134,527 research outputs found
Cytomolecular identification of individual wheat-wheat chromosome arm associations in wheat-rye hybrids
No full textChromosome pairing in the meiotic metaphase I of wheatrye
hybrids has been characterized by sequential genomic
and fluorescent in situ hybridization allowing not only the
discrimination of wheat and rye chromosomes, but also the
identification of the individual wheat and rye chromosome
arms involved in the chromosome associations. The majority
of associations (93.8%) were observed between the wheat
chromosomes. The largest number of wheat-wheat chromosome
associations (53%) was detected between the A and D
genomes, while the frequency of B-D and A-B associations
was significantly lower (32 and 8%, respectively). Among the
A-D chromosome associations, pairing between the 3AL and
3DL arms was observed with the highest frequency, while
the most frequent of all the chromosome associations (0.113/
cell) was found to be the 3DS-3BS. Differences in the pairing
frequency of the individual chromosome arms of wheat-rye
hybrids have been discussed in relation to the homoeologous
relationships between the constituent genomes of
hexaploid wheat
Satiating effects of rye foods
No full textThe satiating capacity of foods and meals is affected by caloric content, but also varies with several aspects of food composition (e.g. macronutrient composition, energy density, fibre content and food structure). Rye is a cereal that possesses interesting characteristics with the potential to increase satiety. There are currently public health threats related to overweight and obesity, conditions that result from energy intake exceeding energy output. Excessive energy intake can be avoided by diets based on foods that prolong the feeling of fullness per calorie.
This work aimed to study the effects of rye foods on subjective appetite. Ratings of satiety, hunger and desire to eat were recorded during 8 h after intake of wellcharacterised rye foods, compared with iso-caloric refined wheat bread, served as parts of breakfast meals in cross-over design studies. The effect of rye processing (sifting and milling) on perceived appetite was investigated by comparing rye kernels and whole-grain rye flour in breads and porridges. The effect of regular consumption of whole-grain rye porridge compared with refined wheat bread was investigated during three weeks, along with self-reported food intake and oro-caecal transit-time. Apparent small intestine absorption of macronutrients in response to diets supplemented with high-fibre rye or with low fibre wheat bread was studied in an ileostomy model.
All rye products (whole-grain porridges made from flour, flakes or kernels and breads including whole-grain flour, kernels or milling fractions) improved satiety and decreased hunger for up to 8 h after intake, in contrast to refined wheat bread. Rye bran as bread ingredient resulted in improved satiety compared with other rye fractions. The effect of milling was demonstrated as rye kernel intake resulted in higher satiety ratings appearing 4 h after intake and remained at a higher level during the following 4 h, compared with bread with the same material milled to flour. At regular consumption of whole-grain rye porridge for three weeks, the post-meal satiety was constant and remained at a higher level compared with refined wheat bread.
Replacement of low-fibre wheat bread with high-fibre rye bread in a standardised diet resulted in higher amounts of all macronutrients being excreted from the terminal ileum in ileostomy subjects, showing lowered small intestine absorption of the high-fibre diet. A range of rye products was shown to improve satiety up to 8 h after intake and inclusion of rye foods into a healthy diet may thereby potentially prevent body weight gain
Prediction of rye dough behaviour and bread quality using response surface methodology
No full textpeer-reviewedBread making is a hydro-thermal process; therefore, knowing the behaviour of the
main constituents of the flour at different temperatures allows control of the quality of
the end-product. Mixing and thermal characteristics were studied using the Mixolab
system and response surface methodology was used to investigate the influence of particle
size distribution of the flour, pH and the addition of hemicellulase enzyme on the
thermo-mechanical behaviour of the whole rye flour and on bread quality. A central
composite face-centered design, with two levels of fineness modulus (1.78 and 1.26),
two levels of pH (6.5 and 3.8) and three levels of added enzyme (0, 50 and 100 mg/kg
of flour), was used. The results indicated that thermo-mechanical variables – water
absorption, development time, dough stability, protein weakening, starch gelatinization,
starch gelling and cooling setback – as well as bread quality are influenced by the
three factors investigated.
Significant correlations were found between water absorption and pH, enzyme level,
fineness modulus and their interactions. Dough stability was significantly influenced
by all the independent variables, as well as by the interaction between pH and fineness
modulus. Starch gelling and cooling setback were influenced by the interaction between
pH and enzyme level. Concerning bread quality, both porosity and specific volume were
affected by enzyme level and pH, as well as by the interaction between fineness modulus
and enzyme level
Rye cytogenetics and chromosome genomics
No full textThe book series "Compendium of Plant Genomes" ISBN 978-3-030-83382-4; ISBN 978-3-030-83383-1 (eBook)Rye (Secale cereale L., 2n = 2x = 14) has a large genome of about 8 Gbp distributed across seven large chromosomes. Although they are easily observable by microscopy, their identification is difficult due to similar morphology.
Thus, wheat-rye chromosome addition and substitution lines were originally employed to accomplish this and establish the homology of rye chromosomes with those of Triticinae species. The introduction of differential staining and fluorescence in
situ hybridization (FISH) provided an important advance, but chromosome identification was still hampered by polymorphism of chromosome banding patterns. A different approach to identify chromosomes involves crosses of a sample to a tester set of wheat-rye chromosome addition lines and cytological analysis of chromosome pairing during meiosis in F1 hybrids. While FISH enabled the analysis of long-range molecular organization of the chromosomes, genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) using rye genomic DNA as probe allowed identification of rye chromosomes introgressed to wheat, including interspecific chromosome translocations. The analysis of isolated mitotic metaphase chromosomes by flow
cytometry enabled identification of chromosome 1R, and, if present, the accessory B chromosome. The two chromosomes could be purified by flow sorting for downstream analyses. Chromosomes 2R–7R could not be discriminated from each other and thus were flow-sorted individually from respective wheat-rye chromosomes addition lines, as was the short
arm of 1R (1RS).Flow sorting of rye chromosomes facilitated the development of chromosome-specific molecular markers. Next generation sequencing of flow-sorted B chromosomes provided insights into their molecular organization and origin (Chap. 4). Sequencing each of the seven rye chromosomes resulted in the first draft genome sequence, informing about rye gene complement and evolution, and recently facilitated the assembly of a rye
reference genome.The authors are grateful to Ekaterina D. Badaeva for providing figures with C-banded and FISH probed mitotic chromosomes of different rye species. JD was supported by ERDF project “Plants as a tool for sustainable global development” (No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000827
Yield of Winter and Summer Rye in Estonia, 1919-1939
No full textThis dataset contains data on the yield of winter and summer rye in Estonia in 1919-1939.
Dataset "Yield of Winter and Summer Rye in Estonia, 1919-1939 " was published implementing project "Historical Sociology of Modern Restorations: a Cross-Time Comparative Study of Post-Communist Transformation in the Baltic States" from 2018 to 2022. Project leader is prof. Zenonas Norkus. Project is funded by the European Social Fund according to the activity "Improvement of researchers' qualification by implementing world-class R&D projects' of Measure No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712".</p
Chromosome condensation in mitosis and meiosis of rye (Secale cereale L.)
No full textStructural investigation and morphometry of meiotic chromosomes by scanning electron microscopy (in comparison to light microscopy) of all stages of condensation of meiosis I + II show remarkable differences during chromosome condensation in mitosis and meiosis I of rye (Secale cereale) with respect to initiation, mode and degree of condensation. Mitotic chromosomes condense in a linear fashion, shorten in length and increase moderately in diameter. In contrast, in meiosis I, condensation of chromosomes in length and diameter is a sigmoidal process with a retardation in zygotene and pachytene and an acceleration from diplotene to diakinesis. The basic structural components of mitotic chromosomes of rye are ``parallel fibers{''} and ``chromomeres{''} which become highly compacted in metaphase. Although chromosome architecture in early prophase of meiosis seems similar to mitosis in principle, there is no equivalent stage during transition to metaphase I when chromosomes condense to a much higher degree and show a characteristic ``smooth{''} surface. No indication was found for helical winding of chromosomes either in mitosis or in meiosis. Based on measurements, we propose a mechanism for chromosome dynamics in mitosis and meiosis, which involves three individual processes: (i) aggregation of chromatin subdomains into a chromosome filament, (ii) condensation in length, which involves a progressive increase in diameter and (iii) separation of chromatids. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel
How do the protagonists of the novels The Catcher in the Rye by J.D.Salinger and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain reflect the views of the authors towards their respective societies?
No full textNo matter when one lives, going from childhood to adulthood always entails similar experiences. Circumstances may change, values may differ, but taking this giant leap forward from childhood to manhood is always a difficult period reflecting a struggle between the teenager and the rest of society. Throughout history there have been numerous novels on teenagers and growing up. But perhaps the most well known are J.D.Salinger's The Catcher in the Rye and Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. While there is nearly a century between the times in which these novels take place, both of these works reflect the feelings of rebelliousness, alienation, cynicism and sense of loneliness that are usually associated with teenagers coming of age. In The Catcher in the Rye, the protagonist Holden Caulfield narrates a 3-day period in his life after he gets expelled from Pencey Prep in New York. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a novel that recounts the adventures of protagonist Huckleberry Finn after he runs away from his drunken father. That said, as in every novel, the authors put their personal imprint on the story based on their own upbringing and values. The authors use their novels to convey their views regarding the society they live in and do so usually from the eyes of the protagonist. So, the following research question arose:
How do the protagonists of the novels The Catcher in the Rye but J.D. Salinger and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain reflect the views of the authors towards their respective societies?
In order to get a detailed answer to this question, an in depth analysis of the two novels was required. Through this research, I have examined that both The Catcher in the Rye and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, being coming-of-age novels, describe a different eras. While one takes place in Post World War II America, the other takes place in Pre Civil War America. The events taking place during these eras are major factors in the shaping of the protagonists’ characteristics
Yield of Winter and Summer Rye in Latvia, 1919-1939
No full textThis dataset contains data on the yield of winter and summer rye in Latvia in 1919-1939.
Dataset "Yield of Winter and Summer Rye in Latvia, 1919-1939" was published implementing project "Historical Sociology of Modern Restorations: a Cross-Time Comparative Study of Post-Communist Transformation in the Baltic States" from 2018 to 2022. Project leader is prof. Zenonas Norkus. Project is funded by the European Social Fund according to the activity "Improvement of researchers' qualification by implementing world-class R&D projects' of Measure No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712".</p
Ultrastructural analysis of chromatin in meiosis I plus II of rye (Secale cereale L.)
No full textScanning electron microscopy (SEM) proves to be an appropriate technique for imaging chromatin organization in meiosis I and II of rye (Secale cereale) down to a resolution of a few nanometers. It could be shown for the first time that organization of basic structural elements (coiled and parallel fibers, chromomeres) changes dramatically during the progression to metaphase I and II. Controlled loosening with proteinase K (after fixation with glutaraldehyde) provides an enhanced insight into chromosome architecture even of highly condensed stages of meiosis. By selective staining with platinum blue, DNA content and distribution can be visualized within compact chromosomes as well as in a complex arrangement of fibers. Chromatin interconnecting threads, which are typically observed in prophase I between homologous and non-homologous chromosomes, stain clearly for DNA. In zygotene transversion of chromatid strands to their homologous counterparts becomes evident. In pachytene segments of synapsed and non-synapsed homologs alternate. At synapsed regions pairing is so intimate that homologous chromosomes form one filament of structural entity. Chiasmata are characterized by chromatid strands which traverse from one homolog to its counterpart. Bivalents are characteristically fused at their telomeric regions. In metaphase I and II there is no structural evidence for primary and secondary constrictions. Copyright (C) 2003 S. Karger AG, Basel
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