1,720,972 research outputs found
Autonomous Vehicles in a GDPR era: An International Comparison
No full textDue to the extensive amount of data generated by an autonomous vehicle (AV) and the information flowing among AVs and through surrounding infrastructure, data governance legislation poses as a significant challenge especially in the perspective of their large-scale introduction. Regulation (EU) 2016/679, which is known as GDPR and entered into force in May 2018, has been a tipping point in personal data protection even in countries outside the European Union (EU). Although the majority of EU member States have already adapted their legal systems to its provisions, a few others are still on the process, and institutions and companies are challenged by the need to comply. This chapter conducts a mapping review of existing regulations in seven countries, namely Austria, Brazil, Greece, Italy, New Zealand, Slovakia and Switzerland, to assess policy challenges of AV testing and deployment focusing on the implications in terms of data protection. Potential areas of cooperation are identified, as well as evidence of divergent approaches, which are discussed in order to provide valuable suggestions for policy making at local, European and international level for AV testing and deployment
Campanha negativa: construindo o objeto de estudo
Full text linkO artigo explora a campanha negativa (negative advertising) como tema possível para pesquisa no contexto brasileiro, argumentando que enquanto esta forma de campanha é ato cotidiano para agentes do judiciário, da política e do jornalismo, a academia nacional vem dando pouca atenção ao assunto. Os efeitos da campanha negativa para a democracia já foram amplamente debatidos em outros países, tais como EUA, Inglaterra e Alemanha, e se referem a um elemento chave para compreensão do processo de “modernização das campanhas”. Este desnível de atenção nacional levanta, portanto, a curiosidade em verificar e classificar as peculiaridades da campanha negativa brasileira, como também em identificar a singularidade gerada pelo “Direito de Resposta”, um sistema único nos estudos comparativos de controle de conteúdo através da via judicial
The problem of 'negative advertising' : content-based regulation of political advertising in Brazil and the US
No full textA number of scholars have studied the impact of negative ads in democracy, but they were unable to conclude whether this form of campaigning endangers or enhances political systems. Despite that, in every election, journalists, politicians, NGOs and many other actors claim that negative ads bring the worst side of political competition to the fore and, hence, should be restricted. However, how do we justify restrictions if we are not sure what negative ads do to democracy? To address this question, this research opts for an alternative perspective by asking how the problem of negative advertising is perceived by those institutions willing to protect or restrict it. The argument pursued here is that to evaluate what institutions do, we must describe what institutions perceive themselves to be doing. Based on a comparative study of 22 interviews collected in two institutions that watchdog negative advertising (the US NGO FactCheck. Org; and the Supreme Electoral Court, in Brazil), this research presents a policy analysis of how the problem of negative advertising is framed as a free speech problem. This research's findings endorse the position that in poliCymaking, facts and evidence can only be evaluated when understood as meta-products of policy discourse. The findings show that the problem of negative advertising is framed in largely different terms by experts in each case study; however, findings also show that interviewees make similar use of facts and evidence to support their framings. While interviewees disagree over what negative advertising is, they agree on what negative advertising does.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Designing online deliberation using web 2.0 technologies
No full textIn this paper, we describe the formatting guidelines for the role of institutions and political practitioners in designing online consultation projects. As a case study we evaluate the Brazilian government-run initiative known as Marco Civil Regulatório that used web 2.0 tools to draft a bill of law on Internet legislation with the aid of citizen's participation. Findings presented in this article are based on a set of interviews held with policy makers responsible for designing and promoting the aforementioned project. This article contributes to the debates on how deliberative rules and technology overlap in early stages of policy design. Our case study supports the argument that Internet has potential to provide a democratic space, but public consultations need to be established, funded, promoted and regulated; tasks that are performed by institutions (not by technology or citizens alone). For that reason, institutions are key to understand how web 2.0 technologies can be useful for citizens and governments in designing tools for consultation, deliberation and decision-making. Copyright 2012 ACM
Propaganda negativa e judicialização da política no horário eleitoral presidencial de 2002
No full textThis work intends to study the phenomenon of judialization of politics in Brazil, and intend to suggest that negative advertising needs to be more studied here. Initially, this work present the theoretical approach to negative campaign, identifying the im-balance of the Brazilian academy in disparity with preference that Judiciary Power, journalists and politicians dedicates to the subject. Moreover, the international debate instigate a categorization of negative campaign. At a second moment, this work ex-amine the judialization of politics in Brazil, and advocate that the Right of Reply needs to be more studied. In addition, the chapters present the origins of the Right of Reply and portray reservations about its application to politics campaigning. Finally, the work analyzes the presidential campaign of 2002, observing the Right of Reply requests and the negative campaigns propagated by Lula, Serra, Ciro and Garotinho in television.Este trabalho investigativo pretende discutir o fenômeno da judicialização da política no Brasil, representado aqui pela aplicação do Direito de Resposta ao discurso político. A pesquisa pretende, ainda, problematizar a propaganda negativa como um objeto de pesquisa da área de Comunicação e Política nacional. O estudo aborda, inicialmente, os marcos teóricos da campanha negativa, identificando a defasagem da academia brasileira para com o tema frente à atenção privilegiada que o judiciário, o jornalismo e os políticos dedicam ao assunto. Além disso, o debate internacional é mapeado e, a partir deste, sugere-se uma categorização da campanha negativa nacional. Em um segundo momento, este trabalho se dedica a estudar o fenômeno da judicialização da política, esclarecendo o alcance do conceito e defendendo que o Direito de Resposta representa uma variante ainda não estudada deste assunto no Brasil. Além disso, o capítulo apresenta as origens do Direito de Resposta e problematiza sua aplicação ao discurso político. Por fim, o trabalho em seu terceiro momento analisa a campanha presidencial de 2002, observando tanto os pedidos de Direito de Resposta impostados pelos partidos ao Supremo Tribunal Eleitoral, tanto quanto as campanhas negativas veiculadas por Lula, Serra, Ciro e Garotinho na televisão
Cinema de Ação em Dia de Eleição: Queima de Arquivo (1996), Arnold Schwarzenegger e outras MíDias da PolíTica
Full text linkThis article aims to explore methodological frontiers between movie theory and political ommunication studies. When identifying traces of how politics, art and entertainment interact, it is possible to understand how movie celebrities can act as politicians, and vice versa. Arnold Schwarzenegger is a world famous actor who has twice won the Californian gubernatorial election. The principal purpose of this article is not to discuss political spectacle or analyse Schwarzenegger’s approach to government. The idea is to understand how a film in which Schwarzenegger starred over a decade ago (Eraser, 1996) has influenced his campaign image construction. The article’s methodological basis is a collective text by the Editors of Cahiers du Cinéma, based on John Ford’s Young Mr. Lincoln (1939). Its methodology allows us to observe important characteristics of Schwarzenegger’s role in the Eraser movie, which are then compared to the 2002 election scenario.Este artigo é um estudo exploratório sobre as fronteiras entre o pensamento da área de cinema e o da comunicação política, mais especificamente, sobre as convergências de dois produtos contemporâneos que dizem respeito à democracia na era da comunicação de massa: os filmes de ação e a influência destes na eleição de celebridades para cargos públicos. Arnold Schwarzenegger, por exemplo, candidatouse e venceu por duas vezes consecutivas a eleição para governador da Califórnia, cargo que ocupa atualmente (2003-2007, 2007-2011). O objetivo deste artigo não é discutir diretamente questões acerca da “espetacularização” da política nem analisar a eficácia de um ator no governo. A negativa é importante para apresentar a proposta desviante da metodologia e objetivo adotados, mas a finalidade deste estudo é encontrar fronteiras pelas quais o ator Arnold, ao fazer o filme Queima de arquivo, em 1996, pode ter influenciado na construção da imagem do candidato Arnold. Para tanto, toma-se como metodologia a análise da respeitada revista Cahiers du Cinema sobre o filme de John Ford, intitulado Young Mr. Lincoln, e contrastam-se os achados com o contexto no qual Arnold foi eleito. Espera-se, assim, identificar traços ainda pouco claros da comunicação política na era da comunicação de massa e formar argumentos que discutam a convergência do entretenimento e da política na contemporaneidade
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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