顧 3
一、糖尿病 3
(一)糖尿病之定義 3
(二)糖尿病之分類 5
(三)糖尿病之併發症 6
(四)糖尿病之治療 7
二、血糖調節酵素之α-葡萄糖苷酶 7
(一)α-葡萄糖苷酶 8
(二)α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制劑 8
三、血糖調節酵素之雙基胜肽酶-4 (DPP4) 9
(一)腸泌素介紹及其重要性 9
(二)DPP4的作用 13
(三)DPP4抑制劑 13
四、糖尿病與自由基及活性氧 15
(一)自由基及活性氧 15
(二)高血糖傷害途徑 17
五、糖尿病相關疾病 25
(一)痛風 25
(二)高血壓 26
六、菇類之機能性 30
(一)一次機能性－營養成分 30
(二)二次機能性－嗜好特性 31
(三)三次機能性－生理特性 31
(四)四次機能性－文化特性 31
七、藥用菇與糖尿病 32
八、香杉芝 33
(一)香杉芝介紹 33
(二)香杉芝生理活性 34
研究動機 42
實驗架構 43
材料與方法 44
一、樣品製備 44
(一)萃取物製備 44
(二)區分物製備 44
二、血糖調節酵素抑制試驗 45
(一)α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制試驗 45
(二)α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制類型測定 46
(三)DPP4抑制試驗 46
三、生理活性物質分析 47
(一)總酚含量 47
(二)類黃酮含量 48
(三)酚類化合物組成 48
(四)麥角固醇含量 49
四、抗氧化能力分析 50
(一)清除DPPH自由基 50
(二)螯合亞鐵離子 51
(三)還原力 51
(四)總抗氧化力 (TEAC) 52
(五)清除SNP生成NO 53
(六)清除超氧陰離子 54
(七)抑制亞麻油酸自氧化 55
五、酵素抑制試驗 56
(一)黃嘌呤氧化酶抑制試驗 56
(二)血管收縮素轉化酶抑制試驗 57
六、抗蛋白質醣化 58
(一)抑制糖化終產物生成 58
七、統計分析 59
結果與討論 60
一、萃取物與血糖調節酵素抑制 60
(一)萃取物之萃取率 60
(二)萃取物對α-葡萄糖苷酶之抑制 60
(三)萃取物對DPP4之抑制 64
(四)萃取物對血糖調節酵素IC50 64
二、區分物與血糖調節酵素抑制 68
(一)區分物之萃取率 68
(二)區分物對α-葡萄糖苷酶之抑制 68
(三)區分物對α-葡萄糖苷酶之抑制類型 73
(四)區分物對DPP4之抑制 73
(五)區分物對血糖調節酵素IC50 77
三、生理活性物質分析 77
(一)總酚與類黃酮含量 77
(二)酚類化合物組成 81
(三)麥角固醇含量 84
四、抗氧化能力分析 84
(一)清除DPPH自由基 84
(二)螯合亞鐵離子 87
(三)還原力 92
(四)總抗氧化力 (TEAC) 95
(五)清除SNP生成NO 95
(六)清除超氧陰離子 100
(七)抑制亞麻油酸自氧化 105
(八)抗氧化性質 EC50 107
五、酵素抑制 113
(一)黃嘌呤氧化酶抑制 113
(二)血管收縮素轉化酶抑制 117
六、抗蛋白質醣化 117
(一)抑制糖化終產物 117
結論 121
參考文獻 12
桿狀病毒IE2基因激活機制與寄主蛋白之動態交互作用之探討
No full textBaculovirus expression system has been known for high-level of eukaryotic protein production for both biomedical and industrial application. We have previously found that IE2, an early gene product of the baculovirus, formed unique nuclear bodies as transcriptional centers for the strong trans-activation of various promoters in mammalian cells, which made IE2 an important activator for many potential valuable applications. Through purification of this novel structure and mass spectrometry analysis, we further identified heat shock proteins (HSPs) to be one of the major IE2-associated proteins. We demonstrated a unique feature in that IE2 can function in both insect and non-host mammalian cells to stimulate HSPs, which associated with IE2 stabilization through protecting it from proteasome degradation. This led to the protection of IE2’s strong gene activation function in mammalian cells and affected virus amplification in insect cells during viral infection.
Furthermore, taking advantage of the unique feature of IE2 nuclear body, we stepped forward to investigate the development and dynamic of this novel transcription activation center. By using fluorescent protein-tagged IE2 and its components, time-lapse confocal microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) technique, we discovered that the assembly of IE2 nuclear body was in an orderly fashion, in which nuclear actin and RNA polymerase II were recruited after the establishment of IE2 nuclear body scaffold. The enlargement of IE2 nuclear body required the dynamic of actin. Both nuclear actin and RNA polymerase II could continuously fill in IE2 nuclear body after its formation, which created a center for tight association between IE2 and the host transcriptional machinery for strong activation of viral genes. Different from our knowledge that transcription is a minute structure only visible in fixed samples under electron microscopy and barely visible under light microscopy, our results provided a novel system to visible under light microscopy for transcription center formation and dynamic.Abstract…………………………………………………………………i
List of Figures……………………………………………………… iv
Part 1. Baculovirus IE2 stimulate heat shock proteins in insect and mammalian cells to facilitate its proper functioning……………………………………………………… 1
Abstract……………………………………………………………2
Introduction……………………………………………………3
Materials and Methods………………………………………… 6
Results………………………………………………………… 11
Discussion………………………………………………………19
Reference………………………………………………………… 23
Supporting information…………………………………30
Figures…………………………………….……………………31
Part 2. Visualization and dynamic analysis of baculovirus IE2 nuclear bodies………………………………………………41
Abstract………………………………………………………… 42
Introduction…………………………………………………… 43
Materials and Methods……………………………………… 45
Results………………………………………………………… 47
Discussion………………………………………………………53
Reference………………………………………………………56
Figures…………………………………………………………6
走出迷宮，化身人妻--陳雪《迷宮中的戀人》、《人妻日記》中的伴侶關係
No full text伴侶關係的經營是一種愛的能力展現，陳雪從兩段伴侶關係中去學會愛的能力，本論文以《迷宮中的戀人》和《人妻日記》來分析探討，第二章從迷宮中混亂、碰壁的戀人，來展現愛的能力不足，也無法近身相處，導致婚姻破裂，而性關係由流動開放至穩定單一，也與有無愛的能力相關；第三章走入婚姻中的人妻，在懂得如何愛之後，將它落實在生活中，從相處細節去累積愛的深度，真正擁有愛的能力，加上性生活穩定，最終完成一個家的想像。第四章談到同志婚姻，即使不合法，但陳雪還是結婚了，為的是爭取身為公民的基本人權，同志也想要結婚，也需要結婚，因為同樣需要受到法律的保障，陳雪透過結婚，也讓同志不再只有悲情想像，幸福的婚姻生活是可能的。但推動婚姻平權的同時，也要思考不落入婚姻制度框架中，所以多元成家，才是保障最多數人幸福的一種方式。目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與問題意識 1
第二節 研究範圍與方法 3
第三節 文獻回顧 5
第四節 章節架構與內容說明 7
第二章《迷宮中的戀人》呈現的伴侶關係 10
第一節 探討愛的本質與追尋 10
一、理解 10
二、信任 13
三、包容 15
第二節 性關係的流動與開放 18
一、性愛二分 19
二、性愛合一 20
第三節 婚姻的困局 23
一、現實問題 23
二、性格差異 26
三、小津的存在 28
小結 29
第三章《人妻日記》呈現的伴侶關係 31
第一節 婚姻生活的經營 31
一、透過生活細節體現愛 32
二、早餐人之於人妻的意義 37
三、性生活 39
第二節 家的真實樣貌 41
一、空間安排 41
二、家人 43
第三節 愛的能力 44
小結 47
第四章 實踐同志婚姻造成的社會效應 48
第一節 同志婚姻的現狀 48
一、台灣未立法承認 48
二、 出櫃與身分認同 51
第二節 透過實踐被看見 53
一、現身與不現身 53
二、現身的迴響 57
第三節 多元成家—突破婚姻想像 63
小結 66
第五章 結論 68
參考書目 7
跨界的美學：劉墉《愛是一種美麗的疼痛》之翻譯
No full text論文方式以翻譯呈現所以沒有撰寫中英文摘要及關鍵字論文方式以翻譯呈現所以沒有撰寫中英文摘要及關鍵字Table of Contents
I. Critical Essay on Yung Liu………………...…………………….…1
II. Translation
My Daughter's Kiss……………………………………..…........35
Chasing After My Daughter ……………………………….…...40
When I Went on a Long Journey………………………….….....45
Nine Fingers ………………………………………………...…..49
As If My Mom Were Waving Her Hand to Me ………….…..….55
A Submissive Person ………………………………………...….59
Imaginative Men and Realistic Women…………………………64
The Heart of Blossoming Young Girls ……………………....….69
The Pleasure of Being the Envy of All ………………………….73
Men's Mask ……………………………………………………..77
Women Love Too Much...................................................83
We Are All the Same ……………………………………………88
Absence Makes the Heart Grow Fonder ……………………......93
Because He Needs Me More …………………………………....97
Rude Taipei People………………………………………………101
III. Works Cited…………………………………………………… …10
A Study on the Development of Sewerage in Taichung Area before and after Merger of County and City---Research of the Prevalence of HouseholdPipe-connection（1985~2014）
No full text摘 要
污水下水道之建設對生活環境及都市的發展影響深遠，不僅可改善環境衛生，提升生活品質外，並可防止河川水域污染、改善河川水體水質，使河川回歸自然親水空間；國際上許多針對國家城市競爭力或可居住性之評比，均將其納為重要的指標項目之一，視為現代化都市所必備的公共設施。
台中縣市合併升格為直轄市後之台中市面積廣達221,490 公頃，約為原臺中市的13倍，依據內政部營建署民國99年12月31日台灣地區用戶接管普及率及污水處理率統計資料，台中縣市政府尚未合併升格前，污水下水道建設用戶接管普及率，台中市為22.81%，但台中縣僅只有1.47%，因大台中人口數為原台中縣及台中市人口數之加總，故其用戶接管普及率有下降之情形，亦呈現為五都用戶接管普及率之末（台北市100%、高雄市38.42%、新北市36.60%、台南市11.78%、台中市10.68%）。
台中市污水下水道建設落後原因，主要為（一）地方政府下水道組織人力未臻健全。（二）污水下水道建設投資經費龐大，建設期程長展現效益慢，地方首長常以不易展現政績而不願主動推動。（三）民眾視污水下水道為嫌惡性工程抗爭不斷。（四）部份污水下水道系統跨行政區域執行困難。（五）早期都市規劃未考量佈置污水下水道系統，且未納入建築管理規範，民眾對污水下水道亦欠缺認識，導致後期用戶接管建設困難重重等原因。
臺中市政府水利局於縣市合併升格後努力提升用戶接管數，至民國103年12 月普及率已提昇至16.23%，惟臺中市公共污水下水道普及率仍暫為五都之中最低，所以本論文將探討縣市合併升格前後大台中地區污水下水道之發展，以用戶接管普及率進行探討。ABSTRACT
The sewerage construction is a kind of public facilities closely associated with people's daily lives. It can not only improve the environmental sanitation and the quality of life but also prevent the river from being contaminated and improve the quality of river basin, which can make the river return to nature.
The sewerage construction has a deep influence in the environment and the urban development. It is considered one of the important indicators when it comes to the evaluation of a country's or a city's competitiveness and the livability of homes. It can also be thought of as essential public facilities in modern cities.
After the merger of Taichung County and City, the land area of it reaches up to 221,490 hectares, which is thirteen times larger than original Taichung City. According to the statistics on the prevalence of house pip-connection and wastewater treatment on Dec. 31, 2000, from the Construction and Planning Agency Ministry of the Interior, R.O.C., before the merger, the usage rate of house pipe-connection of sewerage construction in Taichung City is 22.81%, while that in Taichung County is only 1.47%. Because of the low usage rate in Taichung County, after the merger, the whole usage rate in Taichung area is significantly lower than before and even comes to last compared to the other municipalities---Taipei City (100%), New Taipei City (36.60), Tainan City (11.78), Kaohsiung City (38.42), and Taichung City (10.68%).
The main reasons why the sewerage construction in Taichung City after its merger falls behind are as follows. (1) The organization of the sewerage construction lacks sufficient manpower. (2) Chiefs of the local government have no intention to implement the sewerage construction when considering the large expenses needed to invest in such a time-consuming construction, which cannot easily show significant achievements during their reign. (3) Local residents see the sewerage construction as abhorrence and are constantly opposed to it. (4) Some parts of sewerage construction involving cross-administrative regions are hard to implement. (5) The early urban planning didn't take the sewerage construction scheming into consideration and also didn't involve it in the building management. Thus, it leads to people's misunderstanding about it and makes the following construction of house pipe-connection more difficult.
Taichung Water Resource Bureau devotes itself to promoting the usage rate of house pip-connection after the merger of Taichung County and City. By December, 2014, the usage rate has increased up to 16.23%. However, the prevalence of public sewerage construction in current Taichung City is still placed the lowest among the five municipalities. Therefore, this study aims to explore the methods for carrying out the house pipe-connection before and after the merger of Taichung City.目 次
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景 2
第二節 研究目的 3
第三節 研究範圍與方法 4
第二章 臺灣地區污水下水道及台中縣市污水下水道之發展歷程 7
第一節 臺灣地區污水下水道發展沿革 7
第二節 合併前台中市污水下水道發展沿革 18
第三節 合併前台中縣污水下水道發展沿革 29
第三章 臺中市用戶接管率為五都之末的原因 41
第一節 縣市合併時的用戶接管率 41
第二節 地質的分析與原因 49
第三節 政策方面的問題 55
第四節 管遷困難及設施鄰避問題 58
第五節 違章建築方面的問題 63
第四章 縣市合併後台中市之污水下水道計畫探討 67
第一節 大台中市污水下水道推動及用戶接管的策略 67
第二節 大台中市污水下水道系統發展 72
第三節 大台中地區污水下水道法規之修訂與整合 93
第四節 大台中地區污水下水道之宣導策略 109
第五章 結 論 123
附錄
徵引書目12
Event and Oral Memories： The collapse Feng-yuan senior high school auditorium
No full text摘要:
在民國七十二年八月二十四日台灣省立豐原高中禮堂倒塌時，當時的電視台只有無線電視三台而已，而且三台電視台公司總部都位於台北，對遠在僻壤的台中縣豐原市郊區發生的重大災難，似乎熱潮過了也無心去關心追蹤後續的法律訴訟問題。而且，當時尚在台灣戒嚴期間，發行報紙種類亦不太多，而且當時的報紙尚未數位化，現今只有極少數被留存於檔案資料庫中，一般人也無緣去接觸閱讀（許多都需要去國家圖書總館館內閱覽）。但是，禮堂倒塌事件對當時身在禮堂中的六百四十七位師生來說，卻是一段重要的人生的轉捩點呢！
本論文是參閱台灣省政府時期災難處理的資料檔案、參閱相關法律及工程書籍、豐原高中校內資料、各個報章雜誌資料、網誌網站上個人資料、當時三台新聞報導所剪輯的影片資料檔案，並去訪談當時曾經參與救援的義消救難人員、豐原高中當時的輔導室輔導老師、禮堂倒塌受傷的學生，期望能將此段歷史還原所有歷程讓大眾知道，無論是倒塌現場狀況、搶救過程、及後續的法律訴訟結果和公務人員懲戒結果。
再將各個報章雜誌資料、網誌網站上、當時三台新聞報導所剪輯的影片資料檔案、訪談當時搶救的義消救難人員、當時的輔導老師、在場受傷的學生方面蒐集到的資料，去對照台灣省政府時期的資料檔案，期盼能將當時事件真實的情況呈現出來。事情發生至今已將跨入三十二個年頭了，當時才十五、十六歲的我們，現今都已經四十六、四十七歲進入中年了，隨著年紀的增長，我們的記憶也逐漸消逝中，期待這分論文能將大家這段共同的閱歷真實的記錄下來。Abstract:
When the Taiwan Provincial Fengyuan high school auditorium collapsed on August 24th 1983, there were only three Terrestrial television companies and the headquarters all located in Taipei. Since Fengyuan was far away from Taipei and public concerns weakened, fewer and fewer people followed the subsequent legal proceedings. At that time, Taiwan was under the martial law, the options of newpapers were limited and non-digitized as well. Now only a handful of information was stored in the database. Most people have less chances to read as it was kept in the national library in Taipei. However, the collapse was the turning point of those six hundred and forty-six teachers and students in the auditorium.
This paper refers to the data of the diaster process during the period of the Taiwan Provincial Government, relevant legal and enigineering books, Fengyuan High school campus information, various newspapers and magazines, firsthand information on blogs, reports from three Terrestrial television companies, interviews of the rescue personnel, the counselors and the survivors. It is hoped that the public would know the condition of the site, rescue process, results of the subsequent legal proceedings and Public Functionaries Discipline Act by restoring the history.
It is expected that the comparisons of the data to those firsthand information from the relevant personnel would represent the authenticity of the collapse. It has been over thirty-two years, those who were only fifteen or sixteen are now in late forties. As our memories gradually decay, I hope this paper would truly document the experience we have gone through.目次
第一章 緒論……………………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究動機與目的……………………………………………………1
第二節 研究方法與步驟……………………………………………………4
第二章 禮堂倒塌及政府緊急善後處理………………………………………5
第一節 豐原高中與禮堂之興建與修繕 ………………………………………6
第二節 現場搶救及封閉 ……………………………………………………10
第三節 罹難者喪葬處理及其家屬慰問………………………………………22
第四節 受傷學生之照顧……………………………………………………30
第五節 責任追究及行政處分………………………………………………36
第六節 其他配合措施………………………………………………………41
第三章 禮堂倒塌事件後續探討………………………………………………53
第一節 法律訴訟與國家賠償………………………………………………53
第二節 公務人員懲戒………………………………………………………66
第四章 倒塌案後的豐原高中校園………………………………………………85
第一節 考取豐原高中與入學報到…………………………………………85
第二節 新生訓練與禮堂的頹圮……………………………………………88
第三節 災變後的校園學習生活……………………………………………95
第四節 住宿生的住校生活…………………………………………………99
第五節 倒塌事件對個人的影響……………………………………………104
第五章 結論…………………………………………………………………109
徵 引 書 目………………………………………………………………111
附錄一：輔導老師周連春老師訪問稿 …………………………………………115
附錄二：張明右、熊瓊鳳夫婦訪問稿……………………………………………118
附錄三：前豐原義消分隊長莊柏清先生訪問稿…………………………………120
附錄四：方無痕（化名）訪問稿…………………………………………………123
附錄五：張文心（化名）訪問稿………………………………………………128
附錄六：陳秀惠（研究者自訴）…………………………………………………132
附錄七：許燕真訪問稿…………………………………………………………141
附錄八：花塚—獻給折翼天使們的網路紀念文……………………………145
附錄九：最高法院民刑事裁判選輯－偽造有價證券上訴駁回裁判書………15
以兩性生命表分析寄主植物、性比及雄性誘引劑對東方果實蠅族群特性之影響
No full textThe oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is one of the most destructive pests in the Asia and Pacific area and is an important quarantine pest for the United States and many countries. This fly attacks more than 150 cultivated and wild fruits in Taiwan. To build an ecological database, the life table of B. dorsalis reared on seven host plants and an artificial diet at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% R.H., and a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h was studied. The life history raw data were analyzed using an age-stage, two-sex life table. The mean fecundity (F) ranged from 252.3 to 1300.3 eggs per female, and the highest fecundity was observed on pomelo; the net reproductive rate (R0) ranged from 100.9 to 588.3, and the highest reproductive rate was observed on jujube. The intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.1790, 0.1667, 0.1333, 0.1261, 0.1161, 0.1128, 0.1120, and 0.0797 d-1 on pitaya, artificial diet, guava, sweet orange, wax apple, pomelo, jujube, and wild-type mango in descending order, respectively. These studies were explained not only the high fitness of B. dorsalis as a pest in many areas but also the difficulty in managing this pest in past decades.
For a two-sex population, the sex ratio plays an important role in population ecology and pest management. Male annihilation and sterile insect release are used as major strategies in fruit fly control. Therefore, the effect of the sex ratio must be understood for the quantitative planning of these methods. In this study, the life tables of the oriental fruit fly, at different adult sex ratios were collected. At the sex ratio 1♀:1♂, the adult pre-oviposition period (APOP, time duration from adult emergence to the first reproduction) and total pre-oviposition period (TPOP, time duration from birth to the first reproduction) was 11.0 d and 28.9 d, respectively. The females mated an average of 2.2 times during their lifespan. The net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic increase rate (r), finite rate (λ), and mean generation time (T) were 555.0 offspring, 0.1689 d-1, 1.1840 d-1, 37.4 d, respectively. Both the APOP (7.7 d) and TPOP (25.2 d) were significantly shorter than those at the sex ratio 1♀:1♂, although the females laid an average of 1610.2 eggs. The population parameters R0, r, λ, and T were 31.6 offspring, 0.0727 d-1, 1.0754 d-1, and 47.5 d, respectively. At the female-biased sex ratio of 50♀:1♂ and no-choice mating, the APOP and TPOP were 44.4 d and 63.4 d, respectively. Males mated an average of 53.3 ± 12.2 times during their life time, but females mated only once. Females laid an average of 578.0 eggs. The values of R0, r, λ, and T were 566.6 offspring, 0.1199 d-1, 1.1274 d-1, and 52.9 d, respectively. The APOP and TPOP were 33.2 d and 52.3 d, respectively, at the female-biased sex ratio of 50♀:1♂ and free-choice mating. The females laid an average of 701.7 eggs. The values of R0, r, λ, and T were 687.9 offspring, 0.1326 d-1, 1.1417 d-1, and 49.3 d, respectively. Methyl eugenol (ME) is a powerful attractant for males of many tropical tephritid fruit flies. Since the 1980s, mixtures of ME and a variety of pesticides have been used in the control and monitoring of B. dorsalis in Taiwan. However, the effect of ME on the population parameters and population growth of B. dorsalis in Taiwan remains unclear. The life table raw data were analyzed by using the age-stage, two-sex life table to compare population parameters. The mean fecundity (F) ranged from 1082.9 to 1778.0 eggs, and the highest fecundity observed in ME-male cohort. The net reproductive rate (R0) ranged from 542.0 to 888.0 eggs, and the highest reproductive rate was observed in the same ME-male cohort. The intrinsic rate of increase was 0.1744, 0.1695, and 0.1616 d-1 on the male-fed-ME cohort, female-fed-ME cohort, and ME-deprived cohort, respectively. Results showed that females of the male-fed-ME cohort had the highest fecundity; however, no significant differences in the net reproductive rate and intrinsic rates.
Because the oriental fruit flies are an ectothermic organisms, their development, survival, and reproduction are significantly affected by abiotic conditions. The studied indicated that life table is the most comprehensive and important basis of population ecology and pest management. Moreover, life tables are affected by host plants, sex ratio and other biotic factors, i.e., natural attractants. For an effective pest management program, we need to collect life tables of major pests on their main factors and under different environmental conditions. Population projection is also an important tool for detecting population growth trends, for describing stage structure, and for scheduling the pest management strategies.東方果實蠅(Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel))，是亞太地區最具嚴重危害性害蟲之一，亦是歐美等國家重要之檢疫有害生物。此蠅在台灣危害超過150種栽培或野生果樹。本研究為了要蒐集其生態特性資料庫，在25±1°C，70±10%RH，和12:12光週期（L：D）之條件下，以七種寄主植物及人工飼料飼養，蒐集其生活史資料，所得試驗數據利用兩性生命表分析其族群特性。試驗結果顯示其平均繁殖率（Fecundity）為每隻雌蟲252.3至1300.3卵，其中飼養在柚子上具最高繁殖率；然而就淨繁殖率（R0）來看，則介於100.9至588.3之間，飼養在印度棗上則具有最高淨生殖率。以內在增長率（r）而言，紅龍果、人工飼料、番石榴、甜橙、蓮霧、柚子、印度棗以及野生型芒果，其值大小依序為 0.1790、 0.1667、0.1333、 0.1261、0.1161、0.1128、0.1120及0.0797 d-1。這些研究資料解釋了在適宜的寄主環境下，東方果實蠅具有較高繁殖潛能，這也是過去幾十年來為何難有效防治之故。
對於具有兩性昆蟲種類中，性比率對於探討族群生態及蟲害管理具有相當重要角色。現行滅雄技術(male annihilation)及釋放昆蟲不孕性技術，已被廣泛應用於果實蠅防治工作中之主要策略，此技術當中，性比率大小可能會影響到防治工作中數量規劃，由此可見其重要性。本研究中就東方果實蠅在不同之雌雄比例下，收集兩性生命表資料。結果顯示在性比 1♀:1♂，成蟲產卵前期（APOP，從成蟲羽化至第一個產卵時期）和總產卵前期（TPOP，從出生到成蟲第一個產卵時期）為11.0和28.9天，雌蟲其一生交尾次數，平均約2.2次; 其淨繁殖率（R0），內在增長率（r），終極增長率（λ），平均世代時間（T）分別為555.0卵、0.1689 d-1，1.1840 d-1，37.4 d。在偏雄性別比1♀：50♂下，無論APOP（7.7 d）和TPOP（25.2 d）均較性比1♀：1♂顯著短；雖然雌蟲可產下平均繁殖量1610.2個卵，然其族群介量R0，r，λ及T分別為31.6 個、0.0727 d-1、1.0754 d-1及47.5 d。惟在偏雌性比例50♀：1♂且具無選擇交尾對象時，雄蟲在其一生當中可平均交尾 53.3±12.2次；其APOP和TPOP分別為44.4和63.4 d，雌蟲平均繁殖率為578.0個卵粒；其R0，r，λ及T之族群介量分別為566.6個，0.1199 d-1，1.1274 d-1及52.9 d。然於偏雌性性別比例50♀：1♂具自由選擇交配之處理時，其APOP和TPOP分別為33.2和52.3 d；雌蟲平均產卵量701.7個卵粒，其R0，r，λ及T 之族群介量分別為687.9個，0.1326 d-1，1.1417d-1及49.3 d。結果顯示在偏雌性比50♀：1♂，即使族群具有較低的內在增長率，然對淨生殖率則無顯著影響。相反地，偏雄性性比之內在增殖率則顯著降低。因此未來在規畫滅雄防治時，應列入考慮這些結果。
甲基丁香油對熱帶寡毛種類果實蠅雄蟲具有很強之誘引力，在1980年代台灣已開始利用此誘引物質添加藥劑，廣泛應用於誘殺及監測技術上。本研究係利用兩性生命表探討雌、雄成蟲分別取食甲基丁香油後對族群增長之影響。試驗結果顯示各處理之平均產卵量(F)介於 1082.9~ 1778.0個, 最高平均產卵量為僅雄蟲取食甲基丁香油之處理組最高。淨繁殖率(R0)則介於 542.0 ~ 888.0個，其中最高亦為僅雄蟲取食處理組。內在增值率male fed-ME、ME-deprived 及female fed-ME大小則分別為0.1744, 0.1695,及 0.1616 d-1 。由此可知male fed-ME處理組具有最高繁殖率、淨生殖率 及內在增值率之特性。
東方果蠅是變溫的生物體，故其發育 生存與繁殖能力受到非生物條件影響甚鉅。本研究強調生命表是族群生態學及蟲害管理上重要之基礎資料，利用生命表探討寄主植物、性比例及其他生物的因素如天然誘引劑，對果實蠅族群特性之影響。由兩性生命表分析得知，東方果實蠅完全適合生存於常見寄主水果種類，在適宜之寄主水果、高性比例及取食誘引物質，具有高產卵量及增值率之特性此特性也就是近幾年為何此果實蠅難於有效防治之原因。為建立有效蟲害管理模式，需要收集在不同環境條件下害蟲生命表，另利用生命表推估族群數量趨勢也是一個重要研究工具，對於在描述族群增長、族群結構及害蟲管理擬定原則上扮演相當重要之角色。誌 謝 i
中文摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iv
CONTENTS vii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES viii
Chapter 1 Fitness of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) on Seven Host Plants and an Artificial Diet 1
Abstract 1
Introduction 2
Materials and Methods 3
Results 6
Discussion 9
References cited 12
Chapter 2 Effect of Sex Ratio on the Population Traits of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) 24
Abstract 24
Introduction 26
Materials and Methods 27
Results 30
Discussion 33
References cited 35
Chapter 3 Effect of Feeding Methyl Eugenol on the Population Traits of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) 48
Abstract 48
Introduction 49
Materials and Methods 51
Results 53
Discussions 56
References cited 58
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Chapter 1. Fitness of Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) on Seven Host Plants and an Artificial Diet
Table 1. Development periods (d) (mean ± SE) of B. dorsalis reared on different host plants at 25˚C 17
Table 2. Population parameters (mean ± SE) of B. dorsalis reared on various media at 25°C 18
Fig. 1. Age-stage specific survivorship of B. dorsalis on various host plants. 19
Fig. 2. Age-specific survival rate (lx), age-specific fecundity (mx), and age-specific maternity (lx.mx) of B. dorsalis reared on various host plants. 20
Fig. 3. Age-stage specific life expectancy (exj) of B. dorsalis on various host plants. 21
Fig. 4. Age-stage specific reproductive value (vxj) of B. dorsalis reared on various host plants. 22
Fig. 5. Projection of population growth B. dorsalis reared on different fruits and an artificial diet with the same initial population of 10 eggs. 23
Chapter 2. Effect of Sex Ratio on the Population Traits of Bactrocera dorsalis
(Hendel)
Table 1. Means (±SE) of the adult preoviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), fecundity, and longevity of the B. dorsalis at different sex ratio 40
Table 2. Means(±SE) of population parameters of B. dorsalis at various sex ratio treatments (r, intrinsic rate of increase; λ, finite rate; R0, net reproductive rate; T, and mean generation time (T) 41
Fig. 1. Age-specific survival rate (lx), age-stage specific fecundity (fxj), age-specific fecundity (mx), and age-specific maternity (lxmx) of B. dorsalis at different sex ratio treatments. 42
Fig. 2. Age-stage specific life expectancy (exj) of B. dorsalis at different sex ratio treatments. 43
Fig. 3. Age-stage specific reproductive value (vxj) of B. dorsalis at different sex ratio treatments. 44
Fig. 4. Frequency distribution of estimated net reproductive rate (R0) of B. dorsalis at various treatment based on Bootstrap technique. 45
Fig. 5. Frequency distribution of estimated net reproductive rate (R0) of B. dorsalis at various treatments based on Jackknife technique. 46
Fig. 6. Population projection showing the change of population size of B. dorsalis during population growth. 47
Chapter 3. Effect of Feeding Methyl Eugenol on the Population Traits of B. dorsalis (Hendel)
Table 1. Mean (± SE) of preadult duration, adult duration, oviposition days, and fecundity of B. dorsalis with different treatments 62
Table 2. Mean (± SE) of the adult preoviposition period (APOP), total preoviposition period (TPOP), number of female adults (Nf), and population parameters of B. dorsalis reared with different treatments 63
Fig. 1. Mating frequency of female B. dorsalis with different treatments. 64
Fig. 2. Age-stage survival rate (sxj) of B. dorsalis with different treatments. 65
Fig. 3. Age-specific survival rate (lx), age-specific fecundity (mx) and age-specific maternity (lxmx) of B. dorsalis with different treatments. 66
Fig. 4. Age-stage specific life expectancy (exj) of B. dorsalis with different treatments. 67
Fig. 5. Age-stage reproductive value (vxj) of B. dorsalis with different treatments. 6
An Analysis of Effective Soils for Tree Growth in Public Green Spaces
No full textTree root could absorb water and store nutrients, it is the important function to maintain the growth of tree. And the growth of root is closely related with the soil conditions because soil could provide water, nutrients, air and other essential substances, while provide space for root to grow. This thesis calls the soil that allow tree root grow better is 'effective soil.'
Management of trees in public space is important to maintain environmental quality and public safety. Invalid soil could cause the negative growth of root, and let the growth potential decline, thus increasing the possibility of falling. Therefore, to management of trees, the effectiveness of the soil in public green space is an important issue.
In this experiment, we use food coloring Brilliant Blue FCF to detect effective soil of public space. After pouring dye, we dug and observe distribution of dye between soil poles and how did roots grow in potholes. Used Yamanaka's soil hardness tester to detect the soil hardness then analyzed soil texture. We could clearly observe the flow path of dye between soil pores by using this dye. So we think that this method is a quickly and convenient way to detect effective soil. The experiment hold in three places, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung park and National Museum of Natural Science, and respectively test six points in each place. After experimenting, we found that average depth in National Chung Hsing University of six points is 13 cm; the average depth in Taichung park is16 cms ; and the average depth in National Museum of Natural Science is 21 cm.
To summarize experiments observation and data, cone index will make the soil density becomes higher because of outside exerting pressure, thus hardly to permeate. Regardless of what soil texture, it is hard to bring water to the bottom of soil if there is no continuity soil porosity. When the surface of soil pore is because of smaller space and it is hard to penetrate by gravity, it will diffuse by capillary water. Moreover, we discovered the deeper, the hard of soil. Speculated that soil public sites because early construction, mechanical rolling deep soil, resulting in increased hardness of deep soil.樹木的根系具有吸收水分、儲存養分等功能，是維持樹木生長的重要機能，又根系的生長與土壤的條件息息相關，土壤可以提供水分、養分及空氣等重要物質，同時亦提供根系生長的空間，能夠促使樹勢發育更良好的土壤稱為「有效土壤」。
管理公共空間的樹木是維護環境品質與公共安全的重要工作，無效土壤可能造成樹木根系生長不良，導致樹勢衰落，進而徒增樹木倒伏的可能性，因此公共綠地的土壤有效性是綠化管理的重要課題。
本試驗利用下列方法進行土壤有效性調查，使用染劑檢測公共空間之有效土壤，染色後挖坑，觀察到染劑水在土壤孔隙間的流動路徑，以中式硬度計檢測土壤斷坑後分析土壤質地以及根系於斷坑的生長情形，此試驗方法具可視性之檢驗有效土壤之方法。本試驗共於三處公共空間進行，分別為國立中興大學、台中公園、國立自然科學博物館，各試驗六個點位，染色試驗後發現中興大學的六個點位染色平均深度為13cm；台中公園的六個點位染色平均深度為16cm；國立自然科學博物館六個點位染色平均深度為21cm。
總結試驗觀察及數據得知，土壤硬度會因為外力的施壓而使得土壤密度變高，難以透水，不論土壤質地為何，土壤孔隙間沒有連續性孔隙將難以使水分帶到土壤底層，當土壤的表層孔隙因為空間變小而難以靠重力水向下時，將由毛細管水左右擴散。另外發現土壤的剖面，出現土壤越深，硬度越高的現象，推測公共地盤的土壤因為早期的施工，機械輾壓深層土壤，造成深處的土壤硬度增加。目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與目的 1
第二節 研究內容與流程 3
第二章 文獻回顧 5
第一節 土壤的物理特性概述 5
一、 土壤的簡介 6
二、 土壤的組成與樹木生長關係 7
第二節 土壤環境與樹木生長之影響 15
一、土壤壓實對樹木影響 16
二、土壤積水和植物的影響 22
三、氧氣濃度對根的生長氧氣濃度低對根系影響22
第三節 觀察土壤物理性之方法測量與關係應用文獻24
一、土壤透水觀察法 25
二、土壤密實調查方法 26
三、土壤?度測量計 26
四、土壤硬度 27
五、室內環境模擬作物與水的關係 27
六、利用染色水的滲透性檢測土壤內水分流動的關係研究 28
第三章 研究內容 30
第一節 預備試驗流程與方法 31
一、不同土壤質地與排水材試驗 32 二、預備試驗公共綠地之有效土壤深度分佈 37 三、預備試驗之染色時間結果42
四、預備試驗調查方式之檢討 44
第二節 試驗流程與方法 46
一、 試驗公共綠地之有效土壤深度分佈 48
第三節 研究限制 60
第四章 研究結果與討論 61
第一節 國立中興大學公共綠地有效土壤試驗結果與討論 61
一、 中興大學試驗點位63
二、 中興大學有效土壤染色試驗土壤剖面結果65
三、 中興大學土壤剖面染色深度及土壤硬度結果69
第二節 台中公園公共綠地有效土壤試驗結果與討論 89
一、台中公園試驗點位 89
二、台中公園有效土壤染色試驗土壤剖面結果 91
三、台中公園土壤剖面染色深度及土壤硬度結果 98
第三節 國立自然科學博物館公共綠地有效土壤試驗結果與討論 117
一、國立自然科學博物館試驗點位 117
二、 國立自然科學博物館有效土壤染色試驗土壤剖面結果 119
三、 國立自然科學博物館土壤剖面染色深度及土壤硬度結果 126
第五章 結論與建議 149
第一節 結論 149
第二節 建議 149
參考文獻(References) 156
附錄 16