63 research outputs found
Strategies to Facilitate the Eradication of the HIV-1 Reservoir
No full textNearly 40 million individuals are currently living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection globally and more than 70 million deaths can be attributed to the pathogen so far. HIV-1 primarily infects CD4 T cells leading to their widespread destruction that eventually manifests as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), characterized by debilitating immune failure that gives rise to opportunistic malignancies resulting in death. Daily lifelong administration of antiretroviral therapy known as HAART is the only treatment for HIV-1 infection and adds several years of life if adherence is maintained; but treatment alone does not cure infection. However, despite HAART therapy, HIV-infected individuals exhibit chronic inflammation that is negatively associated with health outcomes. Additionally, mutations give rise to drug resistant viral strains. Therefore, developing a cure remains a top priority. However, HIV-1 constantly evades the immune response and establishes a persistent lifelong viral reservoir making it challenging to cure. In this thesis, I detail three unique strategies to facilitate eradication of the viral reservoir. Specifically, we demonstrated that HIV-1 Nef blockade enhanced the elimination of latently HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells by peptide-expanded autologous CD8 T cells. Nef blockade has never been tested as means to eradicate HIV-1 and represents a novel approach. We further demonstrated that expanded CD8 T cells more efficiently recognize autologous endogenous virus from CD4 T cells undergoing bryostatin-1-mediated virus reactivation in a “shock and kill” approach. Lastly, we discovered that bnAb recognition of HIV-1 envelopes on the surface of infected cells is highly variable and particularly the V1/V2 targeting bnAbs were capable of not only recognition of targets but of induction of antibody-mediated elimination of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells. All experiments presented here were conducted on primary human cells for physiological relevance and in order to capture the ability of ex vivo immune cells to recognize and kill virus-infected cells. The next step with each of the proposed mechanisms to eliminate the viral reservoir is to assess their safety and efficacy in vivo in order to develop a cure against HIV/AIDS.Ph.D
Strategies to Facilitate the Eradication of the HIV-1 Reservoir
No full textNearly 40 million individuals are currently living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection globally and more than 70 million deaths can be attributed to the pathogen so far. HIV-1 primarily infects CD4 T cells leading to their widespread destruction that eventually manifests as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), characterized by debilitating immune failure that gives rise to opportunistic malignancies resulting in death. Daily lifelong administration of antiretroviral therapy known as HAART is the only treatment for HIV-1 infection and adds several years of life if adherence is maintained; but treatment alone does not cure infection. However, despite HAART therapy, HIV-infected individuals exhibit chronic inflammation that is negatively associated with health outcomes. Additionally, mutations give rise to drug resistant viral strains. Therefore, developing a cure remains a top priority. However, HIV-1 constantly evades the immune response and establishes a persistent lifelong viral reservoir making it challenging to cure. In this thesis, I detail three unique strategies to facilitate eradication of the viral reservoir. Specifically, we demonstrated that HIV-1 Nef blockade enhanced the elimination of latently HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells by peptide-expanded autologous CD8 T cells. Nef blockade has never been tested as means to eradicate HIV-1 and represents a novel approach. We further demonstrated that expanded CD8 T cells more efficiently recognize autologous endogenous virus from CD4 T cells undergoing bryostatin-1-mediated virus reactivation in a “shock and kill” approach. Lastly, we discovered that bnAb recognition of HIV-1 envelopes on the surface of infected cells is highly variable and particularly the V1/V2 targeting bnAbs were capable of not only recognition of targets but of induction of antibody-mediated elimination of HIV-1-infected CD4 T cells. All experiments presented here were conducted on primary human cells for physiological relevance and in order to capture the ability of ex vivo immune cells to recognize and kill virus-infected cells. The next step with each of the proposed mechanisms to eliminate the viral reservoir is to assess their safety and efficacy in vivo in order to develop a cure against HIV/AIDS.Ph.D
The changing patterns of Bangladesh foreign policy: a comparative study of the Mujib and Zia regimes (1971-1981), 1995
No full textThis study has highlighted the changes in Bangladesh foreign policy during the Mu jib and Zia regimes. It has uncovered the fact that the foreign policy of the Sheikh Mu jib regime was shaped by the principles of the national liberation war of Bangladesh (secularism and socialism) although the post-liberation reality demanded the supremacy of the national interest in the foreign policy formulation of the new nation. Because of Mujib's central priority on the principles of the national liberation war, his foreign policy was tilted towards India and the Soviet Union, as the two key international actors of Bangladesh's national liberation war. Due to their skeptical role in the liberation war the United States, China, and the Muslim world were kept away from the preferential treatment. As the Indo-Soviet allies failed to meet the emerging needs and growing economic crisis, Mujib's foreign policy failed to achieve the national interest and it proved dysfunctional. On the other hand, following the eclipse of the Mu jib regime and at the beginning of the Zia era, a thaw began in the foreign policy decision-making process of Bangladesh. Ziaur Rahman considered the national interest as a vantage point and put top priority on it (self preservation, economic advancement, safe-guarding as well as augmenting national power and upholding national ideology). In order to achieve the national interest Zia very promptly transformed Bangladesh's foreign policy from the Indo-Soviet orbit, got rid of the socialist yoke, and aligned with the United States, China, and the Muslim world triangle . Zia1s redesigned foreign policy has successfully explored sufficient external resources to meet the mounting economic crisis and to a great extent contributed to the economic development of Bangladesh. Although the Indo-Soviet threat was posed to the state under Zia, the new alliance of the United States, China, and the Muslim world effectively forestalled the threat and the national interest was served better than during the Mujib regime
IMAM AL-BUKHARI DAN LAFAL AL-QUR’AN
No full textImam Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari is the author of the hadith book: al-Jâmi’ al-Shahîh, which is collecting the hadiths of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and agreed by all Islamic scholars from its day to the present as the most valid and authentic reference book of the Muslims after al-Qur’an. Despite the prestigious position of the book and its author, al-Bukhari apparently got a big test and slanderahead his death. This was because of his thought of Qur’anic words. Al-Bukhari actually just said that word (reading) of al-Qur’an is including human actions, and human being and his deeds are created by God. This word was then concluded logically that Al-Bukhari stated al-Quran readings is creature by God. Sunni scholars, broadly divided into two schools of thought in questioning al-Quran words. Imam Ahmad, experts at hadith and the Hanabilah equated it’s verdict with the opinion of the Qur’an is creature. Meanwhile, al-Bukhari, Thabari, the sunni theologist, and some experts at hadis linked it with af’âlu al-’ibâd.<br /
PANDANGAN HIDUP TOKOH PEREMPUAN DALAM NOVEL “MENEBUS IMPIAN” KARYA ABIDAH EL KHALIEQY
No full textThe author tries to discuss the issue of live view of the main character in the novel Dream Redeeming Work Abidah El-Khalieqy. The approach I use in this research is qualitative descriptive. The author uses the approach for this study sought to describe the objective reality of events there. Data collection and analysis techniques used in this study using steps (1) recording, (2) classification, and (3) interpretation. (3) The results showed three of the figures Nur Kemaljati namely: view of life comes from the religious view of life that is the absolute truth; (2) Worldview People Associated with Meaning Success, and (3) view of life on the meaning of love
The Break-Up of Pakistan
No full textEssay traces what the author identifies as the four phases of the 1971 conflict:Â the initiation of military hostilities in March 1971; Kissinger's visit to Peking; the war with India at the end of that year; and the transfer of power to Mujib
Penerapan Fatwa DSN MUI Tentang Murabaha Bilwakalah Di BMT Bina Ihsanul Fikri (BIF) Bugisan Yogyakarta
No full textThe BMF KSPS BIF in its business is divided into two namely Baitul Maal (social business) and Business (Baitul Tamwil). This social business is engaged in collecting Zakat, Infaq and Sadaqah funds and mentoring them to eight ashnaf. The priority scale for poverty alleviation through productive economic programs and scholarships. Its business ventures are engaged in empowering the lower class economic community with intensification of BIT in conducting murabhah financing using the media of wakalah, sometimes murabaha contracts in BMT often precede wakalah contracts. The presence of media wakalah to members in murabaha financing in BMT BIF is not wise and not careful in doing murabaha contracts when wakalah. On April 1, 2000 (26 Dzulhijjah 1420) MUI fatwa No.04 / DSN-MUI / IV / 2000 stipulated that if BMT wanted to represent members to buy goods from third parties, the murabahah sale and purchase agreement must be made after the goods in principle became belongs to BMT. In other words, authorization (wakalah) from BMT to any member or third party must be done before the murabahah sale agreement takes place. In this study the author wants to know about how the application of murabaha financing when the time is carried out by BMT BIF to its members. And how is the suitability of Fatwa DSN Number 04 / DSN-MUI / IV / 2000 in implementing murabahah financing when it is at the Bugisan BMF BIT Yogyakarta.Keywords: Murabaha bil wakalah, BMT BIF, Fatwa DSN MUI
PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN PEMERANAN BERORIENTASI TEKNIK CS PADA TEATER TRADISI
No full textThis learning model is the author\u27s attempt to develop acting method in traditional theater through the Stanislavski\u27s
technique, although the need for theater tradition performances and theater conventional realism performance is different. During this time the method of play in the theater tradition is still spontaneous, but the method of acting on the theater tradition must be measurable and can be studied in the academic field, hence, the author develops acting methods based on Stanislavski\u27s technique as a reference in learning. An actor is a student for nature and pupil for anyone as long as the knowledge he earned is useful to develops his acting creativity. Therefore this Stanislavski\u27s method becomes very influential to train the actor\u27s intelligence, despite his need for traditional theater. Why is Stanislavski\u27s method becoming important to be learned by actor candidate ?. Because the analysis used by Stanislavski\u27s method is still very logical and reasonable, it did not rule out the effects of int elligence for anyone who applied it. This circumstance emphasizing the importance of Developing Stanilavski\u27s technique-oriented Learning Model on Traditional Theater. In order for candidates who will perform for traditional and modern show, are expected to be ready with all the acting devices to employ. Therefore, this learning method need to be applied, especially in STKW Surabaya. The purpose of this research is developing a learning model for acting in the theater tradition. This research carried out by producing several outcome. First, a handbook of Stanislavski\u27s method learning model for student. Second, a lecturer\u27s handbook for an effective and efficient learning proces
Psychological conflicts faced by the main character Cleopatra on Caesar And Cleopatra By George Bernard Shaw
No full textABSTRACT
Life deals with feeling, ideas, experiences/ passions, and imagination. Then literature or art is reproducing or recreating the experiences of life in words. In reproducing the experiences, author includes their opinion about them. Drama is a story about human life conflict; therefore drama usually is called as an art of conflict. It is as human's will statement to face the defiance or opposition of life. Thus this study is focused on the Psychological Conflict of the Main Character on Caesar and Cleopatra, a drama written by George Bernard Shaw.
Caesar and Cleopatra is a drama that contains special conflict that the main character٠ face. ,The conflicts experienced by the main character are reflection of human problem.
Related to this case, this study aims at answering the following two research problems. First of all is to know what are the characteristics of Cleopatra's personality. Second, it is to know what kinds of conflict, which are faced by Cleopatra in her real life. And the objectives of this study are based on two categories. Describing the characteristics of Cleopatra's personality, and the kinds of conflict are faced by Cleopatra in her real life.
To conduct this study qualitative research and literary criticism were used to review literary research dealing with the research question. It used also the objective approach of psychological aspects, especially related to the theory of psychological conflict.
The result of this study shows that there are two kinds of characters, which belong to Cleopatra. The first, extroversion-introversion that consists of: melancholic, phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine. The second is psychotisism that consists of uncaring about others. The conflicts that the main character faced are in tlrree categories, i.e. approach-approach conflict, approach-avoidance conflict, and avoidance-avoidance conflict
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