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Effects of Plant Growth Regulator on Seedlessness and Fruit Quality in Oval Kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle)
No full textThe purpose of this research was to clarify the morphological change in flowering and fruiting, to produce seedlessness fruits by using plant growth regulators, and to improve fruit quality of seedlessness fruits in oval kumquat.Flowering and fruiting of kumquat in normal season (summer fruit) and off season (winter fruit) were found flower bud size, pollen size, pollen viability and germination were not difference. However the percentage of fruit set and fruit quality were similar in both two seasons.Seedlessness fruit could be induced by 120-480 ppm streptomycin sulfate treatment on the 7th day before flowering in both seasons. It was found that seed number per fruit of treated fruits was less than the untreated control and the percentage of seedless fruit was above 70%. Seedlessness was increased apparently along with high streptomycin sulfate concentration. The percentage of seedless fruits increased apparently along with high streptomycin sulfate concentrations and found abnormal seed was higher than untreated control. In addition, streptomycin sulfate treatments induced smaller fruit size in 10-13%. Effects of streptomycin sulfate was found that increasing abnormal pollen tube which appeared wavy wall and swelling. Accompaniments, pollen germination percentage was lower and pollen tube was shorter as compared with control. When seedlessness fruits treated with GA3 20 ppm or CPPU 10 ppm on the 7th day after flowering, it was found that GA3 improved the percentage of seedless in 14–18% in normal season. GA3 and CPPU increased empty seed more than 1 seed in both season and increased the fruit weight in 35-38% in both seasons. CPPU improved the percentage of seedless in 6% in off season and increased the fruit weight in 43-45% in both seasons. GA3 and CPPU improved mesocarp cell of peel. GA3 enhanced higher TSS and lower titrable acidity than CPPU and untreated control in both season.本研究目的為探討長實金柑開花與結實的形態變化，並利用植物生長調節劑誘導果實的無子化及促進無子果實的品質。由調查正常產期(夏果)及非正常產期(冬果)開花及結實之結果發現，兩者的單株花蕾數、花蕾的大小、花粉大小、花粉活力及花粉發芽均無不同，該兩產期之座果率及果實品質亦相近。鏈黴素(streptomycin sulfate)在兩產期滿花前7日處理花蕾均可誘導形成無子果實，其果實的種子數較無處理者少且無子果率可達70%以上，提高鏈黴素濃度可使無子率增加，但是會促使無子果實小10~13%。鏈黴素處理後會使花粉管畸形化而呈波浪狀的膨大，其花粉萌芽率較無處理的對照組低且花粉管較短。以鏈黴素處理而形成的無子果實在滿花後7日，再以GA3 20ppm或CPPU10ppm處理後，發現GA3處理會使正產期的無子率增加14~18%，並促使兩產期的無子果重增加35~38%，CPPU處理會使非正產期的無子率增加6%，並促使兩產期的無子果重增加43~45%。GA3在兩產期處理後，其果實的可溶性固形物較CPPU處理者及無處理對照高，可滴定酸則較低。Contents
Page
Summary i
Chinese Summary ii
Content iii
List of Tables v
List of Figures vii
List of Appendix viii
Introduction 1
Literature review 3
Chapter I Flowering and fruiting of oval kumquat in normal season and off season 12
Summary 12
Introduction 13
Materials and methods 14 Results 17
Discussion 23
Chapter II Effects of streptomycin sulfate on seedlessness in oval kumquat 25
Summary 25
Introduction 26
Materials and methods 27 Results 29
Discussion 37
Chapter III Effects of Effect of streptomycin sulfate on pollination in
oval kumquat 39
Summary 39
Introduction 40
Materials and methods 41
Results 43
Discussion 47
Chapter IV Effects of plant growth regulator on quality of seedlessness
fruit in oval kumquat 48
Summary 48
Introduction 49
Materials and methods 50
Results 52
Discussion 64
General Discussion 65
References 69
Appendix 8
Studies on Flower Bud Abscission and Physiological Fruit Drop in Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangense Merr. et Perry)
No full textWax apple flower buds showed a tendency in breaking from outside to inside canopy and upper to lower layer of canopy. The higher flower bud abscission percentage was in lower and inside canopy than that occurred in other positions. The highest percentage of flower bud weekly abscission in the 2nd~3rd week after bud break; and the highest percentage of physiological fruit drop were found in the 2nd week after full bloom. Therefore, flower buds or young fruit on the top of inflorescence or fruit cluster were not easily drop than that on middle and basal positions.
When the rachis of inflorescence or fruit cluster were shorter and thicker, the abscission percentage of flower bud and physiological fruit drop showed lower, because of the detached force between rachis and flower bud or fruit became higher. In addition, lower percentage of flower bud abscission and physiological fruit drop was found in leafy bearing shoot.
The higher percentage of flower bud abscission and physiological fruit drop was found in the tree with strong vigor, because of the inflorescence of larger amount of first flushing after budbreak and second flushing after full bloom. The flower bud abscission percentage in off season (budbreak in July~September) was higher than normal season (budbreak in January~April). Whereas, the physiological fruit drop percentage in normal was higher than off season.
The following condition caused serious flower bud abscission and physiological fruit drop；which included heavy pruning before bud forcing, tight shading of net, heavy pruning before budbreak, non-thinning out of new shoot and inflorescence and high concentration of bud forcing breaker (Sumithion). Therefore, the following technique could reduce flower bud abscission or physiological fruit drop effectively；which included light pruning before bud forcing, loosen the shading net, choose other bud forcing breaker of chlorpyrifos in 40.8% , light pruning after budbreak；removed all new shoots and half number of inflorescence cluster one week after budbreak；girdling on one week before bud forcing and one week before full bloom, spray NAA 15ppm and Promalin 2,000x in one week after budbreak and one week before full bloom.蓮霧花芽萌發具有由樹冠外部向內部及樹冠上層至下層之趨勢，樹冠下層內部花穗之落蕾率較其他位置高。萌芽後第2~3週為落蕾高峰期，盛花後第2週則為生理落果高峰期；花穗及果穗上頂部之花蕾或幼果，較中段及基部不易脫落。花穗及果穗之穗軸較短或較粗時，其花蕾或幼果與穗軸之結合緊密，拉力較強，不易於早期脫落。花穗或果穗上無葉者，其落蕾及生理落果率均較有葉者為高。
樹勢強者較樹勢弱者具有高落蕾率及生理落果率，此與萌芽後的第一次新梢量及盛花後的第二次新梢量有關。採產期調節管理者(花芽萌發期為7~9月)之落蕾率較正常產期(花芽於1~4月萌發)為高；至於生理落果率則以正常產期較產期調節為高。
利用栽培管理及化學物質可降低落蕾率及生理落果率，遮光前輕剪可改變抽梢率，並改變花穗著生以帶葉頂芽為主之趨勢，降低主幹或主枝等無葉花穗或果穗之落蕾及生理落果。調整遮光網固定方式，可減緩枝葉受損及抽梢量，降低落蕾及生理落果；催芽後第3週，採弱剪可減少抽梢量，並使落蕾減少。另於花芽萌芽後3週，剪除新梢並摘除1/2花穗，或於催芽前1週樹幹基部環刻，均可有效降低落蕾率。另於盛花前1週，樹幹基環刻，則有效降低生理落果率。以40.8%陶斯松，取代速滅松作為催芽劑，可減少低落葉及抽梢，降低落蕾率及生理落果率。另於萌芽後1週內及盛花前1週分別噴施NAA 15ppm 或Promalin 2,000倍，可分別降低落蕾率及生理落果率。目 次
中文摘要……………………………………………………………….......i
英文摘要………………………………………………………………......ii
緒言……………………………………………………………………......1
前人研究…………………………………………………..........................3
第一章 蓮霧落蕾及生理落果之現象………………………………........10
摘要………………………………………………………………….10
前言………………………………………………………………….11
材料與方法………………………………………………………….12
結果………………………………………………………………….17
討論…………………………………………………………….........31
第二章 蓮霧落蕾及生理落果之生理變化…………………………........34
摘要………………………………………………………………….34
前言………………………………………………………………….35
材料與方法………………………………………………………….36
結果………………………………………………………………….41
討論………………………………………………………………….64
第三章 栽培管理對蓮霧落蕾及生理落果之影響……………………...69
摘要………………………………………………………………….69
前言………………………………………………………………….70
材料與方法………………………………………………………….71
結果………………………………………………………………….74
討論………………………………………………………………….83
第四章 化學物質處理對蓮霧落蕾及生理落果之影響………………....86
摘要………………………………………………………………….86
前言………………………………………………………………….87
材料與方法………………………………………………………….89
結果………………………………………………………………….91
討論…………………………………………………………… ……98
綜合討論………………………………………………………………...100
參考文獻………………………………………………………………...108
附錄……………………………………………………………. ….116
表目次
表1. 粉紅種蓮霧不同位置芽體之萌發及落蕾…………………….18
表2. 粉紅種蓮霧花穗上不同位置花蕾之脫落率及脫落時間…….24
表3. 粉紅種蓮霧果穗上不同位置幼果之脫落率及脫落時間…….30
表4. 粉紅種蓮霧不同樹勢之園藝性狀…………………………….37表5. 粉紅種蓮霧不同樹勢之抽梢、落蕾及生理落果…………….43
表6. 粉紅種蓮霧不同長度穗軸小花梗之拉力及其落蕾………….60
表7. 粉紅種蓮霧不同橫徑花穗拉力及其落蕾……………….……61
表8. 粉紅種蓮霧不同長度穗軸之拉力及其生理落果…………….62表9. 粉紅種蓮霧不同穗軸橫徑之拉力及其生理落果…………….63
表10. 覆網遮光前之枝梢修剪對粉紅種蓮霧抽梢率、花穗數、落蕾率及生理落果率之影響…………………………...……...75
表11.覆網遮光方式對粉紅種蓮霧落葉數、花蕾數、抽梢數及落蕾
率、著果穗數及生理落果率之影響………………………...……...77
表12.催芽後之新梢打頂對粉紅種蓮霧花穗數及抽梢率、落蕾率、
著果穗數及生理落果率之影響…………………………………......78
表13.不同樹勢之粉紅種除梢及疏蕾對落蕾之影響………….…...80
表14.不同催芽劑對粉紅種蓮霧落葉數、抽梢率、花穗數、落蕾率
、著果數及落果率之影響………………………………….........92
表15.不同植物生長調節劑對粉紅種蓮霧落蕾之影響…………....93
表16.不同植物生長調節劑對粉紅種蓮霧生理落果之影響..……..96
圖目次
圖 1.粉紅種蓮霧樹冠位置之區分………………………….……......14
圖 2.花穗內不同位置花蕾……………………………………….…..15
圖 3.果穗上不同位置之幼果…………..………………………….....16
圖 4.粉紅種蓮霧萌芽後花穗之發育………………………………...19
圖 5.粉紅種蓮霧萌芽後花穗上不同位置花蕾之蕾徑變化………...20
圖 6.粉紅種蓮霧於萌芽後落蕾之變化……………………………...22
圖 7.粉紅種蓮霧於萌芽後週落蕾之變化…………………………...23
圖 8.粉紅種蓮霧盛花後不同位置幼果之果徑變化………………...25
圖 9.粉紅種蓮霧之生理落果.………….………………………….....27
圖10.粉紅種蓮霧於盛花後生理落果之變化……………………….28
圖11.粉紅種蓮霧於盛花後週生理落果之變化…………………….29
圖12.不同樹勢之粉紅種蓮霧樹之落蕾…………………………….42
圖13.不同樹勢粉紅種蓮霧之生理落果…...………………………..44
圖14.粉紅種蓮霧在不同產期之落蕾變化………………………….45
圖15.粉紅種蓮霧在不同產期之生理落果變化…………………….47
圖16.粉紅種蓮霧不同萌芽月份之落蕾…………………………….48
圖17.粉紅種蓮霧不同開花月份之生理落果……………………….49
圖18.不同花穗數粉紅種蓮霧之落蕾……………………………….50
圖19.不同果穗數粉紅種蓮霧之生理落果………………………….51
圖20.粉紅種蓮霧催芽後不同一次梢量之落蕾…………………….53
圖21.粉紅種蓮霧盛花後不同二次梢量之生理落果……………….54
圖22.粉紅種蓮霧花穗帶葉與否及不同位置花蕾之落蕾………….55
圖23.粉紅種蓮霧果穗帶葉與否及不同位置果實之生理落果…….56
圖24.粉紅種蓮霧萌芽後2週之花梗縱切面……………….……....58
圖25.粉紅種蓮霧盛花後2週之果梗縱切面……………………….59
圖26.樹幹環剝對粉紅種蓮霧落蕾之影響………………………….81
圖27.樹幹環剝對粉紅種蓮霧生理落果之影響…………………….82
圖28.粉紅種蓮霧萌芽後1週噴施植物生長調節劑後之落蕾及穗
梗拉力變化………...…………………………………………..95
圖29.粉紅種蓮霧盛花前1週噴施植物生長調節劑後之生理落果
及果梗拉力變化…….................................................................97
附錄目次
附錄1.屏東蓮霧果園試驗期間之氣象資料....................................116
附錄2.試驗期間之果園管理............................................................117
附錄3不同樹勢之粉紅種蓮霧樹....................................................118
附錄4.粉紅種蓮霧不同覆網方式............................................
利用震動訊號及自然電位特性探討崩塌破壞
No full text台灣常發生極端降雨事件，常造成為山坡地崩塌災害。在坡地崩塌災害發生前，地層內部會有所變動，導致自然電場變化，必產生震動訊號。故本研究為了驗證此現象，利用室內邊坡模型試驗進行邊坡崩塌破壞行為探討，且利用地下水上升及降雨控制變因，觀察試驗期間之自然電位變化與震動訊號特性。研究結果發現，自然電位法能反應地下水流動。在邊坡模型連續破壞過程中，可與自然電位及震動訊號對應上崩塌歷程。本研究目標為判斷此訊號是否能應用於邊坡崩塌(滑動)破壞前之警訊，或者建立一套新的量測方式，為邊坡崩塌監測及預警，提供一條新的途徑。It often occurs extreme rainfall that causes more landslide disasters in Taiwan. Before landslide happen, there will be changed in internal stratigraphic that cause self-potential changing and generate seismic signal. Therefore, this study in order to verify the situation, and indoor slope model test conducted landslide test, and use control factor of rising groundwater and rainfall to observe self-potential changing and seismic signal during the test. The research results showed self-potential can reaction groundwater flow. In a continuous landslide process, it may correspond with the self-potential and seismic signal on the process. The research goal is determined whether the signals can be applied landslide warning before it destroyed, or it creates a new way to measure. It provides a new way for landslide monitoring and early warning.摘要 I
Abstract II
圖目錄 V
表目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
一、研究動機與目的 1
二、研究內容 2
三、研究流程 3
四、研究架構 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
一、自然電位相關文獻 5
二、震動訊號相關文獻 8
三、室內砂箱模型試驗之相關文獻 9
第三章 研究方法與材料 10
一、室內邊坡崩塌物理模型試驗 10
(一)室內試驗室 10
(二)測量儀器 15
二、試驗模型和儀器佈設 19
三、試驗材料 23
四、試驗流程 25
五、Visual Signal程式簡介 27
第四章 結果與討論 28
一、模擬人工降雨12小時之結果 28
二、不同水文因子探討 31
三、探討自然電位法與震動訊號之研究結果 64
第五章 結論 75
第六章 建議 77
參考文獻 7
Characterization of B-chromosome variants in maize
No full textB染色體可能在自然條件下發生結構變化，本研究所分析的2種玉米變異B染色體，分別稱為Bta與Btb染色體。以傳統細胞遺傳學觀察發現Bta染色體的形態與B染色體相似，唯遠端異染色質1 (distal heterochromatin 1, DH1)較小；Btb染色體較B染色體短小，沒有明顯的短臂和遠端常染色質(distal euchromatin, DE)，且長臂上僅具有2個DH結構。有絲分裂時期的染色體行為觀察說明2個變異B染色體的中節功能均正常。鑑定帶有單價Bta或Btb染色體的植株與L289自交系正反交產生的子代，發現Bta染色體仍保留B染色體在小孢子裡的精核第2次有絲分裂不分離的特性；Btb染色體則缺少此特性。利用3個B染色體專一序列與5個逆轉位子做為螢光原位雜合探針，結果顯示Bta染色體僅Prem-2和Tekay 2個逆轉位子序列的分佈與B染色體不同，而各序列在Btb染色體上皆集中分佈於末端的2個DH。此外，透過7個B染色體專一分子標誌的分析，發現Bta染色體皆具有此7個分子標誌，而Btb染色體缺少位於B染色體上DH2和DH4的分子標誌。本研究依據各試驗結果推論Bta與Btb染色體可能的演變過程。玉米r-X1缺失為1個位於第10對染色體長臂的中間缺失，可使A染色體發生不分離或造成染色體的部分缺失。為了解r-X1缺失對B染色體的影響，以同時帶有r-X1缺失和2個B染色體的玉米植株為母本，與不帶B染色體的植株雜交，鑑定其子代發現3種因r-X1缺失所產生的B染色體衍生物，証實r-X1缺失也可能使B染色體發生形態變化。Under natural conditions, structural variations of B-chromosomes might be arised. The two maize B-chromosome variants, the main marterials in this study, were designated as Bta and Bta chromosomes, respectively. By using conventional cytogenetic observation, the appearance of the Bta chromosome was similar to that of the B chromosome, but it had a slight distal heterochromatin 1. The Btb chromosome, with no obvious short arm and distal euchromatin, was smaller than the B-chromosome, and it contained only two DH regions. Observations of chromosome behavior during mitosis demonstrated that the centromeres of both Bta and Btb chromosomes were funtional. Identification of progenies, which were generated from reciprocal crosses between plants with univalent Bta or Btb chromosome and L289 inbred, revealed that the Bta chromosome retained nondisjunction at the second pollen mitosis, but the Btb chromosome lost the property. By using three B-chromosome specific sequences and five retrotransposons as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes, revealed that only Prem-2 and Tekay displayed different distributions between Bta and B chromosomes. All FISH signals were mainly distributed at the two terminal DH regions of the Btb chromosome. Forthermore, by seven B-chromosome specific molecular markers, all markers were observed on the Bta chromosome, but markers located in DH2 and DH4 were lost on the Btb chromosome. According to the results in this study, the evolution processes of Bta and Btb chromosomes were deduced. The r-X1 deletion in maize is an interstitial deficiency located on the long arm of chromosome 10. It can induced nondisjuction or partial loss of A-chromosomes. To understand the effects of the r-X1 deletion on the B-chromosome, plants carrying the r-X1 deletion and two B-chromosomes were used as pistillate parents to cross plants with no B-chromosome. Identification of the resulting progenies, three B-chromosome variants were found. This result indicated that the r-X1 deletion also can cause structural variation of the B-chromosome.摘要..............................i
Abstract……………………………………………………………….ii
表目次……………………………………………………………….vii
圖目次………………………………………………………………viii
第一章、 前言……………………………………………………...1
第二章、 前人研究………………………………………………...2
一、 B染色體概述………………………………………………2
二、 玉米B染色體概述………………………………………...2
(一) 發現與分佈………………………………………….2
(二) 細胞學結構與組成…………………………………3
(三) 數量累積與外表型的關係…………………………3
三、 玉米B染色體的遺傳特性………………………………..4
(一) 小孢子裡的精核第2次有絲分裂不分離…………………………………………………4
(二) 優先受精…………………………………………….5
(三) 單價B染色體傾向保留於子代……………………6
四、 玉米B染色體的分子結構………………………………..6
(一) B染色體與A染色體同源的序列………………….7
(二) B染色體專一序列………………………………….8
1. B染色體中節的專一序列ZmBs…………………....8
2. B染色體異染色質區的CL-repeat………………….9
3. StarkB的發現與分析…………………………..10
五、 變異B染色體的發現…………………………………….10
六、 玉米r-X1缺失系統的特性………………………………12
第三章、 材料與方法……………………………………………….14
一、 玉米材料………………………………………………….14
二、 傳統細胞學遺傳觀察………………………………15
(一) 根尖有絲分裂中期染色體鑑定…………………15
(二) 根尖細胞有絲分裂觀察…………………………15
(三) 花粉母細胞減數分裂粗絲期的染色體觀察……15
三、 玉米基因組DNA萃取…………………………………..16
四、 螢光原位雜合技術………………………………………17
(一) 玉米根尖細胞有絲分裂染色體製備……………17
(二) 玉米花粉母細胞減數分裂粗絲期染色體製備…17
(三) 探針的製備流程…………………………………18
(四) 探針雜合反應……………………………………19
(五) 非專一性探針的去除與螢光抗體的訊號偵測…20
五、 聚合酶鏈鎖反應…………………………………………20
六、 瓊脂醣凝膠的配製與電泳分析………………………21
第四章、 結果……………………………………………………….22
一、 帶有變異B染色體的植株形態觀察……………………22
二、 傳統細胞遺傳學觀察…………………………………22
(一) 有絲分裂中期變異B染色體之形態……………..23
(二) 減數分裂粗絲期變異B染色體之形態…………..23
三、 變異B染色體有絲分裂過程觀察………………………24
四、 變異B染色體的遺傳行為鑑定…………………………24
五、 螢光原位雜合分析………………………………………25
(一) 玉米根尖有絲分裂中期變異B染色體的分析….26
(二) 玉米減數分裂粗絲期變異B染色體的分析…….26
六、 B染色體專一分子標誌分析…………………………….27
七、 r-X1缺失系統的根尖鑑定………………………………28
第五章、 討論……………………………………………………….30
一、 Bta與Btb染色體的結構變化…………………………….30
二、 Bta和Btb染色體的傳遞………………………………….31
三、 Btb染色體與植株外表型的關係………………………..33
四、 Bta和Btb染色體形態變化的推衍……………….33
五、 r-X1缺失系統造成B染色體的變異……………………35
第六章、 參考文獻………………………………………………….3
Aeroponic production of Wasabia japonica Matsum in artificial lighting facility
No full text山葵(Wasabia japonica Matsum)為十字花科之多年生草本耐陰植物，對環境需求較特殊，因此大面積田間生產受限，無法供應市場需求導致價格偏高，高經濟價值的山葵極具潛力利用設施進行大量商業生產。本研究主要建立山葵於設施內栽培最適生長條件，使用台農一號山葵組培苗於不同光量下馴化，測定葉綠素與過氧化氫含量，並進行葉綠素螢光分析作為光合作用活性，尋找最適馴化光量，也進行光反應曲線獲得最適栽培之二氧化碳濃度與光量，並將山葵各部位分別收穫，分析葉片、葉柄、根莖、根部與側芽之產量，並分析山葵各部位黑芥子素與異硫氰酸烯丙酯之含量，評估設施內山葵生產的經濟效益。根據葉綠素、過氧化氫含量與葉綠素螢光分析支持幼苗馴化以光量400 μmol m-2 s-1以下較佳；另外根據光反應曲線，葉綠素螢光特性及生育地光環境，山葵可適合生長於二氧化碳濃度800 ppm，及光量228 ~ 400 μmol m-2 s-1的控制環境中。山葵在此生長環境下以氣霧耕栽培14個月，平均每個月單株可生產174 g鮮重葉片、420 g鮮重葉柄、105 g鮮重根、74 g鮮重根莖以及9 g鮮重側芽，其中葉片為每公克鮮重含0.37 g黑芥子素，葉柄為每公克鮮重含0.25 g黑芥子素，根部為每公克鮮重含0.23 g黑芥子素，根莖為每公克鮮重含1.71 g黑芥子素，側芽為每公克鮮重含0.95 g黑芥子素，14個月所測得的異硫氰酸烯丙酯以根莖每公斤鮮重含2174 mg最高，雖然山葵根莖為主要利用部位，但葉片與葉柄占全株約75% 鮮重，可考慮利用葉片葉柄，提升利用效率。Wasabi (Wasabia japonica Matsum) is a perennial shade-tolerant plant of the Cruciferae, and difficult to grow because of its unique environmental requirements, which limit wasabi production in the world. The limited area suitable for wasabi production has resulted in inability to meet increasing market demand and prices rise steadily. High prices have stimulated research into other production systems and currently controlled environment provides the potential opportunities for high-value wasabi production on a commercial scale. In this study, plants were grown in fully controlled plant factory with aeroponic culture. The responses of photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll and H2O2 in leaf were investigated in a changing light and CO2 enviroment during vegetative stages. The plants of different growth stages were harvested monthly and divided into leaf, petiole, root, rhizome, and axillary bud. The yields of different plant parts, contents of sinigrin and allyl isothiocyanate in each part were measured. The results of chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll and H2O2 concentration indicated that light intensity below 400 μmol m-2 s-1 was more suitable for the acclimatization of young wasabi plants. Light-carbon dioxide response curves, characteristic of chlorophyll fluorescence, and light intensity data of natural-grown habitat supported that wasabi plants grow normally under 250 to 400 μmol m-2 s-1 and 800 ppm CO2 condition. Wasabi plants grown under this controlled facility produced 174 g FW leaf, 420 g FW petiole, 105 g FW root, 74 g FW rhizome, and 9 g FW axillary bud in average per month during 14-month-old plant. The tissue concentration of sinigrin was found in leaf (0.37 mg g-1 FW), petiole (0.25 mg g-1 FW), root (0.23 mg g-1 FW), rhizome (1.71 mg g-1 FW), and axillary bud (0.95 mg g-1 FW). The highest tissue concentration of allyl isothiocyanate was found in the rhziomes, in average 2174 mg kg-1 (fresh weight basis). Although the rhizome is the most valuable part of plant, other parts such as the leaves and petioles, which have some of pungent taste, are also used.摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
表目錄 IV
圖目錄 V
前言 1
前人研究 4
材料與方法 17
結果 30
討論 69
參考文獻 8
Analysis of Trade Patterns and Duration: Evidence from Food Industries between the OECD Countries
No full textOECD國家是食品之主要進口與消費國家。食品是高度動態貿易的商品，但OECD國家之間食品的貿易型態卻很少有深入探究。過去貿易與存活期間的研究大都主張差異化產品具有較長的存續時間。本文針對OECD國家間食品貿易型態關係進行存活估計，探討不同食品之間存續狀況是否存在差異。並且利用存活率模型（Cox比例風險模型）從產業別驗證消費面對貿易型態存活率的影響。本文研究發現，消費面顯著驅動水平食品產業內貿易對貿易存續穩定的重要經濟含意。近年來各地區積極在進行著區域經濟整合，勢必會促進區域內食品價值供應鏈的整合。因此，在食品政策含意上，本文認為應促進食品產業水平產業內貿易之深化，才不會因傳統比較利益的貿易而造成劇烈就業調整而導致食品產業在全球供應價值鏈中發生存續的不穩定性。By using survival analysis, this study explores the duration of intra-industry trade patterns in the food industries of OECD countries. The food industry is highly dynamic and OECD countries are major importers and consumers of food. However, exploration into the dynamic trade patterns in the food industries of OECD countries is scarce. Most previous studies of trade and survival duration suggest that differentiated products have relatively long survival duration. This study conducts a survival rates on food trade patterns among OECD countries and explores whether different survival conditions exist in different food industries. By applying the survival determinants (Cox proportional hazards model), this study examines the effects and economic significance of consumption on the survival rate of various trade patterns at the industry level. This study finds an important policy implication that the stability of horizontal intra industry trade on the survival duration is driven by consumption in food industry of OECD countries. Recently, there has been significant regional economic integration worldwide, as reflected in the integration of the regional food supply chain. Therefore, this study suggests that policies that support horizontal intra-industry trade within the food industry should be pursued to avoid instability in the duration of trade and in the global supply chain, as caused by the severe employment adjustments associated with traditional comparative advantage.中文摘要 i
Abstract ii
Table of Contents iii
List of Figure and Table iv
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Background and Motivation 1
1.2. Objectives 4
1.3. Research Method and Thesis Framework 5
Chapter 2. Literature Review 7
2.1. Theoretical Framework of Trade Patterns 7
2.2. Empirical Reference in Intra-industry Trade of Agrofood Products 9
2.3. Empirical Study of International Trade with Survival Analysis 10
Chapter 3. Methodology 13
3.1 Data 13
3.2 Horizontal Intra-industry Trade Classification 14
3.3 Analysis of Survival Curves 16
3.3.1. Types of censoring 16
3.3.2. Kaplan-Meier Estimator 17
3.3.3. Log Rank Test 18
3.3.4. Comparison of the Survival Curves with the Empirical Results 18
3.4 Cox Regression Model 23
3.5 Explanatory Variables 25
Chapter 4. Empirical Results and Analysis 27
4.1. Empirical Results of the HIIT Cox Regression Model 28
4.2. Empirical Results of the Cox Regression by Industrial-Level 30
Chapter 5. Conclusions and Policy Suggestions 33
Reference 3
The Online Word-Of-Mouth of Travelers from Mainland China to Taiwan
No full text本研究旨在探討陸客來臺旅遊之網路口碑，瞭解陸客在旅遊景點體驗後之感受，並探討陸客在選擇臺灣旅遊景點決策時的關鍵因素。本文係以大陸遊客來臺五大熱門旅遊景點日月潭、阿里山、九份、野柳及墾丁為研究地點，利用網路檢索及探勘技術於三大大陸旅遊社群網站「螞蟻窩」、「磨坊」、「新浪」中大量蒐集陸客於2010年至2015年至各臺灣旅遊景點分享之文章，蒐集篇數約1,500篇，篩選不適合樣本後，有效樣本約1,100篇，再進一步依據文獻分析出網路口碑之特性及構面，其六大構面分別為「食宿品質」、「旅遊成本」、「交通工具」、「自然環境」、「行程」、「文化資產」等，再進行探討後，依此歸納出陸客至五大熱門旅遊景點之重視項目為構面細項，形成口碑項目，再利用EXCEL之套件XLSTAT軟體進行資料處理，最後透過對應分析定位圖與各變項間的接近度和距離說明景點與口碑項目不同強度的對應關係。利用不同項目、分析目標，探討陸客至熱門旅遊景點後之感受與評價並且做出歸納。
研究結果顯示陸客對於五大熱門景點，首重構面是「自然環境」，其次為「行程」，而「旅遊成本」構面則是陸客越來越不重視的項目。且陸客在不同年度來臺五大熱門景點旅遊滿意度有正面的成長，至2015年皆達到8成以上的滿意度。
本文依據實證結果對於陸客來臺五大熱門景點提出實質建議，對於業者及管理者而言，本研究提供具有客觀及便利性之分析，實務上可運用於業者與管理者編制未來營運計畫時之參考依據。The purpose of this study is to investigate the online word-of-mouth of travelers from Mainland China to Taiwan, and to understand mainland tourists' travel experience after visiting tourist's attraction in Taiwan. Moreover, investigating what the critical factors are when mainland tourists choosing where to visit, is another main object. This research contains the top five locations in Taiwan which are popular among mainland tourists, including Sun Moon Lake, Alishan, Chiufen, Yehliu and Kenting. By using online information retrieval system and data mining technique to collect online articles about mainland tourists' travel experience to Taiwan from China's top three traveling community websites, Mafengwo, Doyouhike and Sina. The collected articles are approximately 1,500 pieces, and there are 1,100 effective samples after screening sample. Furthermore, analyzing the characteristic and facets of the online word-of-mouth according to bibliography , and concludes the six facets as follows: 'the quality of food and lodging', 'the travel costs', 'transportation', 'natural environment', 'itinerary' and 'cultural heritage'. Based on the investigation, generalizing that mainland tourists traveling to the top five attractions attach importance to the facet items, and form word-of-mouth items. After that, using the XLSTAT software to process data, and through the correspondence analysis located picture and the proximity and distance of each variable to explain the corresponding relation between different intensity of attractions and the word-of-mouth items. Finally, by using different items and goal-achievement analysis to investigate how mainland tourists feel and evaluate after traveling these sceneries, and then draw a conclusion.
As far as the top five popular attractions are concerned, the survey results display that mainland tourists attach great importance to 'natural environment', and then is 'itinerary'. Conversely, 'the travel costs' facet is the least heeded one. In addition, in terms of mainland tourists' travel satisfaction, which shows positive growth annually, and till 2015, the satisfaction degrees are all exceed 80%.
According to the survey results, which provide constructive suggestions about mainland tourists traveling to the top five attractions; and as for the operators and managers in tourism industry, the survey supplies an objective and convenient analysis, which can be a reference when organizing future operations plan.目次
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究背景與動機 1
第二節 研究目的 6
第三節 研究步驟與流程 7
第四節 研究範圍 9
第二章 文獻回顧 10
第一節 觀光旅遊滿意度 10
第二節 陸客來臺旅遊動機相關文獻 13
第三節 網路口碑相關文獻 17
第三章 研究方法 20
第一節 網路口碑分析方法 20
第二節 研究架構 22
第三節 資料來源蒐集與分析 24
第四章 研究結果與討論 27
第一節 動態分析 27
第二節 對應分析 45
第五章 結論與建議 75
第一節 結論 75
第二節 建議 77
參考文獻…………………….80
中文…………………………80
英文……………………………8
The impact analysis of fuel usage tax on individual's tourism demand
No full text由於台灣目前政策是以「隨車徵收」燃料稅，依據車子的汽缸排氣量大小來徵收稅額，而「隨油徵收」燃料稅是依據單位用油量來課稅，其較隨車徵收燃料稅的方式公平，符合了使用者付費的精神，因此本研究主要在探索當政府決定實施「隨油徵收」燃料稅政策對個人旅遊需求之影響。
本研究首先會透過了解目前各國徵收燃料稅概況，來比較分析隨油與隨車徵收燃料稅政策差異。接著，透過問卷的方式得到初級資料，來進行問卷結果統計分析，問卷內容主要分成四大部分：第一部分是了解民眾平日交通習慣，例如，平日最常使用交通工具、平均每月交通費支出等；第二部分則是了解民眾平常之旅遊習慣，例如，旅遊時最常使用的交通工具、每月平均國內旅遊次數、平均每次國內旅遊的旅遊費和交通費支出等；第三部分是民眾對隨油徵收燃料稅的看法；最後一部分是個人基本資料。在得到問卷初級資料後，接下來利用統計軟體來進行敘述性統計、交叉表分析、以及區別分析。
研究結果發現，有64%的民眾並不清楚「隨車徵收」燃料稅與「隨油徵收」燃料稅之間的差異，故在此方面希望政府未來若決定要實施隨油徵收燃料稅政策時，必須多加以政策宣導。而假設政府決定實施「隨油徵收」燃料稅政策時，約有77.1%民眾並不會改變平常旅遊所使用的交通工具，且在平均每月國內旅遊次數也以不影響為多數，比例約80.5%。同時約有61.9%的人在假設政策實施時，並不會影響其平均每次國內旅遊汽油燃料費支出，而會減少或增加汽油燃料費支出的比例分別為21.2%與16.9%，由此可知，隨油徵收燃料稅對個人旅遊需求之影響比例約四成左右。
本研究進一步再針對了解「隨車徵收」燃料稅與「隨油徵收」燃料稅之間的差異且知道目前每年繳交燃料稅金額之56個樣本進行區別分析，結果發現同時了解燃料稅徵收方式差異及知道與每年應繳交燃料稅金額之民眾，當政府實施隨油徵收燃料稅時，對其旅遊需求會有顯著之負面影響。因此，燃料稅金額與徵收方式認知為影響個人旅遊交通成本支出之主要因素。摘要......................................................ii
目錄......................................................iv
表目錄.....................................................vi
圖目錄...................................................viii
第一章 緒論.................................................1
第一節 研究動機與目的......................................1
第二節 研究方法與步驟......................................2
第三節 研究範圍與限制......................................4
第二章 台灣與世界主要國家燃料稅徵收現況...........................5
第一節 國內現況...........................................5
第二節 世界主要國家燃料稅徵收現況............................14
第三節 隨油與隨車徵收燃料稅之比較分析........................27
第三章 相關文獻回顧..........................................33
第一節 燃料稅對燃料消費需求之影響............................33
第二節 旅遊交通成本.......................................34
第三節 燃料價格彈性分析....................................37
第四章 研究方法.............................................39
第一節 問卷設計及內容.....................................39
第二節 問卷試訪..........................................41
第三節 問卷結果分析方法....................................42
第五章 研究結果分析..........................................46
第一節 敘述性統計分析.....................................46
第二節 交叉表分析........................................64
第三節 區別分析..........................................82
第六章 結論與建議...........................................95
第一節 結論.............................................95
第二節 建議.............................................96
參考文獻...................................................97
附錄一 調查問卷：隨油徵收燃料稅對個人旅遊需求之影響分析.............9
種蛋自動化檢測系統之研究
No full text本研究主要的目的為以機器視覺對整盤種蛋進行孵化監控，並且選出最佳之照蛋天數以挑出無精蛋、初期中止蛋。研究對象為龍門蛋雞之種蛋。首批實驗探討整盤式照蛋是否能夠得到與單顆照蛋相近的結果，利用黃色LED燈泡作為照蛋光源並將孵化環境控制在溫度
100℉、相對濕度72%。每日以自製燈照模組配合網路攝影機，擷取整盤種蛋底部第1至18天之孵化影像，進行影像處理取得無精蛋、初期中止蛋、出雛蛋之RGB色彩模型，再利用統計方法ROC曲線建立每日之最佳截止點。分析結果顯示R值最快於第6天即可判斷有無受精，而有無發育由於R值差距最大、最容易區分之緣故，選取第9天進行判斷。
第二批實驗一樣以燈照模組配合網路攝影機擷取整盤種蛋底部影像，但使用Image J、ImageInspect兩種軟體進行不同面積之RGB值轉換，再將所得數值加以比對，並以首批實驗最佳截止點所建立之檢量線對第二批實驗進行驗證。結果顯示整盤式照蛋與單顆照蛋具有相似的結果，分析所得之數值在無精蛋、初期中止蛋、出雛蛋上都有明顯的分界，且分析面積之大小不會對所得數值造成影響。謝誌 i
摘要 ii
Abstract iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 viii
表目錄 xi
第一章 前言 1
1.1研究背景 1
1.2研究目的 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1機器視覺運用於種蛋的相關研究 4
2.2運用RGB值判斷種蛋孵化情形的相關研究 10
第三章 理論分析 13
3.1 RGB色彩模型 13
3.2統計方法 15
3.2.1 ROC曲線 15
第四章 實驗設備與方法 18
4.1系統架構 18
4.1.1硬體部份 19
4.1.2軟體部份 23
4.2實驗材料 28
4.3實驗方法 29
4.3.1黃色光源之整盤底部取像 29
4.3.2不同面積之數據分析比較 33
第五章 結果與討論 35
5.1種蛋孵化結果 35
5.1.1 首批實驗孵化結果 35
5.1.2 第二批實驗孵化結果 38
5.2 整盤式照蛋之RGB值分析結果 40
5.2.1首批實驗之RGB值 40
5.2.2第二批實驗之RGB值 43
5.3整盤式照蛋之種蛋判別結果 48
5.3.1首批實驗之種蛋判別結果 48
5.3.2第二批實驗之種蛋判別結果比較 55
5.4檢量線驗證判別結果 61
第六章 結論與建議 62
6.1結論 62
6.2建議 64
第七章 參考文獻 65
附錄種蛋孵化準確率 6
利用 18S rDNA 之 V4 區序列鑑定四種野外矽藻和十四種藻種冷藏保存測試
No full text摘要
矽藻是自然界中種類最多的單細胞藻類，至今約 200 屬 10 萬多種。本實驗室藻種來自墾丁、台中港與澎湖，以 18S ribosomal DNA V4 region (18S rDNA V4 region) 分子鑑定，搭配光學顯微鏡和掃描式電子顯微鏡 ( SEM ) 型態鑑定，至今尚有 4 種矽藻樣本未確定分類，分別為 AQ1、AQ11、AQ15、PNP2。於本研究鑑定結果中，AQ1 為 Nitzschia sp.，但因相似度太低，判斷可能為一新鑑定的藻種，AQ11 為Psammoneis pseudojaponica，AQ15 為 Navicula. lanceolata，PNP2 只能鑑定至 Navicula sp.，另外加上其他十種藻種做 4oC 冷藏保存 (cold storage) 週期測試並分析其蛋白質成分，篩選出以應用於水產養殖業之藻種，此外，再以 AQ1 和 AQ11 進行 f/2 培養基調整與放大培養體積的測試及分析其脂質含量，以應用於未來大規模培養藻種條件。
在 4oC 冷藏保存 (cold storage) 週期測試上，在保存期限之內取出回復原來溫度培養，除了 AQ15 (Navicula lanceolata) 和 TPC5 (Thalassiosira lundiana) ，其餘藻種冷藏一週後皆可看到矽藻回復培養生長，保存週期超過 8 週以上的藻種為 AQ1 (Nitzschia sp.)、TPC14 (Odontella sinensis)、TPC11 (Skeletonema tropicum)，保存週期介於 4-8 週的藻種為 PNP2 (Navicula sp.)、TPC7 (Cyclotella meneghiniana)、TPC8 (Chaetoceros sp.)、TPC10 (Thalassiosira minima)，低於四週的藻種為 TPC13 (Chaetoceros sp.)、AQ15 (Navicula lanceolata)、TPC3 (Rhizosolenia setigera)、AQ11 (Psammoneis pseudojaponica)、TPC5 (Thalassiosira lundiana)、TPC6 (Thalassiosira tenera)。少部分藻種冷藏後會有萎縮的現象，但延長培養時間後可回復原來的大小，再藉冷藏週期測試及分析其蛋白質成分，篩選出適用於水產養殖業之藻種，另外，如果將藻種以冷藏於一個月後回復正常溫度培養一週再放回 4oC 的方式來繼代，可延長保存期限至少1~2 個月。而以 AQ1 和 AQ11 進行f/2培養基調整與放大培養體積的測試結果顯示，其脂質變化量，發現當 AQ1 培養體積放大為 5 倍時，脂質量含量為 2 倍，而同培養基濃度及同培養體積時，AQ11 含脂質量約為 AQ1 之 9.5 倍。Abstract
Diatoms are the majority group of unicellular algae in nature. There are more than 100,000 species and approximately 200 genera so far discovered. Our laboratory collected diatoms and seawater from Kenting, the Port of Taichung and the Penghu islands. Almost all had their 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequence compared in BLAST and an optical microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were also used to observe diatom shell patterns and frustule microstructure for further proof of identification. However, an additional four unclassified diatoms named AQ1, AQ11, AQ15 and PNP2 diatoms where then later classified. In this study, we determined that the Nitzschia genus is the closest in results to AQ1, but there was a newly identified sequence added to the BLAST data base, due to low similarity with existing Nitzschia diatoms, AQ11 was identified as Psammoneis pseudojaponica, AQ15 was identified as Navicula lanceolata, and PNP2 was identified as Navicula sp. They were then added to another 10 diatoms species to test the retention period of cold storage in 4oC. We then analyzed their total protein content to select the diatom species that could be applied in commercial aquaculture. In addition, we also tested f/2 medium adjustments and working volume amplification by using the above mentioned AQ1 and AQ11 and analyzed their total lipid content in order to test for possible future scale up conditions.
In order to culture them after different periods of time in the 4oC cold storage experiment, the diatoms were unfrozen and taken back the original temperatures. After one week of culturing following cold storage, they could all grow normally except for AQ15 and TPC5. For more than eight weeks of cold storage, the diatoms that could still be cultured were AQ1 (Nitzschia sp.), TPC14 (Odontella sinensis), and TPC11 (Skeletonema tropicum); for between 4-8 weeks, the diatoms that could be cultured were PNP2 (Navicula sp.)、TPC7 (Cyclotella meneghiniana), TPC8 (Chaetoceros sp.), and TPC10 (Thalassiosira minima); for less than four weeks, the diatoms that could be cultured were TPC13 (Chaetoceros sp.), AQ15 (Navicula lanceolata), TPC3 (Rhizosolenia setigera), AQ11 (Psammoneis pseudojaponica),TPC5 (Thalassiosira lundiana), and TPC6 (Thalassiosira tenera). According to their retention period in cold storage at 4oC, the total protein content for selected diatom species was analyzed to determine their viable application in commercial aquaculture. Under this subculture method revised, it was estimated that the shelf life of diatoms could be extended for at least one to two months under cold storage conditions (4oC) where the diatoms could be brought back to normal temperatures in order to re-culture them for a week; the f/2 medium adjustment and working volume amplification were also tested by using the above mentioned AQ1 and AQ11, and the results showed that the total lipid content of AQ1 increased 2X when the culture volume was amplified 5X and that the total lipid content of AQ11 was 9.5X more than in AQ1 when in the same culture medium and with the same volume.目錄
摘要..............................................................................................................................i
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………...…ii
目錄……………………………………………………………………………...…..iv
表目次…………………………………………………………………………..…...vi
圖目次…………………………………………………………………………….....vi
第一章 前言…………………………………………………………………………1
1.1. 矽藻簡介……………………………………………………………………1
1.2. 矽藻的保存………………………………………………………………....4
1.3. 矽藻的應用…………………………………………………………………5
1.4. 研究動機與目的 …………………………………………………………..6
第二章 材料與方法…………………………………………………………………7
2.1 實驗材料.......................................................................................................7
2.1.1. 藥品與試劑…………………………………………………………….7
2.1.2. 儀器及裝置…………………………………………………………….8
2.1.3. 培養基配置………………………………………………………….…9
2.1.4. 矽藻來源……………………………………………………………….9
2.2 實驗方法…………………………………………………………………..10
2.2.1. 矽藻的培養……………………………………………………………10
2.2.2. 矽藻密度和大小測量………………………………………………....10
2.2.3. Genomic DNA 抽取……………………………………………………11
2.2.4. DNA 定序………………………………………………………………11
2.2.5. BLAST 序列分析……………………………………………………...12
2.2.6. P-distance……………………………………………………………….12
2.2.7. 矽殼製備……………………………………………………………….12
2.2.8. 場發射掃描式電子顯微鏡觀察 (Field-Emission Scanning Electron
Microscope, FE-SEM)………………………………………………...13
2.2.9. 穿透式電子顯微鏡觀察 (Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM)..14
2.2.10. 冷藏保存實驗 (1):每週取出回復培養………………………………14
2.2.11. 冷藏保存實驗 (2):每月繼代一次……………………………………15
2.2.12. 冷凍乾燥………………………………………………………………15
2.2.13. 脂質含量分析…………………………………………………………15
2.2.14. 蛋白質含量分析………………………………………………………16
iv
2.2.15. 矽藻藻種放大培養及收集……………………………………………16
2.2.16. f/2培養基調整與放大培養體積之測試……………………………...16
第三章 結果…………………………………………………………………………17
3.1 野外分離的矽藻的鑑定……………………………………………………17
3.2 冷藏保存……………………………………………………………………23
3.3 f/2 培養基調整與放大培養體積之測試…………………………………..30
第四章 討論…………………………………………………………………………31
4.1 藻種的鑑定………………………………………………………………...31
4.2 藻種的保存………………………………………………………………...33
4.3 藻種的放大培養…………………………………………………………...34
第五章 結論…………………………………………………………………………35
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………..36
圖表結果……………………………………………………………………………..42
附錄…………………………………………………………………………………..82
v
表目次
表一、18S rDNA BLAST 分析所得最接近物種
表二、 18S rDNA V4 region BLAST 分析所得最接近物種
表三、兩種冷藏保存方法之結果比較
表四、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存超過 8 週之細胞大小變化
表五、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存介於 4-8 週之細胞大小變化
表六、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存低於 4 週之細胞大小變化
表七、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存超過 8 週之細胞乾重變化
表八、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存介於 4-8 週之細胞乾重變化
表九、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存低於 4 週之細胞乾重變化
表十、藻種樣本每月拿出繼代培養冷藏保存超過 6 個月之細胞大小變化
表十二、藻種樣本每月拿出繼代培養冷藏保存介於 3-6 個月之細胞大小變化
表十二、藻種樣本每月拿出繼代培養冷藏保存低於 3 個月之細胞大小變化
表十三、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存超過 6 個月之細胞乾重變化
表十四、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存介於 3-6 個月之細胞乾重變化
表十五、藻種樣本每週回復培養冷藏保存低於 3 個月之細胞乾重變化
表十六、TPC8 (Chaetoceros sp.) 蛋白質含量分析
表十七、TPC14 (Odontella sinensis) 蛋白質含量分析
表十八、f/2 培養基調整與放大培養體積之測試所得細胞數
表十九、f/2 培養基調整與放大培養體積之測試所得細胞乾種
表二十、脂質於細胞乾種中之含量
圖目次
Fig. 1鑑定藻種之 V4 reiogn 及 18S rDNA 之 PCR產物電泳
Fig. 2 AQ1 V4 and 18S rDNA sequence
Fig. 3 AQ11 V4 and 18S rDNA sequence
Fig. 4 AQ15 V4 and 18S rDNA sequence
Fig. 5 PNP2 V4 and 18S rDNA sequence
Fig. 6 四種鑑定矽藻之光學圖
Fig. 7 AQ1 之 SEM 圖
Fig. 8 AQ1 之TEM圖
Fig. 9 AQ11 之 SEM 圖
vi
Fig. 10 AQ11 之 TEM 圖
Fig. 11 AQ15 之 SEM 圖
Fig. 12 AQ15 之 TEM 圖
Fig. 13 PNP2 之 SEM 圖
Fig. 14 PNP2之 TEM圖
Fig. 15 藻種樣本冷藏後每週回復培養及每月拿出繼代放回之細胞數變化
Fig. 16 藻種樣本冷藏後每週回復培養及每月拿出繼代放回之比生長速率變化Fig. 17 藻種樣本冷藏後每週回復培養及每月拿出繼代放回之細胞數與螢光值變化
Fig. 18 AQ1 和 AQ11 在各 f/2 medium 與 5f medium 之 working volume 500 ml及 2500 ml中，比較不同體積不同濃度下，細胞生長曲線之差異
Fig. 19 AQ1 和 AQ11 在各 f/2 medium 與 5f medium 之 working volume 500 ml及 2500 ml中，比較不同體積不同濃度下，培養 15 天後，細胞密度的差異
Fig. 20 AQ1 和 AQ11 在各 f/2 medium 與 5f medium 之 working volume 500 ml及 2500 ml中，比較不同體積不同濃度下，比生長速率的差異。
Vi