6,154 research outputs found
A theory of benzodiazepine dependence that can explain whether flumazenil will enhance or reverse the phenomena
No full textRepeated administration of benzodiazepines (BDZs) produces dependence in man and animals and this is reflected in the phenomena of tolerance and withdrawal responses. In BDZ-dependent animals the BDZreceptor
antagonist flumazenil (Ro 15-1788) reverses the increased anxiety and decreased seizure threshold seen when benzodiazepine treatment is withdrawn. In contrast are reports that flumazenil enhances BDZ-withdrawal responses. Indirect influences on the direction of flumazenil's effects on anxiety are the duration and dose of BDZ treatment, whether tolerance has developed to its anxiolytic effect and whether there is an anxiogenic response on drug withdrawal. However, we conclude that the crucial factor is the anxiety level of the animal: when this is high flumazenil becomes anxiolytic; when this is low flumazenil is anxiogenic. These bidirectional effects of flumazenil can be seen in drug-naive and BDZdependent animals. We propose a theory of benzodiazepine dependence that can account for anxiogenic responses on drug withdrawal and for flumazenil's bidirectional effects; central to this theory is the assumption that flumazenil normalises the benzodiazepine receptor, returning it to a baseline state. Thus it is whether an animal's score lies above or below this baseline that will determine the direction of flumazenil's effect. The clinical implications of this theory are discussed. We suggest that during the development of benzodiazepine dependence, two independent adaptive biochemical mechanisms are triggered: one underlying the development of tolerance to the anxiolytic responses, the other underlying the incidence of increased anxiety on drug withdrawal. It is only changes in the latter that are induced by the administration of flumazenil
The use of flumazenil in prevention of Diazepam dependence in the rat
No full textRats were treated with diazepam (4 mg/kg per day) or its vehicle for 21 days. Twentyâfour hours after their last dose they were tested in the social interaction test of anxiety. Diazepam withdrawal significantly reduced the time spent in social interaction compared with controls, indicating an anxiogenic withdrawal response. The administration of a single dose of flumazenil (4 mg/kg) during chronic diazepam treatment, 7 or 14 days before testing, prevented the development of this withdrawal response. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 1990 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Author correction: obesity and ethnicity alter gene expression in skin
No full textDaniel Butler was omitted from the author list in the original version of this Article. The Author contributions section now reads: “J.M.W. designed, conducted, and contributed to the writing of the manuscript, prepared Fig. 1. S.G. evaluated and did statistical analysis on the skin and fat samples, prepared Figs. 2–9. J.O.A. evaluated and contributed to writing the manuscript. D.B prepared and sequenced DNA libraries for the skin microbiota data, and wrote the applicable parts of the methods section. C.M. analyzed and wrote up the skin microbiota data, prepared Fig. 10. All authors have read the manuscript and approved its contents. D.D. analyzed and wrote up the skin microbiota data. S.Z. ran and analyzed the skin metabolite data. J.S. assisted in design, analysis and wrote up the skin metabolite data. J.K. assisted in analysis write up of skin and fat data. J.L.B. assisted in analysis, interpretation and writing of the manuscript. P.R.H. designed, analyzed, interpreted the data, and was the primary author of the manuscript.” This has been corrected in the PDF and HTML versions of the Article, and in the accompanying Supplementary Information file.</p
Fair use and file sharing in research and education
No full textThis work was inspired by the well-ventilated current problems around the use of digital file
sharing technologies and their promotion of infringement of copyright leading to the alleged
destruction of entertainment industries. Different legal systems have applied different
analyses to such problems, and there is no clear and coherent answer to the question of
whether file sharing, especially in the form of peer-to-peer (P2P), is legal. The particular
focus of this thesis flows from the realisation that litigation around file sharing has
uniformly explored it from the perspective of users downloading entertainment materials
such as music and videos. Comparatively little attention has been paid to whether research
and educational users have, or should have, rights to use the same digital file sharing
technologies to access copyright materials important to their work. If digital file sharing is
declared illegal by the courts at the behest of the entertainment industries, then what will
happen to research and educational users of these networks?To explore this key problem, this thesis focuses on how fair use doctrine, the most important
exception and limitation to copyright, has transferred from the traditional copyright
environment into the context of digital file sharing. By undertaking a study of relevant
legislation and cases, such as the well known Napster, Grokster and MP3.com, the “who”
issue, namely, who is the party entitled to benefit from a fair use defence will be highlighted.Having established that fair use as a defence operates ineffectively in the digital file sharing
environment, the thesis then looks at existing alternative or “fared” use models, and
particularly the disadvantages of “fared” use system in serving research and educational file
sharing. Finally the thesis turns to what is termed the “voluntary model”: a model in which
copyright owners make their works available to academic users for free, via an institutional
repository, the authors gaining non-pecuniary benefits while the commercial publisher being
cut out as a “middleman”. Although future work to develop the details of this approach
would be required, the thesis asserts this is a promising way towards ensuring access to
copyright works in research and education thus benefiting society, whilst at the same time
establishing fair compensation to authors for their efforts
Service-oriented models for audiovisual content storage
No full textWhat are the important topics to understand if involved with storage services to hold digital audiovisual content? This report takes a look at how content is created and moves into and out of storage; the storage service value networks and architectures found now and expected in the future; what sort of data transfer is expected to and from an audiovisual archive; what transfer protocols to use; and a summary of security and interface issues
Veb pristupačnost i elektronskih formati za pristup informacijama za osobe sa invaliditetom
Get PDFAuthor described the context of the development of technological and social relationships and how they mutually made changes on ways how people interact with information and access to knowledge.
The development of societies changed significantly the role of libraries and posed new technological and other challenges due to the development of information technologies.
Since the development of information technologies caused expansion of production capacities in societies there was additional need to standardize production of formats of access, distribution, archiving of information. Due to democratic character of many developed societies openness of information and human rights emphasized an importance of legal aspects and rights of persons with disabilities. Author mentioned articles of the UN Convention of Rights of Persons with Disabilities which required that parties which ratified convention should implement accessibility standards for persons with disabilities. Author presented standards and technical specifications that define accessibility of web interface, computer software and file formats. It is especially emphasized that those standards are important in libraries. Modern libraries should adopt and use file formats which are accessible for persons with disabilities in order to avoid risk of increased discrimination against persons with disabilities if inaccessible technologies will be used. Author believes that this would help persons with disability to use library resources and services equally as other users do.
PESI - a taxonomic backbone for Europe
Get PDFThis is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
The attached file is the published version of the article.NHM Repositor
From star‐forming spirals to passive spheroids: integral field spectroscopy of E+A galaxies
Get PDFWe present three‐dimensional spectroscopy of 11 E+A galaxies at z = 0.06–0.12. These galaxies were selected for their strong Hδ absorption but weak (or non‐existent) [O ii ] λ3727 and Hα emission. This selection suggests that a recent burst of star formation was triggered but subsequently abruptly ended. We probe the spatial and spectral properties of both the young (≲1 Gyr) and old (≳few Gyr) stellar populations. Using the Hδ equivalent widths we estimate that the burst masses must have been at least 10 per cent by mass ( M burst ≳ 10 10 M ⊙ ), which is also consistent with the star formation history inferred from the broad‐band spectral energy distributions. On average the A stars cover ∼33 per cent of the galaxy image, extending over 2–15 kpc 2 , indicating that the characteristic E+A signature is a property of the galaxy as a whole and not due to a heterogeneous mixture of populations. In approximately half of the sample, we find that the A stars, nebular emission and continuum emission are not co‐located, suggesting that the newest stars are forming in a different place than those that formed ≲1 Gyr ago, and that recent star formation has occurred in regions distinct from the oldest stellar populations. At least 10 of the galaxies (91 per cent) have dynamics that class them as ‘fast rotators’ with magnitudes, v /σ, λ R and bulge‐to‐total (B/T) ratio comparable to local, representative ellipticals and S0s. We also find a correlation between the spatial extent of the A stars and the dynamical state of the galaxy such that the fastest rotators tend to have the most compact A star populations, providing new constraints on models that aim to explain the transformation of later type galaxies into early types. Finally, we show that there are no obvious differences between the line extents and kinematics of E+A galaxies detected in the radio (active galactic nucleus, AGN) compared to non‐radio sources, suggesting that AGN feedback does not play a dramatic role in defining their properties, and/or that its effects are short.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/90164/1/j.1365-2966.2011.20082.x.pd
Smaller Flight Data Recorders
Get PDFData captured by flight data recorders are generally stored on the system’s embedded hard disk. A common problem is the lack of storage space on the disk. This lack of space for data storage leads to either a constant effort to reduce the space used by data, or to increased costs due to acquisition of additional space, which is not always possible. File compression can solve the problem, but carries with it the potential drawback of the increased overhead required when writing the data to the disk, putting an excessive load on the system and degrading system performance. The author suggests the use of an efficient compressed file system that both compresses data in real time and ensures that there will be minimal impact on the performance of other tasks
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