1,720,997 research outputs found
Seeing a Blush on the Visible and Invisible Spectrum: A Functional Thermal Infrared Imaging Study
Get PDFSo far blushing has been examined in the context of a negative rather than a positive reinforcement where visual displays of a blush were based on subjective measures. The current study used infrared imaging to measure thermal patterns of the face while with the use of a video camera quantified on the visible spectrum alterations in skin color related to a compliment. To elicit a blush a three-phase dialog was adopted ending or starting with a compliment on a female sample (N = 22). When the dialog ended with a compliment results showed a linear increase in temperature for the cheek, and forehead whereas for the peri-orbital region a linear decrease was observed. The compliment phase marked the highest temperature on the chin independent of whether or not the experiment started with a compliment contrary to other facial regions, which did not show a significant change when the experiment started with a compliment. Analyses on the visible spectrum showed that skin pigmentation was getting deep red in the compliment condition compared to the serious and social dialog conditions for both the forehead and the cheeks. No significant association was observed between temperature values and erythrocyte displays on the forehead and cheek. Heat is the physiological product of an arousing social scenario, however, preconceived notions about blushing propensity seem to drive erythrocyte displays and not necessarily conscious awareness of somatic sensations
Conversations with a Two-Day-Old:A Response to Trevarthen (1974)
No full textDo newborns engage in dialogues? This chapter explores evidence on social engagement in human neonates and uses case-based descriptive analysis of interactions with newborns. Starting from experimental data on neonates’ responses to communication disturbances, measured by the still-face procedure, it presents a case showing a neonate proactively engaging with the experimenter to resume a broken communication. It provides descriptive analyses of two cases of neonatal imitation and looks at how the babies not only proactively engaged the experimenter, but also, several, temporally coordinated, synchronized imitative cycles emerged between the baby and the experimenter. Given the richness and the complexity of the data that emerges from these cases, the chapter suggests that case-based descriptions should accompany experimental studies to understand data from experiments on neonatal communicative behaviour
The Psychology of Prenatal Research: Is There a Future in Behavioural Observational Research?
No full textThe chapter discusses the use of behavioural profiles to evidence neurocognitive development. It argues that this is an important tool to investigate non-invasively developmental trajectories. The problem identified by Trevarthen many years ago relates to the tools that are objective and well defined so that they can be used by researchers across the world and allow comparisons of findings from different laboratories. Hence the chapter then queries the future of prenatal behavioural observational research and if it will lie in testing objective measurement systems, which could be indicative of foetal ill health specifically and child development generally
Proximity and Gaze Influences Facial Temperature: A Thermal Infrared Imaging Study.
Get PDFDirect gaze and interpersonal proximity are known to lead to changes in psycho-physiology, behaviour and brain function. We know little, however, about subtler facial reactions such as rise and fall in temperature, which may be sensitive to contextual effects and functional in social interactions. Using thermal infrared imaging cameras 18 female adult participants were filmed at two interpersonal distances (intimate and social) and two gaze conditions (averted and direct). The order of variation in distance was counterbalanced: half the participants experienced a female experimenter’s gaze at the social distance first before the intimate distance (a socially ‘normal’ order) and half experienced the intimate distance first and then the social distance (an odd social order). At both distances averted gaze always preceded direct gaze. We found strong correlations in thermal changes between six areas of the face (forehead, chin, cheeks, nose, maxilliary and periorbital regions) for all experimental conditions and developed a composite measure of thermal shifts for all analyses. Interpersonal proximity led to a thermal rise, but only in the ‘normal’ social order. Direct gaze, compared to averted gaze, led to a thermal increase at both distances with a stronger effect at intimate distance, in both orders of distance variation. Participants reported direct gaze as more intrusive than averted gaze, especially at the intimate distance. These results demonstrate the powerful effects of another person’s gaze on psycho-physiological responses, even at a distance and independent of context
Companionship versus Care:Bringing Models of Infancy into the Study of Adverse Childhood Experiences
No full textThe twenty-first century is generating new contexts within which the importance of human companionship can be illuminated. One context is the rise of the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) Movement, which has gathered international enthusiasm over two decades. This chapter argues that the study of ACEs lacks a robust developmental account and that the current turn toward attachment theory, with its emphasis on care and buffering, will ultimately be insufficient. Instead, the chapter suggests that the emphasis needs to be placed on companionship, locating the origins of childhood trauma within intersubjective processes. Untangling this theoretical tension matters both for the public, whose understanding of childhood trauma has sharpened, and for infancy researchers, whose discoveries of embodied emotionality hold greater societal import than they may themselves realize. It is hoped that, in the process, the name of Colwyn Trevarthen, one of most influential scientists leading those discoveries, might gain the public esteem his legacy deserves
Positive shyness as a self-referential emotion in early infancy
No full textΗ παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή είχε ως στόχο τη μελέτη της ανάπτυξης της θετικής ντροπαλότητας σε βρέφη ηλικίας τεσσάρων έως 10 μηνών. Πρόκειται για μια νατουραλιστική συγχρονική έρευνα, με φυσική παρατήρηση στο σπίτι των βρεφών. Συμμετείχαν 40 οικογένειες (πατέρας και μητέρα) με τα βρέφη τους, ενώ η ερευνήτρια είχε το ρόλο της ξένης - επισκέπτριας. Η αλληλεπίδραση της τριάδας βρέφους – μητέρας – ξένης παρατηρήθηκε σε δύο συνθήκες. Η πρώτη συνθήκη αφορούσε στην πρώτη θέαση της ξένης στην είσοδο του σπιτιού, ενώ η δεύτερη συνθήκη στο ελεύθερο τριαδικό παιχνίδι. Μέσω μικροανάλυσης των εμπειρικών δεδομένων βρήκαμε ότι τα βρέφη ηλικίας τεσσάρων μηνών ήταν ικανά να επιδείξουν θετική ντροπαλότητα κατά την κοινωνική αλληλεπίδραση, εμφανίζοντας ένα διακριτό συμπεριφορικό μοτίβο – ντροπαλό χαμόγελο, αποστροφή βλέμματος ή/και κεφαλιού. Το εύρημα αυτό βρίσκεται σε συμφωνία με τα ευρήματα της Reddy (2000) και της Colonnesi και των συνεργατών της (2012), και το συμπεριφορικό αυτό μοτίβο φαίνεται να είναι δομικά παρόμοιο με τα χαμόγελα συστολής, ντροπαλότητας ή αμηχανίας που παρατηρούνται στο τέλος του πρώτου έτους, κατά τη νηπιακή περίοδο και την ενήλικη ζωή (βλ. Asendorpf, Izard & Hyson, 1986˙ Keltner, 1995˙ Lewis, 2008a, b˙ Lewis et al., 1991). Το πλαίσιο εκδήλωσης της θετικής ντροπαλότητας συνδέθηκε αποκλειστικά με την αλληλεπίδραση του βρέφους με την ξένη – ερευνήτρια, με τα περισσότερα επεισόδια θετικής ντροπαλότητας να εκδηλώνονται κατά την πρώτη συνθήκη, αποτέλεσμα που ενισχύει τη θέση μας υπέρ της θετικότητας της ντροπαλότητας σε αυτή την αναπτυξιακή περίοδο, αλλά και υπέρ της δυνατότητας για πρόκληση βρεφικών θετικών συναισθημάτων από τη διακριτική και φιλική συμπεριφορά της ξένης. Τέλος, τα συναισθήματα που προηγούνταν και έπονταν της θετικής ντροπαλότητας ήταν θετικά, αποτέλεσμα που συνηγορεί υπέρ της άποψής μας ότι η θετική ντροπαλότητα αποτελεί μία έμφυτη και διυποκειμενική κατάσταση του νου, τα αρχικά κίνητρα της οποίας είναι συγκινησιακά.The present doctoral dissertation aimed to study the development of positive shyness in infants aged four to 10 months. It is a naturalistic cross-sectional study, based on observation in the infants’ homes. Forty families (father and mother) participated with their infants, while the researcher assumed the role of a stranger–visitor. The interaction of the infant–mother–stranger triad was observed in two conditions. The first condition concerned the infant’s first sight of the stranger at the entrance of the house, while the second condition concerned observation of infant’s behaviourduring free triadic play. Microanalysis of empirical data indicates that infants as young as four months could express positive shyness during social interaction, displaying a discrete behavioral pattern—coy smile, gaze and/or head aversion. This finding agrees with the results of Reddy (2000) and Colonnesi et al. (2012), and this behavioral pattern seems structurally similar to that observed in toddlerhood and adulthood (see Asendorpf, Izard & Hyson, 1986; Keltner, 1995; Lewis, 2008a, b; Lewis et al., 1991). Positive shyness was exclusively expressed during infants’ interaction with the stranger–researcher, with most episodes occurring in the first condition. This finding reinforces our view that infants’ positive shyness might be associated with the discreet and friendly attitude of a stranger. Finally, we found that emotions preceding and following positive shyness were positive, a finding that supports our view that positive shyness is an innate and intersubjective state of mind, whose initial motivations are emotional
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Conversaciones tempranas: comunicación y diálogo
Get PDFAbstractWhat is dialogue and how can we find it? This paper addresses this question in the context of tracing the origins of communication in human infancy. Structural criteria - such as turn taking -have often been used to identify genuine communication. Implementing these criteria have led to considerable debate in relation to the 'proto-conversations' of the twomonth- old, debates which arose in the late 1970s and are still alive today. The paper considers some of the evidence from infant behaviour involved in these debates and in relation to the question of infants' awareness of the 'meaning' of adult facial expressions. In addition to these structural criteria it is suggested that functional criteria such as openness and recognition might be important for our understanding of the origins of dialogue. The paper discusses the apparent paradox of language -how communication is needed to make private experience public, but at the same time, cannot occur until experience is already public- and argues that this paradox disappears if shared experience rather than private representation is taken as primary
Looking ahead: anticipatory gaze and motor ability in infancy
Get PDFThe present study asks when infants are able to selectively anticipate the goals of observed actions, and how this ability relates to infants' own abilities to produce those specific actions. Using eye-tracking technology to measure on-line anticipation, 6-, 8- and 10-month-old infants and a control group of adults were tested while observing an adult reach with a whole hand grasp, a precision grasp or a closed fist towards one of two different sized objects. The same infants were also given a comparable action production task. All infants showed proactive gaze to the whole hand grasps, with increased degrees of proactivity in the older groups. Gaze proactivity to the precision grasps, however, was present from 8 months of age. Moreover, the infants' ability in performing precision grasping strongly predicted their ability in using the actor's hand shape cues to differentially anticipate the goal of the observed action, even when age was partialled out. The results are discussed in terms of the specificity of action anticipation, and the fine-grained relationship between action production and action perception
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