321 research outputs found
Hans Reichenbach (1864 - 1937), hygienist and scientist
No full textDie Dissertation behandelt Leben und Werk des Hygiene Professors, Hans Reichenbach (1864-1937). Ziel der Arbeit war es einen zusammenfassenden Überblick über den Wissenschaftler zu geben. Hierzu wurde zum einen sein Leben anhand von Aktennotizen beleuchtet, zum anderen wurden exemplarisch Veröffentlichungen des Wissenschaftlers wiedergegeben.This dissertation is about the life and work of Professor Reichenbach (1864 - 1937)
Fritz Schumacher & Heinrich Tessenow: Architecture, an Art or a Craft?
No full textThis booklet contains the inaugural lectures of Fritz Schumacher and Heinrich Tessenow given on the occasion of their appointment respectively as professors at the Technical University in Dresden and The Art Academy in Dresden.The lectures provide novel insights into their understanding of architecture and into their proposals for reform of architectural education. they are proceeded by an introductory essay of the guest editor architectural historian Hartmut Frank.History, Form & Aesthetic
Sociedades modernas, sociedades de obsolescência: a sociologia temporal de Hartmut Rosa / Modern societies, obsolescence societies: Hartmut Rosa's temporal sociology
No full textResenha de: ROSA, Hartmut. Aceleração: a transformação das estruturas temporais na modernidade. São Paulo: Editora Unesp, 2019. Centrado na revisitação da modernidade a partir de uma perspectiva temporal, Hartmut Rosa sustenta o conceito de aceleração social como aspecto fundante do projeto moderno. Explorando diferentes variáveis causais para o conceito da aceleração social, a resenha examina as transformações das instituições morais, valorativas e políticas ocorridas ao longo do desenvolvimento histórico da modernidade como episódios induzidos pela obsolescência. Sendo esta um produto de campos de ação crescentemente cambiantes e acelerados, o autor mobiliza esse conceito para fundamentar inédita proposta de diferenciação entre a modernidade e a modernidade tardia como momentos históricos calcados em diferentes níveis de compressão espaço-temporal, estabilidade institucional e temporalização de projetos individuais e coletivos de futuro.***AbstractCentered on revisiting modernity from a temporal perspective, Hartmut Rosa supports the concept of social acceleration as a fundamental aspect of the modern project. Exploring different causal variables for the concept of social acceleration, the review examines the transformations of moral, valuative and political institutions that occurred during the historical development of modernity as episodes induced by obsolescence. As this is a product of increasingly changing and accelerated fields of action, the author mobilizes this concept to substantiate an unprecedented proposal for differentiation between modernity and late modernity as historical moments based on different levels of space-time compression, institutional stability and temporalization of individual and collective future projects
Surveying silk fibre degradation by crystallinity determination: a study on the Tang-Dynasty silk treasure from Famen Temple, China
No full textWhen Chinese archaeologists opened an unknown vault under the collapsed pagoda of Famen Temple near Xian (Shaanxi Province, NW China) in 1987, they found a vast amount of valuable silk textiles. The degraded textiles were part of a treasure comprising hundreds of artifacts deposited by Tang dynasty (ad 618–907) emperors as a gift to the temple. Run as a bilateral German-Chinese project, the Roemisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz established a textile conservation laboratory in Shaanxi´s provincial capital Xian in 2001, joining numerous other laboratories that have existed there since the early 1990s.This preliminary study represents part of an ongoing investigation programme that accompanies the conservation work. The Tang dynasty silk is generally in a very poor state of preservation as a result of its long burial period. Large sections have only survived as an amorphous brown mass of fibre debris. Some parts are better preserved, however, offering the unique opportunity to study the whole range of degradation stages on ancient silks.This preliminary scientific investigation focuses on the determination of the silk fibres’ crystallinity and its relation to the ageing process. As we know from modern material, silk is mainly crystalline, albeit in a somewhat amorphous state. The methods of investigation used were X-ray diffraction (XRD) using synchrotron radiation, which is a new way to determine crystallinity of ancient silk fibres; and polarized Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) for the determination of crystallite orientation. Both methods were specifically devised to gain information on small single fibres
der Einfluss von Funktionsallokation, Systemerfahrung und Bedienerzustand
No full textIntroducing automation intends to yield performance benefits, increase system safety and efficiency, and decrease costs. However, the intended benefits are often offset by negative effects such as complacency and automation bias, loss of situation awareness, and skill degradation. Automating systems is not an all-or-none decision, and degree of automation (DOA) has been shown to influence both intended performance benefits as well as performance decrements. While performance benefits more from higher automation, results about the optimal degree of automation in terms of preventing negative effects are not so clear-cut.
In a first study, we investigated effects of degree of automation on routine performance and failure performance using a simulated process control task. Results show that primary and secondary task performance as well as workload benefit from providing automation, and performance gains were higher for higher DOA. However, skill degradation was observed for the highest DOA when returning to manual performance. Regarding automation bias, there was no effect of DOA.
The second study focused on the effects of system experience. Failure experience led to a strong decrease in trust, also reflected in more intense automation verification. Early failure experience reduced the risk of complacency and automation bias but did not prevent it completely.
Moreover, we identified three possible causes of commission errors:
a) incomplete automation verification,
b) complete automation verification without attentive processing of contradictory information, analogous to a “looking-but-not-seeing” effect,
c) discounting of contradictory system information.
The third study looked into effects of operator functional state and DOA. Higher DOA could better protect performance after extended wakefulness, but return-to-manual performance suffered more. More information was sampled for automation verification during the night, and the risk of commission errors was lower compared to daytime performance.Mit der Einführung von Automation sollen Leistungsvorteile erzielt, eine Erhöhung der Systemsicherheit und Effizienz erreicht und Kosten reduziert werden. Leider ist sie oft auch von negativen Effekten wie complacency und automation bias, Verlust des Situationsbewusstseins und Fertigkeitsverlusten begleitet. Automatisierung ist keine Alles-oder-Nichts Entscheidung, und der Grad der Automatisierung beeinflusst sowohl die Vorteile als auch die Nachteile. Während Leistungsvorteile sich besonders bei hohen Automationsstufen zeigen, gibt es keine so klaren Ergebnisse darüber, welche Automationsstufe die optimale ist, um negative Automatisierungsfolgen zu vermeiden.
In dieser Arbeit wurde in einer ersten Studie der Einfluss des Automationsgrades (degree of automation, DOA) auf die Leistung bei zuverlässiger Automationsunterstützung wie auch bei Automationsversagen untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl Primär- und Sekundäraufgabenleistung als auch workload von der Automationsunterstützung profitieren. Die Leistungsvorteile waren höher bei höherer DOA. Allerdings wurden bei der höchsten DOA auch Fertigkeitsverluste gefunden, wenn wieder ohne Unterstützung der Automation gearbeitet werden musste. Es wurde kein Einfluss von DOA auf automation bias gefunden.
In einer zweiten Studie wurde der Einfluss der Systemerfahrung untersucht. Die Erfahrung von Automationsfehlern führte zu einem drastischen Einbruch des Vertrauens und einer stärkeren Überprüfung der Automation. Frühe Fehlererfahrung reduzierte das Risiko von complacency und automation bias, konnte es aber nicht komplett verhindern. Desweiteren wurden in der Studie drei mögliche Ursachen von commission errors identifiziert:
a) die Automation wird unvollständig überprüft,
b) die Automation wird vollständig überprüft, aber widersprechende Information nicht bewusst verarbeitet,
c) widersprechende Information wird bei der Entscheidung nicht berücksichtigt.
In der dritten Studie wurden Effekte von Bedienerzustand und DOA untersucht. Mit Unterstützung höherer Automation konnte die Leistung während der Nacht besser erhalten werden. Allerdings waren die Leistungseinbußen bei Ausfall der Automation stärker als bei niedrigerem Automationsgrad. Die Automation wurde nachts mehr überprüft als tagsüber, und das Risiko eines commission error war nachts geringer
Modernidade dessincronizada: aceleração social, destemporalização e alienação: uma entrevista com Hartmut Rosa
No full textThe scope of this interview is to present the social experiences and the analytical categories which comprise Hartmut Rosa’s theory of social acceleration. At the outset, the questions lead the author to recall the reasons that lead to his interest in the problem of time in the present modernity, as well as the intellectual path that guided him to such an interest. The consequences of what Rosa diagnoses as a society of de-synchronized and de-temporalized acceleration are exposed and subsequently a new interpretation of the concept of alienation is proposed. Through his claim of being a successor to the school of critical social theory, Rosa also indicates the rough outlines of his critical model’s normative referential, examining the temporal maxims that make up the modern ideal of a good life.A presente entrevista traz como seu escopo uma apresentação da experiência social e das principais categorias analíticas que compõem a teoria da aceleração social de Hartmut Rosa. De início, as questões conduzem o autor a uma recapitulação dos motivos que o levaram a desenvolver seu interesse pelo problema do tempo na modernidade hodierna, bem como da trajetória intelectual que o guiou a tal interesse. São expostas as consequências daquilo que Rosa diagnostica como uma sociedade de aceleração dessincronizada e destemporalizada, e, com elas, uma nova interpretação do fenômeno da alienação. Reivindicando-se como um herdeiro da teoria crítica da sociedade, Rosa também indica os traços gerais do referencial normativo de seu modelo crítico, examinando as máximas temporais que perfazem o ideal moderno de boa vida
Untersuchungen zur Ablation des Bronchialkarzinoms am Modell der flüssigkeitsgefüllten Lunge mit Hilfe therapeutischer Schallfelder
No full textDie vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit der Wirkung therapeutischer Schallfelder (HIFU) auf das Bronchialkarzinom. Zur Erzeugung eines akustischen Zuganges wird mit Hilfe der unilateralen Lungenflutung (OLF) die pulmonale Gasfraktion durch Lösung ersetzt. Durch Kombination beider Verfahren (HIFU, OLF) ergibt sich ein neuartiger Verfahrensansatz zur lokal-thermischen Ablation des Bronchialkarzinoms. Im Rahmen der Dissertation wurden diesbezüglich die ersten theoretischen Grundlagen erarbeitet und die Machbarkeit einer Ablation des Bronchialkarzinoms durch HIFU unter Lungenflutung experimentell durchgeführt. Zur Modellierung wurden akustische Gewebeeigenschaften bestimmt. Die Absorption im Lungentumor ist hoch und entspricht Werten bekannter maligner Gewebe. Geflutete Lunge ist ein guter Schallleiter mit sehr geringer Absorption. Die Simulation zeigt, dass mit einer ausgeprägten Läsionsbildung durch HIFU im Lungentumor zu rechnen ist, wobei das Lungengewebe keine thermische Schädigung erfährt. Volumetrische Ablationsschemata sind dem Rasterscan Verfahren zu bevorzugen. Experimentell wurde durch sonographisch gestützte HIFU Applikation Temperaturen über 60°C im zentral-pulmonalen Bronchialkarzinom induziert. Lungengewebe wechselwirkt aufgrund des Lösungsgehaltes thermisch nicht mit HIFU, jedoch kann es bei sehr hohen Schallintensitäten zu kavitationsinduzierter Gewebeerosion kommen. Die experimentellen und theoretischen Untersuchungen zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung. Die sonographisch gestützte HIFU-Ablation am Bronchialkarzinom ist machbar und führt zu dessen Nekrotisierung. Durch Kombination von HIFU unter OLF entsteht ein neuartiges minimal-invasives Verfahren zur Therapie des Bronchialkarzinoms. Dieses ist in-vivo einsetzbar und in dem zur Verfügung stehenden Therapiezeitraum können T1 Tumore unter kurativer Zielstellung abladiert werden
Preemphasis-Aware Semiconductor Optical Amplifier Model
No full textA preemphasis-aware model for SOAs with non-flat WDM inputs yielding a root-mean-square error of less than 0.05 dB is presented. It outperforms generic neural network models while using a fraction of the training data. (C) 2022 The Author(s
Active labor market policies in the OECD and in selected transition economies
No full textTransition economies have introduced a range of OECD active labor market policies to combat unemployment - albeit often on paper only, as with rising unemployment passive policies have crowded out active ones. But even in the Czech Republic, active labor market policies have contributed only marginally to reducing unemployment. One task for policymakers in Central and Eastern Europe must be to conveythe message that, even under the best circumstances, active labor policies can play only a marginal role in reducing unemployment. OECD labor policies cannot be applied mechanically in Central and Eastern Europe because the situation there is different. Severe and persistent shortages in capital and managerial ability are sure to keep labor demand weak in the medium term, while labor supply will be abundant. As enterprises are restructured and liquidated, the newly unemployed workers cannot be absorbed by the weak private sector and must compete for scarce jobs. Women and older, less educated men have particular trouble finding work. Which active labor policies does the author suggest might be effective? Limited funds for active labor policies might best be spent retraining the most able unemployed workers to develop skills needed in the private sector. Public employment programs might be targeted especially to problem groups of workers and to the long-term unemployed - more for reasons of equity than of efficiency. The point is to have a clear idea whether both aims of efficiency and equity can be pursued and, if efficiency gains are unrealistic, whether equity considerations are politically indispensable. Because nontradable services are underdeveloped, Central and Eastern European countries might eliminate credit rationing that discourages self-employment (the self-employed have trouble getting financing). Improving consulting services for the unemployed in Hungary, Poland, and Russia makes more sense than applying a broad menu of OECD programs. The labor market in the Russian Federation appears to be more dynamic than in Hungary and Poland, but this is probably because of massive labor hoarding in Russian enterprises. Once they start shedding labor in earnest, their employment figures will look more like those in the other Central and Eastern European countries.Labor Markets,Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Policies,Public Health Promotion,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Environmental Economics&Policies,Labor Markets,Health Monitoring&Evaluation,Economic Theory&Research,Youth and Governance
La subjectivité comme fondement critique chez Hartmut Rosa : De l’être-accéléré à l’être-relationnel-résonant
No full textParmi les penseurs contemporains, Hartmut Rosa apparaît comme une figure de plus en plus incontournable, tant dans le monde académique que dans la culture populaire. Cette attention croissante, à y regarder de plus près, semble quelque peu paradoxale. Souvent cantonné au strict domaine de la « philo-pop », Rosa peine à être pris au sérieux par une part significative du monde académique, notamment dans les milieux francophones et anglophones. Si certains le négligent, d’autres saluent l’originalité de ses concepts majeurs (Accélération, Résonance, Indisponibilité), mais en isolant ses concepts les uns des autres, ils finissent par faire ombrage aux intentions théoriques et critiques profondes de l’auteur lui-même. On en arrive ainsi à réduire Hartmut Rosa à des slogans faciles et accessibles, repris par la culture populaire, allant de « tout s’accélère » à « il faut prendre le temps de résonner ». Or, en creusant en long et en large son corpus théorique — notamment par des ouvrages tels qu’Accélération : une critique sociale du temps, Aliénation et Accélération, Résonance : Une sociologie de la relation au monde, Rendre le monde indisponible, La modernité tardive en crise, ainsi que de nombreux ouvrages collectifs et articles — on découvre en lui une réflexion profonde, à la fois explicite et implicite, sur la subjectivité contemporaine. C’est dans cet esprit que ce mémoire entend prendre le contre-pied des lectures ambiantes, en prenant Hartmut Rosa au sérieux. Pour ce faire, nous proposons une exégèse complète de son œuvre théorique, en postulant qu’il n’y a pas de contradiction entre ses différentes phases, comme certains l’ont suggéré. Ces phases s’articulent autour du fil directeur théorique de l’ensemble de son œuvre, à savoir une réflexion éclairante sur la subjectivité de la modernité tardive. Nos quatre chapitres sont consacrés respectivement à ce fil directeur, à l’exploration de l’origine philosophique et sociologique de la subjectivité moderne, à la formation sociale qui lui est intimement liée, à son évolution dans la modernité tardive à travers l’idéal type de l’être-accéléré, et enfin, à la « solution » à cette problématique, incarnée par un autre idéal type, celui de l’être-relationnel-résonant. Ce cheminement nous amène à la conclusion que, pour Hartmut Rosa, tout commence et tout finit par la subjectivité, faisant de lui un penseur central de la subjectivité contemporaine.Among contemporary thinkers, Hartmut Rosa is emerging as an increasingly important figure, both in the academic world and in popular culture. Upon closer examination, this growing attention seems somewhat paradoxical. Often confined to the strict realm of “pop philosophy", Rosa struggles to be taken seriously by a significant portion of the academic world, particularly in French and English-speaking circles. While some neglect him, other praise the originality of his major concepts (Acceleration, Resonance, Unavailability). However, by isolating his concepts from one another, they ultimately overshadow deeper theoretical and critical intentions of the author himself. As a result, Hartmut Rosa is reduced to easy and accessible slogans, taken up by popular culture, ranging from “Everything is speeding up” to “We need to take the time to resonate”. And yet, delving deeply into his theoretical corpus— particularly through works such as Social Acceleration: A new theory of modernity, Alienation and Acceleration, Resonance: A sociology of our relationship to the world, The Uncontrollability of the World, Late Modernity in Crisis, as well as numerous collective works and articles— one uncovers a profound reflection, both explicit and implicit, on contemporary subjectivity. In this perspective, this master’s thesis intends to counter the prevailing interpretations by taking Hartmut Rosa seriously. To do so, we propose a comprehensive exegesis of his theoretical work, postulating that there is no contradiction between its various phases, as some have suggested. These phases are articulated around the theoretical guiding thread of his entire work, namely an illuminating reflection on subjectivity in late modernity. Our four chapters are devoted respectively to this guiding thread, to the exploration of the philosophical and sociological origins of modern subjectivity, to the social formation intimately tied to it, to the evolution in late modernity through ideal type of accelerated-being, and finally, to the “solution” of this issue, embodied in another ideal type of relational-resonant-being. This path leads us to the conclusion that, for Hartmut Rosa, everything begins and ends with subjectivity, positioning him a central thinker on contemporary subjectivity
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