12 research outputs found
ANALISIS TERHADAP HAPUSNYA PENUNTUTAN DALAM PEMBUNUHAN FUAD MUHAMMAD SYAFRUDIN
No full textThe murder case of Fuad Muhammad Syafrudin attracted the author's
attention when the author found out that the case was a case containing a highly
viscous political charge. The new Order era has felt that the writer still leaves
wounds and leaves a former that is so deep for both activists and students.Fuad
Muhammad Syafrudin is a journalist and journalist who works AT BERNAS
Jogja. The murder that befalls Fuad Muhammad Syafrudin or the familiar in the
call Udin, occurs when Udin doing such a sharp kerduck in every policy done by
the regent of Bantul Sri roso sudarmo. The murder case of Udin has now been 23
years old and still unclear who the perpetrators and motives of what attacked or
killed Udin.Based on article 78 and 79 the CRIMINAL code of cases other than
gross human rights violations will be subjected to tax.
In order to getmaximum Hasil in processing, analysis and search for
author data using interview data collection method :Interviews are a process in
the research done by asking some of the expressiontaan which aims to obtain
answers that containaccurateR/Cinfoand listen directly to the information
submitted by the resource. The resource that will be addressed is the parties that
directly have to do with the murder case of Fuad Muhamad Syafrudin, which is
located in Polda D.I. Y, LBH Yogyakarta, PWI Office of Yogyakarta branch and
wife Udin.Literature Studybesides interview Pin collecting a variety of
information and data needed not only rely on data sources originating from the
field alone but the author also needs to collect information and data by reading,
writing, and Study the books related to the author's research in particular the
legal books.
The results of the research authors that are sourced in PWI Yogyakarta
branch and POLDA DIY, almost the same as the case of Udin killing until now
still floating and not clear the direction of the case. The PWI Yogyakarta branch
wanted to immediately release the SP-3 letter by the DIY Polda by submitting the
pre- trial to Sleman court. This is in contrast to the PARTY of DIY Polda who
handles the case directly, according to which case it will still be in the process of
law, and has not yet been a tax.DAluwarsa is a condition in which the perpetrator
of the criminal act is not immediately prosecuting in the face of the prosecution,
due to the undetermined criminal delic or perpetrators escaping, and if based on
the rules of law when the perpetrators do Crime or criminal offences that have
been past the time of reporting and prosecution, then against the perpetrators
should not be held investigation, investigation, andprosecution.
( INDONESIA ) Kasus pembunuhan Fuad Muhammad Syafrudin menarik perhatian
penyusun ketika penyusun mengetahui bahwa kasus ini merupakan kasus yang
mengandung muatan politik yang sangat kental. Jaman Orde Baru dirasa
penyusun masih menyisakan luka dan meninggalkan bekas yang begitu dalam
bagi kalangan aktivis maupun mahasiswa. Fuad Muhammad Syafrudin
merupakan wartawan dan jurnalis yang bekerja di BERNAS Jogja. Pembunuhan
yang menimpa Fuad Muhammad Syafrudin atau yang akrab di panggil Udin,
terjadi ketika Udin melakukan keritik yang begitu tajam dalam setiap kebijakan
yang dilakukan Bupati Bantul Sri Roso Sudarmo. Kasus pembunuhan Udin
sekarang telah berumur 23 tahun dan masih belum jelas siapa pelaku dan motif
apa yang menyerang atau membunuh Udin. Berdasar Pasal 78 dan 79 KUHP
kasus selain pelanggaran HAM berat akan mengalami daluwarsa, dan upaya
hukum apa pun tidak akan berguna lagi.
Demi mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal dalam pengolahan, analisa dan
mencari data, penyusun menggunakan metode pengumpulan data wawancara
dengan mengajukan beberapa pertanyaan yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh
jawaban yang berisi informasi yang akurat dan mendengarkan secara langsung
keterangan-keterangan yang disampaikan nara sumber. Narasumber yang akan
dituju adalah pihak-pihak yang langsung ada kaitannya dengan kasus
pembunuhan Fuad Muhamad Syafrudin, yang bertempat di Polda D.I.Y, Kantor
PWI Cabang Yogyakarta dan. Selain wawancara penyusun juga menggunakan
studi pustaka dalam mengumpulkan berbagai informasi serta data yang diperlukan
dan tidak hanya mengandalkan sumber-sumber data yang berasal dari lapangan
saja namun penyusun juga perlu melakukan pengumpulan informasi dan data
dengan cara membaca, menulis, dan mempelajari buku-buku yang terkait dengan
penelitian penyusun khususnya buku-buku hukum.
Hasil penelitian penyusun yang bersumber pada PWI Cabang Yogyakarta
dan Polda D.I.Y, hampir sama yaitu kasus pembunuhan Udin sampai saat ini
masih mengambang dan tidak jelas arah tujuan kasus ini. Pihak PWI cabang
Yogyakarta menginginkan segera dikeluarkannya surat SP-3 oleh pihak polda
DIY dengan mengajukan Pra Peradilan ke Pengadilan Sleman. Hal ini berbanding
sebaliknya dengan pihak Polda D.I.Y yang menangani kasus ini secara langsung,
menurut mereka kasus ini akan masih tetap di proses secara hukum yang berlaku,
dan belum daluwarsa. Dalam aspek yuridis penegakan hukum yang dilakukan
oleh pihak kepolisian menurut penyusun bertentangan dengan pasal 78 dan 79
KUHP. Selain bertentangan dengan pasal 78 dan 79 penegakan hukum kasus
Udin juga bertentangan dengan asas keadilan, dikarenakan pihak kepolisian tidak
memberikan kepastian hukum terhadap kasus ini
Pan Islamism of Jamaluddin Al Afghani and as an Effort to Overcome Dynasty Politics
No full textDynasty politics is currently being hotly discussed in the public because Dynasty Politics is considered to be destroying the democratic system that already operates within the country. Dynastic politics must be prevented immediately because it has the potential to have a negative impact on a country's government. Jamaluddin Al Afghani is an Islamic cleric who operates in the political field. With his intelligence, he has been able to create ideas that can have a big influence on Muslims, namely Pan-Islamism. This article aims to present the idea of Pan-Islamism as a means of prevention against the continuous Politics of the Dynasty. In writing this article, the author uses a qualitative descriptive method by collecting primary and secondary data. With the idea of Pan-Islamism, it is hoped that Dynasty Politics can be prevented by using five methods, including: empowering the people in the political process, monitoring and accountability, fighting against nepotism, spreading patience and political education, and finally collaboration between movements in opposing Dynasty Politics
Prototipe Sistem Pendukung Keputusan Terintegrasi Model Ner Untuk Validasi Dan Penetapan Pemuktahiran Data ASN
No full textUntuk mendukung dan memperlancar penyelenggaraan manajemen aparatur sipil negara serta pengambilan keputusan yang efisien, efektif, dan akurat, diperlukan data pegawai ASN. Data tersebut harus dimutakhirkan dan divalidasi secara berkala sebelum disebarluaskan dan diakses oleh instansi pemerintah sesuai kewenangannya masing-masing serta dapat diakses oleh masyarakat melalui portal data sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Pada paper ini ditampilkan prototipe berbasis web untuk menunjukkan bahwa model NER yang dikembangkan dapat diintegrasikan sebagai subsistem dari sistem pendukung keputusan dalam melakukan validasi dan penetapan persetujuan pemutakhiran data ASN. Prototipe menunjukkan tingkat kemiripan hasil prediksi model dengan data yang diusulkan, tertinggi sebesar 100% dan terendah sebesar 41,34%. Pengukuran kinerja model menggunakan spacy menunjukkan bahwa model terbaik memperoleh nilai F1-score rata-rata sebesar 99,01 menggunakan dataset training, 98,20 menggunakan dataset testing, dan 94,26 menggunakan dataset other.Untuk mendukung dan memperlancar penyelenggaraan manajemen aparatur sipil negara serta pengambilan keputusan yang efisien, efektif, dan akurat, diperlukan data pegawai ASN. Data tersebut harus dimutakhirkan dan divalidasi secara berkala sebelum disebarluaskan dan diakses oleh instansi pemerintah sesuai kewenangannya masing-masing serta dapat diakses oleh masyarakat melalui portal data sesuai dengan ketentuan peraturan perundang-undangan. Pada paper ini ditampilkan prototipe berbasis web untuk menunjukkan bahwa model NER yang dikembangkan dapat diintegrasikan sebagai subsistem dari sistem pendukung keputusan dalam melakukan validasi dan penetapan persetujuan pemutakhiran data ASN. Prototipe menunjukkan tingkat kemiripan hasil prediksi model dengan data yang diusulkan, tertinggi sebesar 100% dan terendah sebesar 41,34%. Pengukuran kinerja model menggunakan spacy menunjukkan bahwa model terbaik memperoleh nilai F1-score rata-rata sebesar 99,01 menggunakan dataset training, 98,20 menggunakan dataset testing, dan 94,26 menggunakan dataset other.
Abstract
To support and facilitate the implementation of state civil apparatus management and efficient, effective, and accurate decision-making, ASN employee data are required. The data must be updated and validated periodically before being disseminated and accessed by government agencies according to their respective authorities and can be accessed by the public through a data portal in accordance with the provisions of laws and regulations. This paper presents a web-based prototype to demonstrate that the proposed NER model can be integrated as a subsystem of a decision support system to validate and determine approval for ASN data updates. The prototype shows the level of similarity between the model\u27s prediction results and the proposed data, with the highest value being 100% and the lowest being 41.34%. The measurement of model performance using spacy demonstrated that the best model obtained an average F1-score of 99.01 using the training dataset, 98.20 using the testing dataset, and 94.26 using the other dataset
Tinjauan Reformasi Pendidikan Islam di Islamic Centre Bin Baz : Studi Kasus Pengaruh Pendidikan Islam
No full textThis research aims to analyze the impact of the Islamic education reform implemented at the Bin Baz Islamic Centre. The main focus of the research is to identify the development of students in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. In order to achieve these objectives, the research proposes the need for reform in the curriculum and teaching methods applied at the institution. A qualitative approach with a descriptive method is chosen as the methodological framework to provide an in-depth understanding of the influence of educational reform. Data analysis follows the Miles and Huberman model. Data collection is carried out through observations, interviews, and document analysis. The qualitative approach, with a focus on the role of informants as data sources, allows the research to investigate complex aspects within the context of Islamic education reform. The results of this research emphasize the urgency of education in shaping a holistic understanding, not only within the family environment but also involving the significant role of schools and colleges. In terms of the curriculum, it has been implemented effectively, accompanied by careful teaching strategies to achieve optimal teaching effectiveness. However, the research also identifies some challenges, particularly in the context of learning the Indonesian language, where some students are not fully engaged, exhibiting behaviors of sleeping or playing alone. Therefore, the author compiles this scholarly work to be viewed as an effort to enhance student engagement and, consequently, the quality of education at the institution
Pemasangan Kaca Cembung sebagai Upaya Pencegahan Kecelakaan di Kelurahan Sidomulyo Kecamatan Samarinda Ilir
No full textPeningkatan keselamatan lalu lintas di persimpangan jalan dengan visibilitas terbatas merupakan salah satu tantangan utama dalam upaya menekan angka kecelakaan lalu lintas. Penelitian ini membahas implementasi pemasangan kaca cembung sebagai program kerja utama KKN Universitas Mulawarman Angkatan ke-51, kelompok Samarinda 08, yang dilaksanakan di dua titik strategis: Jalan Rumbia 2 dan Jalan Bukit Rumbia 1, Kelurahan Sidomulyo, Kecamatan Samarinda Ilir. Metode pelaksanaan meliputi survei lokasi, identifikasi titik rawan kecelakaan, serta pemasangan kaca cembung sesuai standar teknis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemasangan kaca cembung efektif memperluas sudut pandang pengendara dan mengurangi risiko kecelakaan pada area blind spot. Program ini tidak hanya berkontribusi pada peningkatan keselamatan lalu lintas, tetapi juga menumbuhkan kesadaran masyarakat mengenai pentingnya fasilitas keselamatan berbasis teknologi sederhana. Temuan ini menguatkan bukti empiris bahwa intervensi berbiaya rendah dapat memberikan dampak signifikan terhadap keamanan dan kenyamanan berkendara di lingkungan perkotaan
Istihsan (juristic preference) : the forgotten principle of Islamic law
No full textEThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo
Constructing the Architectonics and Formulating the Articulation of Islamic Governance: A Discursive Attempt in Islamic Epistemology
No full textInternational institutions have promoted a ‘good governance’ agenda as an archetypal model to achieve development for underdeveloped and developing countries. However, closer scrutiny can trace the root of this agenda back to the hegemonic nature of modernity that proposes a specific meta-narrative upon others, as part of Eurocentrism. Many, however, have criticized this Eurocentric paradigm, since the non-Western communities with their own constructed version of ‘good’ in governance have also proven their ability to develop and prosper in the present or in the past. Thus, the cultural and value-laden nature of such vernacular concepts provides the rationale for the existence and practice of other paradigms. In line with this argument, Islam, with its long history of governance and richness of its values can be considered as another alternative, which should be thoroughly examined to disclose and depict its conceptualization and paradigm of ‘good governance’.
The aim of this research, thus, is to explore and analyze the Islamic axioms, foundation principles and values underpinning the field of governance in an attempt to construct the architectonics of a new systemic and dynamic theory and formulate the articulation of ‘Islamic governance’. This discursive and abstract, rather than being an empirical exercise, assumes to produce a ‘good governance’ framework within its own formulation through a value-shaped dynamic model according to maqÉÎid al-SharÊÑah (higher objective of SharÊÑah) by going beyond the narrow remit of classical and contemporary discussions produced on the topic, which propose a certain institutional model of governance based on the classical juristic (fiqh) method. In this new dynamic paradigm, a discourse-oriented approach is taken to establish the philosophical foundation of the model by deriving it from Islamic ontology, which is then articulated using the Islamic epistemological sources to develop and formulate the discursive foundations of this new theoretical framework. A deductive method is applied to the ontological sources and epistemological principles to explain the architectonics of this new theory, which are represented by the constructed axioms, which later help to articulate the working mechanism of the proposed ‘Islamic good governance’ framework through a specifically formulated typology to function as an alternative conceptualization of ‘good governance’.
This study, through an exclusive analytical discursive approach, finds that Islam as one of the major religions in the contemporary world with the claim of promising the underpinning principles and philosophical foundations of worldly affairs and institutions through a micro method of producing homoIslamicus could contribute towards development of societies by establishing a unique model of governance from its explicit ontological worldview through a directed descriptive epistemology. Thus, the research on governance in this study does not only focus on the positivistic materialist components such as institutions or mechanisms or growth per se, but it encompasses the value-laden holistic nature of human life in accordance with the Islamic worldview as an important contribution. In doing so, it formulates the ‘good governance’ in Islam in relation to the conceptualized ‘ihsani social capital’, which constitutes the main thrust of the constructed model. Nonetheless, this generative (non-cumulative) paradigm of looking into the governance issue should be viewed as an incomplete certainty as production of the continuous ijtihad (reasoning) progression will continue to reveal ways through which its working mechanism can be expanded along with potential developments in its philosophical formation
Global burden of 292 causes of death in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations, 1990-2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
No full textBackground: Timely and comprehensive analyses of causes of death stratified by age, sex, and location are essential for shaping effective health policies aimed at reducing global mortality. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides cause-specific mortality estimates measured in counts, rates, and years of life lost (YLLs). GBD 2023 aimed to enhance our understanding of the relationship between age and cause of death by quantifying the probability of dying before age 70 years (70q0) and the mean age at death by cause and sex. This study enables comparisons of the impact of causes of death over time, offering a deeper understanding of how these causes affect global populations. Methods: GBD 2023 produced estimates for 292 causes of death disaggregated by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 660 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2023. We used a modelling tool developed for GBD, the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm), to estimate cause-specific death rates for most causes. We computed YLLs as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. Probability of death was calculated as the chance of dying from a given cause in a specific age period, for a specific population. Mean age at death was calculated by first assigning the midpoint age of each age group for every death, followed by computing the mean of all midpoint ages across all deaths attributed to a given cause. We used GBD death estimates to calculate the observed mean age at death and to model the expected mean age across causes, sexes, years, and locations. The expected mean age reflects the expected mean age at death for individuals within a population, based on global mortality rates and the population's age structure. Comparatively, the observed mean age represents the actual mean age at death, influenced by all factors unique to a location-specific population, including its age structure. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 250-draw distribution for each metric. Findings are reported as counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2023 include a correction for the misclassification of deaths due to COVID-19, updates to the method used to estimate COVID-19, and updates to the CODEm modelling framework. This analysis used 55 761 data sources, including vital registration and verbal autopsy data as well as data from surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. For GBD 2023, there were 312 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 3 country-years of surveillance data, 51 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 144 country-years of other data types that were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. Findings: The initial years of the COVID-19 pandemic caused shifts in long-standing rankings of the leading causes of global deaths: it ranked as the number one age-standardised cause of death at Level 3 of the GBD cause classification hierarchy in 2021. By 2023, COVID-19 dropped to the 20th place among the leading global causes, returning the rankings of the leading two causes to those typical across the time series (ie, ischaemic heart disease and stroke). While ischaemic heart disease and stroke persist as leading causes of death, there has been progress in reducing their age-standardised mortality rates globally. Four other leading causes have also shown large declines in global age-standardised mortality rates across the study period: diarrhoeal diseases, tuberculosis, stomach cancer, and measles. Other causes of death showed disparate patterns between sexes, notably for deaths from conflict and terrorism in some locations. A large reduction in age-standardised rates of YLLs occurred for neonatal disorders. Despite this, neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of global YLLs over the period studied, except in 2021, when COVID-19 was temporarily the leading cause. Compared to 1990, there has been a considerable reduction in total YLLs in many vaccine-preventable diseases, most notably diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and measles. In addition, this study quantified the mean age at death for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality and found noticeable variation by sex and location. The global all-cause mean age at death increased from 46·8 years (95% UI 46·6-47·0) in 1990 to 63·4 years (63·1-63·7) in 2023. For males, mean age increased from 45·4 years (45·1-45·7) to 61·2 years (60·7-61·6), and for females it increased from 48·5 years (48·1-48·8) to 65·9 years (65·5-66·3), from 1990 to 2023. The highest all-cause mean age at death in 2023 was found in the high-income super-region, where the mean age for females reached 80·9 years (80·9-81·0) and for males 74·8 years (74·8-74·9). By comparison, the lowest all-cause mean age at death occurred in sub-Saharan Africa, where it was 38·0 years (37·5-38·4) for females and 35·6 years (35·2-35·9) for males in 2023. Lastly, our study found that all-cause 70q0 decreased across each GBD super-region and region from 2000 to 2023, although with large variability between them. For females, we found that 70q0 notably increased from drug use disorders and conflict and terrorism. Leading causes that increased 70q0 for males also included drug use disorders, as well as diabetes. In sub-Saharan Africa, there was an increase in 70q0 for many non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Additionally, the mean age at death from NCDs was lower than the expected mean age at death for this super-region. By comparison, there was an increase in 70q0 for drug use disorders in the high-income super-region, which also had an observed mean age at death lower than the expected value. Interpretation: We examined global mortality patterns over the past three decades, highlighting-with enhanced estimation methods-the impacts of major events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to broader trends such as increasing NCDs in low-income regions that reflect ongoing shifts in the global epidemiological transition. This study also delves into premature mortality patterns, exploring the interplay between age and causes of death and deepening our understanding of where targeted resources could be applied to further reduce preventable sources of mortality. We provide essential insights into global and regional health disparities, identifying locations in need of targeted interventions to address both communicable and non-communicable diseases. There is an ever-present need for strengthened health-care systems that are resilient to future pandemics and the shifting burden of disease, particularly among ageing populations in regions with high mortality rates. Robust estimates of causes of death are increasingly essential to inform health priorities and guide efforts toward achieving global health equity. The need for global collaboration to reduce preventable mortality is more important than ever, as shifting burdens of disease are affecting all nations, albeit at different paces and scales. Funding: Gates Foundation
Global burden of lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
No full textBackground: Lower respiratory infections (LRIs) remain the world’s leading infectious cause of death. This analysis
from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2023 provides global, regional, and
national estimates of LRI incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with attribution to
26 pathogens, including 11 newly modelled pathogens, across 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2023. With
new data and revised modelling techniques, these estimates serve as an update and expansion to GBD 2021. Through
these estimates, we also aimed to assess progress towards the 2025 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and
Control of Pneumonia and Diarrhoea (GAPPD) target for pneumonia mortality in children younger than 5 years.
Methods: Mortality from LRIs, defined as physician-diagnosed pneumonia or bronchiolitis, was estimated using
the Cause of Death Ensemble model with data from vital registration, verbal autopsy, surveillance, and minimally
invasive tissue sampling. The Bayesian meta-regression tool DisMod-MR 2.1 was used to model overall morbidity
due to LRIs. DALYs were calculated as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for
all locations, years, age groups, and sexes. We modelled pathogen-specific case-fatality ratios (CFRs) for each age
group and location using splined binomial regression to create internally consistent estimates of incidence and
mortality proportions attributable to viral, fungal, parasitic, and bacterial pathogens. Progress was assessed
towards the GAPPD target of less than three deaths from pneumonia per 1000 livebirths, which is roughly
equivalent to a mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100 000 children younger than 5 years.
Findings: In 2023, LRIs were responsible for 2·50 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 2·24–2·81) deaths and
98·7 million (87·7–112) DALYs, with children younger than 5 years and adults aged 70 years and older carrying the
highest burden. LRI mortality in children younger than 5 years fell by 33·4% (10·4–47·4) since 2010, with a global
mortality rate of 94·8 (75·6–116·4) per 100000 person-years in 2023. Among adults aged 70 years and older, the burden
remained substantial with only marginal declines since 2010. A mortality rate of less than 60 deaths per 100000 for
children younger than 5 years was met by 129 of the 204 modelled countries in 2023. At a super-regional level, subSaharan Africa had an aggregate mortality rate in children younger than 5 years (hereafter referred to as under-5
mortality rate) furthest from the GAPPD target. Streptococcus pneumoniae continued to account for the largest number
of LRI deaths globally (634000 [95% UI 565000–721000] deaths or 25·3% [24·5–26·1] of all LRI deaths), followed by
Staphylococcus aureus (271000 [243000–298000] deaths or 10·9% [10·3–11·3]), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (228000
[204000–261000] deaths or 9·1% [8·8–9·5]). Among pathogens newly modelled in this study, non-tuberculous
mycobacteria (responsible for 177000 [95% UI 155000–201000] deaths) and Aspergillus spp (responsible for 67800
[59900–75900] deaths) emerged as important contributors. Altogether, the 11 newly modelled pathogens accounted for
approximately 22% of LRI deaths.
Interpretation: This comprehensive analysis underscores both the gains achieved through vaccination and the
challenges that remain in controlling the LRI burden globally. Furthermore, it demonstrates persistent disparities
in disease burden, with the highest mortality rates concentrated in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, as
well as in these high-burden locations, the under-5 LRI mortality rate remains well above the GAPPD target.
Progress towards this target requires equitable access to vaccines and preventive therapies—including newer
interventions such as respiratory syncytial virus monoclonal antibodies—and health systems capable of early
diagnosis and treatment. Expanding surveillance of emerging pathogens, strengthening adult immunisation
programmes, and combating vaccine hesitancy are also crucial. As the global population ages, the dual challenge
of sustaining gains in child survival while addressing the rising vulnerability in older adults will shape future
pneumonia control strategies
